Delonix regia

Last updated

Delonix regia
Royal Poinciana.jpg
Tree in full bloom (Florida Keys)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Genus: Delonix
Species:
D. regia
Binomial name
Delonix regia
Synonyms
  • Delonix regia var. flavidaStehle
  • Delonix regia var. genuinaStehle
  • Delonix regia var. genuinaStehlé
  • Poinciana regiaHook.
  • Poinciana regiaBojer [2]

Delonix regia is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae native to Madagascar. It is noted for its fern-like leaves and flamboyant display of orange-red flowers over summer. In many tropical parts of the world it is grown as an ornamental tree. Common names include flame tree (one of several species given this name), peacock flower, [3] royal poinciana, [3] flamboyant, [3] phoenix flower,[ citation needed ]flame of the forest.[ citation needed ]

Contents

This species was previously placed in the genus Poinciana, named for Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy, the 17th-century governor of Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts). It is a non-nodulating legume.

Description

Close-up of part of a leaf Gulmohar leaves closeup.JPG
Close-up of part of a leaf
Frontal, lateral and rear views of a flower 2014.01-413-0528+529+530 flamboyant(Delonix regia(Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae) Moshi,TZ tue21jan2014-1051h.jpg
Frontal, lateral and rear views of a flower
Pollen grains of Delonix regia Gulmohar2.jpg
Pollen grains of Delonix regia
Close up of bark Bark of Delonix regia2.jpg
Close up of bark

Delonix regia is a medium-sized deciduous tree that grows to about 10 m (33 ft). The bark is light brown. Often creased at branches, it has prominent lenticels. [4] The flowers are large, with four spreading scarlet or orange-red petals up to 8 cm (3 in) long, and a fifth upright petal called the standard, which is slightly larger and spotted with yellow and white. They appear in corymbs along and at the ends of branches. The naturally occurring variety flavida (Bengali: Radhachura) has yellow flowers. [5] The pods are green and flaccid when young, then turn dark-brown and woody as they mature. They can be up to 60 cm (24 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide. The seeds are small, weighing around 0.4 grams (6.2 grains) on average. The compound (doubly pinnate) leaves have a feathery appearance and are a characteristic light, bright green. Each leaf is 30–50 cm (12–20 in) long with 20 to 40 pairs of primary leaflets or pinnae, each divided into 10–20 pairs of secondary leaflets or pinnules. Pollen grains are elongated, approximately 52 μm in size.[ citation needed ]

In India, the trees are bare during the winter months from December to February. New leaves start to form in March-April. Flowers start to appear in April, reaching full bloom in May. Fruit pods are present for many months. [4]

Distribution

Delonix regia is endemic to Madagascar's dry deciduous forests, but has been introduced into tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. In the wild it is endangered, but it is widely cultivated elsewhere and is regarded as naturalised in many of the locations where it is grown. [4]

Africa

Trees are planted along streets and villages within Madagascar as an ornamental. [6] Aside this, it is present in several Southern African countries such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and Namibia. [1]

North America

Delonix regia var. flavida is a rarer, yellow-flowered variety Yellow poinciana full bloom 20110518.jpg
Delonix regia var. flavida is a rarer, yellow-flowered variety

In the continental United States, it grows in South Florida, Central Florida, [7] in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas and can be found planted as far north as Houston. Hawaii is another location where the species is grown. It also grows in humid parts of Mexico, especially in the southwest states like Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz, and Yucatán.

Caribbean and Central America

In the Caribbean it is featured in many Dominican and Puerto Rican paintings. It can also be found in Belize, The Bahamas, Costa Rica, Cuba, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Sint Maarten, Trinidad and Tobago, the Cayman Islands, Grenada,[ citation needed ] Jamaica, Curaçao, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia. It is the national flower of St. Kitts and Nevis. It can also be found in Bermuda. The town of Peñuelas, Puerto Rico, located about 12 miles or 19 kilometers west of Ponce, is nicknamed El Valle de los Flamboyanes ("The Valley of the Poinciana Trees"), as many flamboyant trees are found along the surrounding Río Guayanes, Río Macana, and Río Tallaboa rivers.

South America

It grows in Paraguay and Brazil. [1]

Europe and the Middle East

Delonix regia (New Borg El Arab, Egypt) New Borg El Arab City 5.jpg
Delonix regia (New Borg El Arab, Egypt)

Delonix regia is planted in Mediterranean parts of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, including the southern coast of Spain, the Valencian coast, the Canary Islands, Lebanon, Egypt, Iran,[ citation needed ] Israel, Jordan, Cyprus and Saudi Arabia.

