Platynereis dumerilii

Last updated

Platynereis dumerilii
PlatynereisDumeriliiAtoke.tif
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Nereididae
Genus: Platynereis
Species:
P. dumerilii
Binomial name
Platynereis dumerilii
Synonyms
List
  • Eunereis africanaTreadwell, 1943
  • Heteronereis fucicolaÖrsted, 1843
  • Heteronereis maculataBobretzky, 1868
  • Heteronereis malmgreniClaparède, 1868
  • Iphinereis fucicola(Örsted, 1843)
  • Leontis dumerilii(Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)
  • Leptonereis maculataTreadwell, 1928
  • Mastigonereis quadridentataSchmarda, 1861
  • Mastigonereis striataSchmarda, 1861
  • Nereilepas variabilisÖrsted, 1843
  • Nereis (Platynereis) dumeriliiAudouin & Milne Edwards, 1833
  • Nereis (Platynereis) dumerilii striata(Schmarda, 1861)
  • Nereis (Platynereis) striata(Schmarda, 1861)
  • Nereis agilisKeferstein, 1862
  • Nereis alacrisVerrill, 1880
  • Nereis antillensisMcIntosh, 1885
  • Nereis dumeriliiAudouin & Milne Edwards, 1833
  • Nereis glasioviHansen, 1882
  • Nereis gracilisHansen, 1882
  • Nereis megodonQuatrefages, 1866
  • Nereis peritonealisClaparède, 1868
  • Nereis tauricaGrube, 1850
  • Nereis zostericolaÖrsted, 1843
  • Platynereis dumerili [lapsis]
  • Platynereis jucundaKinberg, 1865
  • Platynereis striata(Schmarda, 1861)
  • Uncinereis luteaTreadwell, 1928
  • Uncinereis trimaculosaTreadwell, 1940
Female epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii: Its body is filled with yellow eggs. PlatynereisDumeriliiFemaleEpitoke.tif
Female epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii: Its body is filled with yellow eggs.
Male epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii: Its frontal part is filled with white sperm, while its rear is red due to blood vessels. PlatynereisDumeriliiMaleEpitoke.tif
Male epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii: Its frontal part is filled with white sperm, while its rear is red due to blood vessels.

Platynereis dumerilii is a species of annelid polychaete worm. [3] It was originally placed into the genus Nereis [1] and later reassigned to the genus Platynereis . [4] Platynereis dumerilii lives in coastal marine waters from temperate to tropical zones. It can be found in a wide range from the Azores, the Mediterranean, in the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Atlantic down to the Cape of Good Hope, in the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Japan, the Pacific, and the Kerguelen Islands. [4] Platynereis dumerilii is today an important lab animal, [5] it is considered a living fossil, [6] [7] [8] and it is used in many phylogenetic studies as a model organism.

Contents

Description

Platynereis dumerilii is a small marine ragworm: Males reach a length of 2 to 3 cm, while females reach a length of 3 to 4 cm. [9] Like a number of invertebrate phyla, Platynereis dumerilii has an axochord, a paired longitudinal muscle that displays striking similarities to the notochord regarding position, developmental origin, and expression profile. [10] Its early trochophore larva has a pair of the simplest eyes in the animal kingdom, each eye consists only of a photoreceptor cell and a pigment cell. [11]

Locomotion

P. dumerilii worms have a ciliated surface which beats synchronously to drive locomotion and fluid flow. Larvae have segmental multiciliated cells that regularly display spontaneous coordinated ciliary arrests, which compose the ciliomotor circuitry in the worms. Whole-body coordination of ciliary locomotion is performed by a "stop-and-go pacemaker system". [12]

As the worms develop, they use chaetae, and then parapodia, for locomotion. Unlike other polychaetes, in Platynereis larvae, the parapodia are used only for navigation while the cilia are responsible for propulsive force. [2]

Senses

Photoreceptor cells

Platynereis dumerilii larvae possess two kinds of photoreceptor cells: Rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells.