Indian subcontinent

Flowering trees, Theppakadu, Tamil Nadu, India Gulmohar MDR700 Theppakadu Mudumalai Apr24 A7C 10869.jpg
Flowering trees, Theppakadu, Tamil Nadu, India

The tree is planted in India, where it is referred to as the May-flower tree, Gulmohar or Gul Mohr. [8] In West Bengal and Assam it is called Krishna Chura (কৃষ্ণচূড়া), while its known as Nianbānā/Krushnachuṛā (ନିଆଁବାନା/କୃଷ୍ଣଚୂଡ଼ା) in Odisha. In Sri Lanka it is known in Sinhala as the Maara tree, although for a short while it was known as the Lamaasuriya tree after Le Mesurier, the British civil servant who was responsible for introducing it as a shade tree. [9] It is also grown in Karachi, Pakistan. In Mauritius and La Réunion it announces the coming of the new year.

In Bangladesh it is known as krisnachura (কৃষ্ণচূড়া). You can find this tree in various places in Bangladesh. It is found all over Dhaka City and is one of the iconic symbols of the Bengali month of Boishakh. In Nepal it is known as Shirish.

Southeast Asia

In Myanmar, where it is called sein pan (စိန်ပန်း), the time of flowering is March in the south and early to late April in the north. It is planted in gardens and as a roadside tree. In Myanmar, this tree is a sign of the Thingyan Festival (13–16/17 April). In the Philippines, its flowering signals the imminent arrival of the monsoon rains. It also grows in Thailand and Indonesia. In Vietnam it is called "phoenix flower" and mostly grows in Haiphong. In Malaysia, it is called "Semarak", which used to be the name of a street in the country's capital city, Kuala Lumpur, now renamed as Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra where one of the oldest and highest ranked Malaysian universities, the University of Technology Malaysia's Kuala Lumpur campus is located. "Semarak Api" is also the official flower of the Sepang district.

East Asia

It grows in Southern China such as in Hong Kong. It is the official tree in Tainan, Taiwan; Xiamen, Fujian Province, and Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. National Cheng Kung University, a university located in Tainan, included royal poinciana on its emblem.

Australia

It is very widely grown in Northern Australia, in the southern extremes previously limited to South East Queensland where it is a popular street tree in the suburbs of Brisbane. It blooms successfully in Sydney and other parts of New South Wales. [10]

Micronesia

It grows in Guam, and is the official tree of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Cultivation

Required conditions

The royal poinciana requires a tropical or near-tropical climate, but can tolerate drought and salty conditions. It thrives in open, free-draining sandy or loamy soil enriched with organic matter. The tree does poorly in heavy or clay soils, and flowers more profusely when kept slightly dry.

Propagation

Seeds

Seeds after soaking in water for 6 days Royal Poinciana Tree Seeds.JPG
Seeds after soaking in water for 6 days

The royal poinciana is most commonly propagated by seeds. Seeds are collected, soaked in warm water for at least 24 hours, and planted in warm, moist soil in a semi-shaded, sheltered position. In lieu of soaking, the seeds can also be "nicked" or "pinched" (with a small pair of scissors or nail clipper) and planted immediately. These two methods allow moisture to penetrate the tough outer casing, stimulating germination. The seedlings grow rapidly and can reach 30 cm (12 in) in a few weeks under ideal conditions.

Cuttings

Less common, but just as effective, is propagation by semi-hardwood cuttings. Branches consisting of the current or last season's growth can be cut into 30 cm (12 in) sections and planted in a moist potting mixture. This method is slower than seed propagation (cuttings take a few months to root) but is the preferred method for ensuring new trees are true to form. As such, cuttings are a particularly common method of propagation for the rarer yellow-flowering variety of the tree.

Uses

In addition to its ornamental value, it is a useful shade tree in tropical conditions, because it usually grows to a modest height (mostly 5 m or 15 ft, but it can reach a maximum height of 12 m or 40 ft) but spreads widely, and its dense foliage provides full shade. In areas with a marked dry season, it sheds its leaves during the drought, but in other areas it is virtually evergreen.

Cultural significance

In the Indian state of Kerala, royal poinciana is called kaalvarippoo (കാൽവരിപ്പൂവ്, kālvarippūv) which means "the flower of Calvary". There is a popular belief among Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala that when Jesus was crucified, there was a small royal poinciana tree nearby his Cross. It is believed that the blood of Jesus Christ was shed over the flowers of the tree and this is how the flowers of royal poinciana got a sharp red color. [11] It is also known as Vaaga in many areas of Kerala.

Its blossom is the national flower of St. Kitts and Nevis, [12] and in May 2018 the royal poinciana was adopted by the city of Key West as its official tree. [13] Known locally as semarak api, Delonix regia is the city flower of Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. [14]

In Vietnam, this is a popular urban tree and is called Phượng vỹ, or "phoenix's tail". Its flowering season is May–July, which coincides with the end of the school year in Vietnam. Because of this timing, the flower of poinciana is sometimes called the "pupil's flower". The tree is also commonly found on school grounds in Vietnam; however, after several incidents where a tree fell onto students, with one student killed, schools started cutting down or severely pruning the trees. [15] Hải Phòng is nicknamed Thành phố hoa phượng đỏ ("City of red poinciana").

The song "Poinciana" was inspired by the presence of this tree in Cuba. [16] [17]

In South India, these trees are common in schools, so children used to play with the stamens of the bud. [18] [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanilla</span> Spice extracted from orchids of the genus Vanilla

Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from pods of the flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia).

<i>Coccoloba uvifera</i> Species of tree

Coccoloba uvifera is a species of tree and flowering plant in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae, that is native to coastal beaches throughout tropical America and the Caribbean, including central & southern Florida, the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and Bermuda. Common names include seagrape and baygrape.

<i>Delonix</i> Genus of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae

Delonix is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It contains trees that are native to Madagascar and East Africa. By far the best known species is the Royal Poinciana.

<i>Cassia fistula</i> Species of plant

Cassia fistula, also known as golden shower, purging cassia, Indian laburnum, kani konna, or pudding-pipe tree, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. The species is native to the Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions of Southeast Asia. It is the official state flower of Kerala state and Delhi UT in India. It is also a popular ornamental plant and is also used in herbal medicine.

<i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> Species of tree

Calophyllum inophyllum is a large evergreen plant, commonly called tamanu, oil-nut, mastwood, beach calophyllum or beautyleaf. It is native to the Old World Tropics, from Africa through Asia to Australia and Polynesia. Due to its importance as a source of timber for the traditional shipbuilding of large outrigger ships, it has been spread in prehistoric times by the migrations of the Austronesian peoples to the islands of Oceania and Madagascar, along with other members of the genus Calophyllum. It has since been naturalized in regions of the East African coast. It is also a source of the culturally important tamanu oil.

<i>Grevillea robusta</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to eastern Australia

Grevillea robusta, commonly known as the southern silky oak, silk oak or silky oak, silver oak or Australian silver oak, is a flowering plant in the family Proteaceae, and accordingly unrelated to true oaks, family Fagaceae. Grevillea robusta is a tree, and is the largest species in its genus. It is a native of eastern coastal Australia, growing in riverine, subtropical and dry rainforest environments.

<i>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</i> Species of plant

Caesalpinia pulcherrima is a species of flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to the tropics and subtropics of the Americas. It could be native to the West Indies, but its exact origin is unknown due to widespread cultivation. Common names for this species include poinciana, peacock flower, red bird of paradise, Mexican bird of paradise, dwarf poinciana, pride of Barbados, flos pavonis, and flamboyant-de-jardin. The Hawaiian name for this plant is ʻohai aliʻi.

<i>Lagerstroemia speciosa</i> Species of plant

Lagerstroemia speciosa is a species of Lagerstroemia native to tropical southern Asia. It is a deciduous tree with bright pink to light purple flowers.

<i>Congea tomentosa</i> Species of Labiate plants

Congea tomentosa is a large tropical evergreen vine, commonly referred to as wooly congea, shower orchid, or shower of orchid.. It is called lluvia de orquideas or terciopelo in Spanish, krua on in Thai, and rong bao teng in Chinese. Native to Myanmar and Thailand, it can be found elsewhere in South Asia, including Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia (Kedah), China (Yunnan), Bangladesh, and India. Its native habitat is mixed forests 600–1200 meters above sea level.

<i>Vanilla planifolia</i> Species of orchid

Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla orchid native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Brazil. It is one of the primary sources for vanilla flavouring, due to its high vanillin content. Common names include flat-leaved vanilla, and West Indian vanilla. Often, it is simply referred to as "the vanilla," or just vanilla. It was first scientifically named in 1808. With the species' population in decline and its habitats being converted to other purposes, the IUCN has assessed Vanilla planifolia as Endangered.

<i>Colvillea</i> Genus of legume

Colvillea is a monotypic genus of legume in the family Fabaceae. Its only species is Colvillea racemosa. The genus is named for Sir Charles Colville, an ex Governor of Mauritius.

<i>Plumbago auriculata</i> Species of carnivorous plant

Plumbago auriculata, the Cape leadwort, blue plumbago or Cape plumbago, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to South Africa and Mozambique.

<i>Peltophorum pterocarpum</i> Species of legume

Peltophorum pterocarpum is a species of Peltophorum, native to tropical southeastern Asia and a popular ornamental tree grown around the world.