The ciliary photoreceptor cells are located in the deep brain of the larva. They are not shaded by pigment and thus perceive non-directional light. The ciliary photoreceptor cells resemble molecularly and morphologically the rods and cones of the human eye. Additional, they express an ciliary opsin that is more similar to the visual ciliary opsins of vertebrate rods and cones than to the visual rhabdomeric opsins of invertebrates. Therefore, it is thought that the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates already had ciliary photoreceptor cells. [13] The ciliary opsin is UV-sensitive (λmax = 383 nm), [14] and the ciliary photoreceptor cells react on non-directional UV-light by making the larvae swimming down. This forms a ratio-chromatic depth-gauge with phototaxis of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells of the eyes. [15]

A rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell forms with a pigment cell a simple eye. [16] A pair of these eyes mediate phototaxis in the early Platynereis dumerilii trochophore larva. [11] In the later nectochaete larva, phototaxis is mediated by the more complex adult eyes. [17] The adult eyes express at least three opsins: Two rhabdomeric opsins and a Go-opsin. [18] [19] The three opsins there mediate phototaxis all the same way via depolarization, [19] even so a scallop Go-opsin is known to hyperpolarize. [20] [21]

Chemical

P. dumerilii senses chemicals with four types of organs: The antennae, the palps, the nuchal organs, and the tentacular cirri. These organs detect food and chemical cues such as alcohols, esters, amino acids, and sugars. [22]

Among the four types, the antennae are the primary chemosensory organs and sense a broad range of chemicals, while the palps are specialized on taste, which means they detect food-related chemicals. The cirri are thin thread-like head appendages and are specialized in tactile sensation, but can also give spatial information from were a chemical cue is coming, since a single stimulus can elicit in the left and right cirrus a response at a different times. [22] The cirri also sense light: When they are shaded, the worm retreats rapidly into its tube to protect them. This behavior is called a shadow reflex. [23] The nuchal organ is a singular ciliated pit in P. dumerilii. Among annelids, nuchal organs are conserved and seem to have an important chemosensory function. However, what their exact function is, is still unclear. [22]

The signals from the four chemosensory organs are processed in a lateral region and in the mushroom bodies. [22] The mushroom bodies in annelids resemble those in insects by anatomy, morphology and gene expression. So probably, annelids and insects inherited mushroom bodies from their last common ancestor. [24]

Habitat

Platynereis dumerilii builds tubes on its substrate. The substrate may be algae-covered hard bottoms, [25] sea grass, [26] [27] pelagic Sargassum rafts in the Sargasso Sea, [28] [29] or even rotting plant debris. [30] Platynereis dumerilii commonly lives in depths of 0 to 5 meters, [31] [32] [26] [25] and so is typical for shallow bright infra-littoral environments. [31] However, it has been also found on a buoy at 50 meters [33] and on rotting seaweed at 100 m. [34] It may also live in less favorable environments, like at thermal vents [35] [36] or polluted areas near sewer outfall pipes. [37] It dominates polluted areas [38] [39] and acidic areas with pH values around 6.5 [40] fitting the preferred pH value of a subpopulation of late Platynereis dumerilii nectochaete larvae. [41] Larvae feed on plankton, and migrate vertically in the ocean in response to changes in light, causing a daily transport of biomass. [42]

Reproduction and development

Platynereis dumerilii is dioecious, that means it has two separate sexes. [43] Changes in light are importantly linked to reproduction. The bristle worm is originally found in the Bay of Naples, where it displays reproductive synchrony. The adult worms rise en masse to the water surface a few days after the full moon, during a one- to two-hour dark portion of the night between sunset and moonrise. In the worm’s natural environment, it is important to synchronize spawning to increase the potential for gametes to meet and fertilize. By detecting nighttime lighting in accordance with the lunar cycle, the worms synchronize reproductive activity. Worms that make L-Cry protein are better able to detect appropriate light conditions and synchronize the release of gametes. In addition, the molecule r-Opsin is extremely sensitive to light, and appears to help detect moonrise. Some combination of signals from r-Opsin and L-Cry is believed to help the worms to coordinate rising at a common time to spawn. [44] [45] [46]

During mating, the male swims around the female while the female is swimming in small circles. Both release eggs and sperm into the water. This release is triggered by sexual pheromones. The eggs are then fertilized outside of the body in the water. [47] Like other Nereidids, Platynereis dumerilii has no segmental gonades, the oocytes mature freely swimming in the body cavity (coelom), [43] and stain the body of the mature female epitoke yellow. [2]

Platynereis dumerilii develops very stereotypically between batches and therefore time can be used to stage Platynereis dumerilii larvae. However, the temperature influences the speed of development greatly. [2] Therefore, the following developmental times are given with 18 °C as reference temperature:

After 24 hours, a fertilized egg gives rise to a trochophore larva. At 48 hours, the trochophore larva becomes a metatrochophore larva. [2] Both trochophore and metatrochophore swim with a ring of cilia in the water and are positively phototactic. [11] The metatrochophore has, beside the larval eyes, already the anlagen for the more complex adult eyes of the adult worm. [16] [18] A day later, at 72 hours after fertilization, the metatrochophore larva becomes a nectochaete larva. The nectochaete larva already has three segments, each with a pair of parapodia bearing chaetae, which serve for locomotion. [2] The nectochaete larva can switch from positive to negative phototaxis. [17] After five to seven days, the larvae start feeding and develop on their own speed, depending on food supply. After three to four weeks, when six segments have formed, the head is formed. [2]

Normal development is subdivided into 16 stages. [2] Platynereis dumerilii lives for 3 up to 18 months [5] with an average lifespan of seven months. P. dumerilii reproduces only once, [42] and dies after delivering its gametes. [2]

Genome

The genome of Platynereis dumerilii is diploid (2n chromosomes) with a haploid set of n = 14 chromosomes. [9] [48] It contains approximately 1 Gbp (giga base pairs) or 109 base pairs. [49] This genome size is close to the average observed for other animals. However, compared to many classical invertebrate molecular model organisms, this genome size is rather large and therefore it is a challenge to identify gene regulatory elements that can be far away from the corresponding promoter. But it is intron rich unlike those of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans and thus closer to vertebrate genomes including the human genome. [50]

Bristle worms contain the complex protein haemoglobin, found in vertebrates, annelids (e.g. earthworms), molluscs (e.g. pond snails) and crustaceans (e.g. daphnia). It was once believed that haemoglobin must have evolved multiple times to be a feature of such different species.Comparing bristle worms with other red blooded species suggests that all forms of haemoglobins are derived from a single ancestral gene, cytoglobin. [51] [52]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polychaete</span> Class of annelid worms

Polychaeta is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes. Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. More than 10,000 species are described in this class. Common representatives include the lugworm and the sandworm or clam worm Alitta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eye</span> Organ that detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons

An eye is a sensory organ that allows an organism to perceive visual information. It detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons (neurones). It is part of an organism's visual system.

A taxis is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food. Taxes are innate behavioural responses. A taxis differs from a tropism in that in the case of taxis, the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source. It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus.

Segmentation in biology is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a linear series of repetitive segments that may or may not be interconnected to each other. This article focuses on the segmentation of animal body plans, specifically using the examples of the taxa Arthropoda, Chordata, and Annelida. These three groups form segments by using a "growth zone" to direct and define the segments. While all three have a generally segmented body plan and use a growth zone, they use different mechanisms for generating this patterning. Even within these groups, different organisms have different mechanisms for segmenting the body. Segmentation of the body plan is important for allowing free movement and development of certain body parts. It also allows for regeneration in specific individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Depth gauge</span> Instrument that indicates depth below a reference surface