<i>Stephanotis floribunda</i> Species of flowering plant

Stephanotis floribunda syn. S. jasminoides, the Madagascar jasmine, waxflower, Hawaiian wedding flower, or bridal wreath is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, native to Madagascar. It is a twining, sparsely branched liana that can measure up to 6 m in length.

<i>Eucomis autumnalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Eucomis autumnalis, the autumn pineapple flower, or autumn pineapple lily, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, native to Malawi, Zimbabwe and southern Africa. It is a mid to late summer flowering deciduous bulbous perennial. The flower stem reaches about 40 cm (16 in), rising from a basal rosette of wavy-edged leaves. The green, yellow or white flowers are arranged in a spike (raceme), topped by a "head" of green leaflike bracts. It is grown as an ornamental garden plant and can also be used as a cut flower.

Delonix edulis (Malagasy:Tara) is a species of edible wild plant native to southwest Madagascar. The plant grows in semi-arid tropical zones with annual rainfall less than 400 mm, from sea level up to 100 meters elevation.

<i>Guazuma ulmifolia</i> Species of tree

Guazuma ulmifolia, commonly known as West Indian elm or bay cedar, is a medium-sized tree normally found in pastures and disturbed forests. This flowering plant from the family Malvaceae grows up to 30m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter. It is widely found in areas such as the Caribbean, South America, Central America and Mexico serving several uses that vary from its value in carpentry to its utility in medicine.

Passiflora lindeniana is the largest free-standing tree species in the subgenus Passiflora subg. Astrophea.

Peacock flower can refer to:

The Poinciana Woman is the subject of an Australian urban legend that dates back to the 1950s. There are multiple versions to the myth, but most follow the story of a woman who was raped and hanged, under a Poinciana tree, by a group of men in the East Point Reserve of Darwin, Northern Territory. It is said she haunts the East Point area, which has brought the attention of many media outlets such as the ABC and NITV.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Rivers, M. (2014). "Delonix regia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T32947A2828337. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T32947A2828337.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. — The Plant List". theplantlist.org.
  3. 1 2 3 Weeds of Australia , retrieved 24 October 2024
  4. 1 2 3 Krishen, P. (2006). Trees of Delhi: A Field Guide. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India). pp. 296–7. ISBN   978-0-14400-070-8.
  5. 1 2 Burke, Don (1 November 2005). The complete Burke's backyard: the ultimate book of fact sheets. Murdoch Books. p. 269. ISBN   978-1-74045-739-2 . Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  6. ↑ Puy, David J. Du; Phillipson, Peter B.; Rabevohitra, Raymond (1995). "The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar". Kew Bulletin . 50 (3): 467. Bibcode:1995KewBu..50..445P. doi:10.2307/4110322. JSTOR   4110322.
  7. ↑ Gilman, Edward F. & Watson, Dennis G. (24 April 2019). "ENH387/ST228: Delonix regia: Royal Poinciana". ufl.edu.
  8. ↑ Cowen, D. V. (1984). Flowering Trees and Shrubs in India (Sixth ed.). Bombay: Thacker and Co. Ltd. p. 1.
  9. ↑ Devendra, Tissa (3 November 2020). "Lamasuriya trees". Island Newspaper. Colombo.
  10. ↑ "Delonix regia – Royal Poinciana" . Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  11. ↑ Thomas, Annamma (1984). Kerala Immigrants in America: A Sociological Study of the St. Thomas Christians. Simons Printers. p. 34.
  12. ↑ "How We Are Governed, St. Kitts & Nevis - National Symbols". Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  13. ↑ Filosa, Gwen (16 May 2018). "It's invasive and filled with bugs. It's also pretty, and now Key West's official tree". FL Keys News.
  14. ↑ "Bunga Rasmi Mpsepang". Portal Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Sepang. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  15. ↑ "'Don't kill 'em all,' experts urge as schoolyard trees 'massacred' following fatal middle school accident". 8 June 2020.
  16. ↑ Giddins, Gary (2018). Bing Crosby: Swinging on a Star: the war years, 1940-1946. NYC: Little Brown & Co. ISBN   978-0316887922.
  17. ↑ Ted Gioia, The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire p. 337 2012 "... 1996 Poinciana Composed by Nat Simon, with lyrics by Buddy Bernier And what exactly, you ask, is a Poinciana? ... They based the song on a Cuban folk tune named "Cancion del Arbol", which translates as—yes, you guessed it!"
  18. ↑ Muthuramalingam, Vivek (10 May 2017). "A Memoir of Trees". Medium. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  19. ↑ Shilpa (11 May 2011). "REFLECTIONS: Summer memories". REFLECTIONS. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.