A depth gauge is an instrument for measuring depth below a vertical reference surface. They include depth gauges for underwater diving and similar applications. A diving depth gauge is a pressure gauge that displays the equivalent depth below the free surface in water. The relationship between depth and pressure is linear and accurate enough for most practical purposes, and for many purposes, such as diving, it is actually the pressure that is important. It is a piece of diving equipment used by underwater divers, submarines and submersibles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trochophore</span> Type of free-swimming marine larva

A trochophore is a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opsin</span> Class of light-sensitive proteins

Animal opsins are G-protein-coupled receptors and a group of proteins made light-sensitive via a chromophore, typically retinal. When bound to retinal, opsins become retinylidene proteins, but are usually still called opsins regardless. Most prominently, they are found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in vision. Humans have in total nine opsins. Beside vision and light perception, opsins may also sense temperature, sound, or chemicals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laser ablation</span> Process that removes material from an object by heating it with a laser

Laser ablation or photoablation is the process of removing material from a solid surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a plasma. Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough. While relatively long laser pulses can heat and thermally alter or damage the processed material, ultrashort laser pulses cause only minimal material damage during processing due to the ultrashort light-matter interaction and are therefore also suitable for micromaterial processing. Excimer lasers of deep ultra-violet light are mainly used in photoablation; the wavelength of laser used in photoablation is approximately 200 nm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epitoky</span> Sexual maturation process in marine worms

Epitoky is a process that occurs in many species of polychaete marine worms wherein a sexually immature worm is modified or transformed into a sexually mature worm. Epitokes are pelagic morphs capable of sexual reproduction. Unlike the immature form, which is typically benthic, epitokes are specialized for swimming as well as reproducing. The primary benefit to epitoky is increased chances of finding other members of the same species for reproduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolution of the eye</span> Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time

Many scientists have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times.

Marine larval ecology is the study of the factors influencing dispersing larvae, which many marine invertebrates and fishes have. Marine animals with a larva typically release many larvae into the water column, where the larvae develop before metamorphosing into adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RRH</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peropsin, a visual pigment-like receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRH gene. It belongs like other animal opsins to the G protein-coupled receptors. Even so, the first peropsins were already discovered in mice and humans in 1997, not much is known about them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OPN5</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Opsin-5, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 136 or neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene. Opsin-5 is a member of the opsin subfamily of the G protein-coupled receptors. It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phototaxis</span> Directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to light

Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from a stimulus of light. This is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of increasing light intensity and negative if the direction is opposite.

<i>Platynereis</i> Genus of annelids

Platynereis is a genus of marine annelid worms that belongs to the Nereididae, a family of errant polychaete worms.

In evolutionary developmental biology, inversion refers to the hypothesis that during the course of animal evolution, the structures along the dorsoventral (DV) axis have taken on an orientation opposite that of the ancestral form.

<i>Capitella teleta</i> Species of annelid

Capitella teleta is a small, cosmopolitan, segmented annelid worm. It is a well-studied invertebrate, which has been cultured for use in laboratories for over 30 years. C. teleta is the first marine polychaete to have its genome sequenced.

<i>Pomatoceros lamarckii</i> Species of annelid

Pomatoceros lamarckii is a species of tube-building annelid worms which is widespread in intertidal and sub-littoral zones around the United Kingdom and northern Europe. They are found attached to firm substrates, from rocks to animal shells to man made structures, and often are noted for their detrimental effect on shipping. It is closely related to, and often confused with, Pomatoceros triqueter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annelid</span> Phylum of segmented worms

The annelids, also known as the segmented worms, comprise a large phylum called Annelida. The phylum contains over 22,000 extant species, including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies – some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.

<i>Eulagisca gigantea</i> Species of annelid worm

Eulagisca gigantea is a species of scale worm. This species is specifically found in the deep-sea in cold waters like the Antarctic Ocean. The scale worms are named for the elytra on their surface that look like scales.

References

  1. 1 2 Audouin, Jean Victoire; Milne-Edwards, Henri (1834). "Néréide de Dumeril. Nereis Dumerilii". Recherches Pour Servir à l'Histoire Naturelle du Littoral de la France, ou, Recueil de Mémoires sur l'Anatomie, la Physiologie, la Classification et les Moeurs des Animaux des Nos Côtes: Ouvrage Accompagné de Planches Faites d'Après Nature. Vol. 2. pp. 196–199. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.43796.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fischer, Antje HL; Henrich, Thorsten; Arendt, Detlev (2010). "The normal development of Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae, Annelida)". Frontiers in Zoology. 7 (1): 31. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-31 . PMC   3027123 . PMID   21192805.
  3. ↑ Read, G. "Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834). In: Read, G.; Fauchald, K. (Ed.) (2015)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  4. 1 2 Fauvel, Pierre (1914). "Annélides polychètes non-pélagiques provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1885-1910)". Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accompliés Par le Prince Albert I. 46: 1–432.
  5. 1 2 Fischer, Albrecht; Dorresteijn, Adriaan (March 2004). "The polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida): a laboratory animal with spiralian cleavage, lifelong segment proliferation and a mixed benthic/pelagic life cycle". BioEssays. 26 (3): 314–325. doi:10.1002/bies.10409. PMID   14988933.
  6. ↑ "Introduction - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  7. ↑ "Living Fossil Platynereis dumerilii: Unraveling the first steps of eye evolution". thebiologyplace. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  8. ↑ "Arendt Group - Evolution of the nervous system in bilateria - EMBL". www.embl.de. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  9. 1 2 Jha, A. N.; Hutchinson, T. H.; Mackay, J. M.; Elliott, B. M.; Pascoe, P. L.; Dixon, D. R. (1995). "The chromosomes Of Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 75 (3): 551. Bibcode:1995JMBUK..75..551J. doi:10.1017/S002531540003900X. S2CID   84763134.
  10. ↑ Lauri, Antonella; Brunet, Thibaut; Handberg-Thorsager, Mette; Fischer, Antje H. L.; Simakov, Oleg; Steinmetz, Patrick R. H.; Tomer, Raju; Keller, Philipp J.; Arendt, Detlev (2014-09-12). "Development of the annelid axochord: Insights into notochord evolution". Science. 345 (6202): 1365–1368. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1365L. doi:10.1126/science.1253396. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   25214631. S2CID   20045151.
  11. 1 2 3 Jékely, Gáspár; Colombelli, Julien; Hausen, Harald; Guy, Keren; Stelzer, Ernst; Nédélec, François; Arendt, Detlev (20 November 2008). "Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton". Nature. 456 (7220): 395–399. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..395J. doi: 10.1038/nature07590 . PMID   19020621.
  12. ↑ Verasztó, Csaba; Ueda, Nobuo; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Panzera, Aurora; Williams, Elizabeth A; Shahidi, Réza; Jékely, Gáspár (2017-05-16). Sengupta, Piali (ed.). "Ciliomotor circuitry underlying whole-body coordination of ciliary activity in the Platynereis larva". eLife. 6: e26000. doi: 10.7554/eLife.26000 . ISSN   2050-084X. PMC   5531833 . PMID   28508746.
  13. ↑ Arendt, D.; Tessmar-Raible, K.; Snyman, H.; Dorresteijn, A.W.; Wittbrodt, J. (29 October 2004). "Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate-Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain". Science. 306 (5697): 869–871. Bibcode:2004Sci...306..869A. doi:10.1126/science.1099955. PMID   15514158. S2CID   2583520.
  14. ↑ Tsukamoto, Hisao; Chen, I-Shan; Kubo, Yoshihiro; Furutani, Yuji (4 August 2017). "A ciliary opsin in the brain of a marine annelid zooplankton is ultraviolet-sensitive, and the sensitivity is tuned by a single amino acid residue". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 292 (31): 12971–12980. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.793539 . PMC   5546036 . PMID   28623234.
  15. ↑ Verasztó, Csaba; Gühmann, Martin; Jia, Huiyong; Rajan, Vinoth Babu Veedin; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Piñeiro-Lopez, Cristina; Randel, Nadine; Shahidi, Réza; Michiels, Nico K; Yokoyama, Shozo; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin; Jékely, Gáspár (29 May 2018). "Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton". eLife. 7. doi: 10.7554/eLife.36440 . PMC   6019069 . PMID   29809157.
  16. 1 2 Rhode, Birgit (April 1992). "Development and differentiation of the eye inPlatynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Polychaeta)". Journal of Morphology. 212 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052120108. PMID   29865584. S2CID   46930876.
  17. 1 2 Randel, Nadine; Asadulina, Albina; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Verasztó, Csaba; Williams, Elizabeth A; Conzelmann, Markus; Shahidi, Réza; Jékely, Gáspár (27 May 2014). "Neuronal connectome of a sensory-motor circuit for visual navigation". eLife. 3. doi: 10.7554/eLife.02730 . PMC   4059887 . PMID   24867217.
  18. 1 2 Randel, N.; Bezares-Calderon, L. A.; Gühmann, M.; Shahidi, R.; Jekely, G. (2013-05-10). "Expression Dynamics and Protein Localization of Rhabdomeric Opsins in Platynereis Larvae". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 53 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1093/icb/ict046. PMC   3687135 . PMID   23667045.
  19. 1 2 Gühmann, Martin; Jia, Huiyong; Randel, Nadine; Verasztó, Csaba; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A.; Michiels, Nico K.; Yokoyama, Shozo; Jékely, Gáspár (August 2015). "Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go-Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis". Current Biology. 25 (17): 2265–2271. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2265G. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.017 . PMID   26255845.
  20. ↑ Kojima, Daisuke; Terakita, Akihisa; Ishikawa, Toru; Tsukahara, Yasuo; Maeda, Akio; Shichida, Yoshinori (12 September 1997). "A Novel Go-mediated Phototransduction Cascade in Scallop Visual Cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (37): 22979–82. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.37.22979 . PMID   9287291.
  21. ↑ Gomez, MP; Nasi, E (15 July 2000). "Light transduction in invertebrate hyperpolarizing photoreceptors: possible involvement of a Go-regulated guanylate cyclase". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (14): 5254–63. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-14-05254.2000. PMC   6772339 . PMID   10884309.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Chartier, Thomas F.; Deschamps, Joran; Dürichen, Wiebke; Jékely, Gáspár; Arendt, Detlev (2018). "Whole-head recording of chemosensory activity in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii". Open Biology. 8 (10): 180139. doi:10.1098/rsob.180139. PMC   6223215 . PMID   30381362.
  23. ↑ Ayers, Thomas; Tsukamoto, Hisao; Gühmann, Martin; Veedin Rajan, Vinoth Babu; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (2018-04-18). "A Go-type opsin mediates the shadow reflex in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii". BMC Biology. 16 (1): 41. doi: 10.1186/s12915-018-0505-8 . ISSN   1741-7007. PMC   5904973 . PMID   29669554.
  24. ↑ Wolff, Gabriella H.; Strausfeld, Nicholas J. (January 2015). "Genealogical Correspondence of Mushroom Bodies across Invertebrate Phyla". Current Biology. 25 (1): 38–44. Bibcode:2015CBio...25...38W. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.049 . PMID   25532890. S2CID   258754.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  25. 1 2 Giangrande, A. (September 1988). "Polychaete zonation and its relation to algal distribution down a vertical cliff in the western Mediterranean (Italy): a structural analysis". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 120 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90006-8.
  26. 1 2 Lewis, III, F. Graham; Stoner, Allan W. (1 January 1981). "An Examination of Methods for Sampling Macrobenthos in Seagrass Meadows". Bulletin of Marine Science. 31 (1): 116–124.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Jacobs, R.P.W.M.; Pierson, E.S. (January 1979). "Zostera marina spathes as a habitat for Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne-Edwards, 1834)". Aquatic Botany. 6: 403–406. Bibcode:1979AqBot...6..403J. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(79)90079-2.
  28. ↑ Huffard, C. L.; von Thun, S.; Sherman, A. D.; Sealey, K.; Smith, K. L. (14 September 2014). "Pelagic Sargassum community change over a 40-year period: temporal and spatial variability". Marine Biology. 161 (12): 2735–2751. Bibcode:2014MarBi.161.2735H. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2539-y. PMC   4231207 . PMID   25414525.
  29. ↑ Fine, M. L. (October 1970). "Faunal variation on pelagic Sargassum". Marine Biology. 7 (2): 112–122. Bibcode:1970MarBi...7..112F. doi:10.1007/Bf00354914. S2CID   84660433.
  30. ↑ Clark, R. B.; Milne, A. (1955). "The sublittoral fauna of two sandy bays on the Isle of Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 34 (1): 161. Bibcode:1955JMBUK..34..161C. doi:10.1017/S0025315400008663. S2CID   250949017.
  31. 1 2 Giangrande, A.; Delos, A. L.; Fraschetti, S.; Musco, L.; Licciano, M.; Terlizzi, A. (1 December 2003). "Polychaete assemblages along a rocky shore on the South Adriatic coast (Mediterranean Sea): patterns of spatial distribution". Marine Biology. 143 (6): 1109–1116. Bibcode:2003MarBi.143.1109G. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1162-0. S2CID   85293536.
  32. ↑ Gambi, Maria Cristina; Lorenti, Maurizio; Russo, Giovanni F.; Scipione, Maria Beatrice; Zupo, Valerio (March 1992). "Depth and Seasonal Distribution of Some Groups of the Vagile Fauna of the Posidonia oceanica Leaf Stratum: Structural and Trophic Analyses". Marine Ecology. 13 (1): 17–39. Bibcode:1992MarEc..13...17G. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00337.x.
  33. ↑ ALIANI, STEFANO; MELONI, ROBERTO (1999). "Dispersal strategies of benthic species and water current variability in the Corsica Channel (Western Mediterranean)". Scientia Marina. 63 (2): 137–145. doi: 10.3989/scimar.1999.63n2137 .
  34. ↑ Cram, A.; Evans, S.M. (May 1980). "Stability and lability in the evolution of behaviour in nereid polychaetes". Animal Behaviour. 28 (2): 483–490. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80056-X. S2CID   53159295.
  35. ↑ Giménez, F.; Marín, A. (1991). "Los Anelidos poliquetos de una solfatara submarina en el Golfo de Napoles". Anales de Biología. 17: 143–151.
  36. ↑ Lucey, Noelle Marie; Lombardi, Chiara; DeMarchi, Lucia; Schulze, Anja; Gambi, Maria Cristina; Calosi, Piero (9 July 2015). "To brood or not to brood: Are marine invertebrates that protect their offspring more resilient to ocean acidification?". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 12009. Bibcode:2015NatSR...512009L. doi:10.1038/srep12009. PMC   4648422 . PMID   26156262.
  37. ↑ Surugiu, Victor; Feunteun, Marc (2008). "The structure and distribution of polychaete populations influenced by sewage from the Romanian Coast of the Black Sea". Analele Ştiinţifice Ale Universităţii "Al. I. Cuza" Iaşi, S. Biologie Animală. LIV.
  38. ↑ Bellan, Gérard (November 1980). "Relationship of pollution to rocky substratum polychaetes on the French Mediterranean coast". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 11 (11): 318–321. Bibcode:1980MarPB..11..318B. doi:10.1016/0025-326x(80)90048-X.
  39. ↑ Musco, L; Terlizzi, A; Licciano, M; Giangrande, A (14 May 2009). "Taxonomic structure and the effectiveness of surrogates in environmental monitoring: a lesson from polychaetes". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 383: 199–210. Bibcode:2009MEPS..383..199M. doi: 10.3354/meps07989 .
  40. ↑ Ricevuto, Elena; Kroeker, K. J.; Ferrigno, F.; Micheli, F.; Gambi, M. C. (24 October 2014). "Spatio-temporal variability of polychaete colonization at volcanic CO2 vents indicates high tolerance to ocean acidification". Marine Biology. 161 (12): 2909–2919. Bibcode:2014MarBi.161.2909R. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2555-y. S2CID   84767827.
  41. ↑ Ramanathan, Nirupama; Simakov, Oleg; Merten, Christoph A.; Arendt, Detlev; Molinero, Juan Carlos (30 October 2015). "Quantifying Preferences and Responsiveness of Marine Zooplankton to Changing Environmental Conditions using Microfluidics". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0140553. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1040553R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140553 . PMC   4627805 . PMID   26517120.
  42. 1 2 "A slightly different worm – Platynereis dumerilii". www.gesundheitsindustrie-bw.de. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  43. 1 2 Fischer, Albrecht (1999). "Reproductive and developmental phenomena in annelids: a source of exemplary research problems". Hydrobiologia. 402: 1–20. doi:10.1023/A:1003719906378. S2CID   38397888.
  44. ↑ Markandeya, Virat (22 February 2023). "How lunar cycles guide the spawning of corals, worms and more". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi: 10.1146/knowable-022223-2 . Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  45. ↑ Häfker, N. Sören; Andreatta, Gabriele; Manzotti, Alessandro; Falciatore, Angela; Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (16 January 2023). "Rhythms and Clocks in Marine Organisms". Annual Review of Marine Science. 15 (1): 509–538. Bibcode:2023ARMS...15..509H. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-030422-113038 . ISSN   1941-1405.
  46. ↑ Poehn, Birgit; Krishnan, Shruthi; Zurl, Martin; Coric, Aida; Rokvic, Dunja; Häfker, N. Sören; Jaenicke, Elmar; Arboleda, Enrique; Orel, Lukas; Raible, Florian; Wolf, Eva; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (5 September 2022). "A Cryptochrome adopts distinct moon- and sunlight states and functions as sun- versus moonlight interpreter in monthly oscillator entrainment". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 5220. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.5220P. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32562-z. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   9445029 . PMID   36064778.
  47. ↑ Zeeck, Erich; Harder, Tilman; Beckmann, Manfred (1998). "Uric acid: the sperm-release pheromone of the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 24 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1023/A:1022328610423. S2CID   42318049.
  48. ↑ Ipucha, María Claudia; Santos, Cinthya Gomes; Lana, Paulo Da Cunha; Sbalqueiro, Ives José (2007). "Cytogenetic characterization of seven South American species of nereididae (annelida: polychaeta): implications for the karyotypic evolution". BAG. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics. 18 (2).
  49. ↑ Zantke, Juliane; Bannister, Stephanie; Rajan, Vinoth Babu Veedin; Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (7 May 2014). "Genetic and Genomic Tools for the Marine Annelid". Genetics. 197 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.148254. PMC   4012478 . PMID   24807110.
  50. ↑ Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin; Osoegawa, Kazutoyo; Wincker, Patrick; Jubin, Claire; Balavoine, Guillaume; Ferrier, David; Benes, Vladimir; Jong, Pieter de; Weissenbach, Jean; Bork, Peer; Arendt, Detlev (25 November 2005). "Vertebrate-Type Intron-Rich Genes in the Marine Annelid Platynereis dumerilii". Science. 310 (5752): 1325–1326. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1325R. doi:10.1126/science.1119089. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   16311335. S2CID   23653039.
  51. ↑ "A single gene 'invented' haemoglobin several times". EurekAlert!. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  52. ↑ Song, Solène; Starunov, Viktor; Bailly, Xavier; Ruta, Christine; Kerner, Pierre; Cornelissen, Annemiek J. M.; Balavoine, Guillaume (December 2020). "Globins in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii shed new light on hemoglobin evolution in bilaterians". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 20 (1): 165. Bibcode:2020BMCEE..20..165S. doi: 10.1186/s12862-020-01714-4 . PMC   7771090 . PMID   33371890.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.