Evolution of annual registrations of plug-in electric passenger cars in Europe between 2011 and 2021
Market share of new plug-in electric passenger cars in China, Europe and the United States between 2015 and 2021
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe is actively supported by the European Union and several national, provincial, and local governments in Europe. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets.[1][2] In particular, the EU regulation that set the mandatory targets for average fleet CO2 emissions for new cars has been effective in contributing to the successful uptake of plug-in cars in recent years[1]
Europe also has the world's second largest light commercial electric vehicle stock, 33% of the global fleet in 2020,[8]As of December2020[update], France listed as the European country with the largest stock of light-duty all-electric utility vans, with about 62,000 units, followed by Germany (29,500), and the UK (almost 15,000).[4]
The plug-in passenger car segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020.[9][10][11] Despite the segment's rapid growth, as of December2020[update], only 1% of all passenger cars on European roads were plug-in electric.[12]
As of December2021[update], Germany led cumulative sales in Europe with 1.38million plug-in cars registered since 2010,[13][14] followed by France (786,274),[15] the UK (~745,000),[16] Norway (647,000),[17] and the Netherlands (390,454).[18] Norway has the highest market penetrationper capita in the world,[19] also has achieved the world's largest plug-in segment market share of new car sales, 86.2% in 2020,[20] and 22% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads were plug-ins by the end of 2021.[21] Germany has been the top selling European country market in terms of annual volume since 2019.[1][22]
In 2020, and despite the strong decline in global car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1million mark for the first time.[23][22] Also, Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.[24][25]
Government incentives and policies
The European Union and several national, provincial, and local governments around Europe have introduced policies to support the mass market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; procurement of electric vehicle for government fleets; and long term regulations with specific targets.[1][2]
Financial incentives
Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the still higher up front cost of electric vehicles. Among the financial incentives there are one-time purchase incentives such as tax credits, purchase grants, exemptions from import duties, and other fiscal incentives; exemptions from road, bridge and tunnel tolls, and from congestion pricing fees; and exemption of registration and annual use vehicle fees.[1][2] There are also several non-monetary incentives such as allowing plug-in vehicles access to bus lanes, free parking and free charging.[2]
France introduced in 2008 a bonus–malusCO2 based tax system that penalize fossil-fuel vehicle sales. This a revenue-neutral policy mechanism allows to balance government support with direct revenues from the taxes collected from sale of particularly polluting and/or greenhouse gas emitting cars.[1] The bonus applies to private and company vehicles purchased on or after 5 December 2007, and is deducted from the purchase price of the vehicle. The malus penalty applies to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, and is added at the time of registration.[28]
EU average fleet CO2 emissions
European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet CO2 emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with the amount of g/km of exceeded.[29]
The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, established a new target of average CO2 emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km, scheduled to be phased-in in 2020 (95%), and fully apply from 2021 onward. The target for light-commercial vehicles was set to 147 g/km by 2020.[30][31]
In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631 was adopted, which introduced CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011.[30][32] The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average CO2 emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025 (81 g/km), and by 37.5% in 2030 (59 g/km). For light-commercial vehicles the new targets are a 15% reduction for 2025 and a 31% reduction for 2030.[31][33]
The 2019 Regulation also introduced an incentive mechanism or credit system from 2025 onwards for zero- and low-emission vehicles (ZLEVs). A ZLEV is defined as a passenger car or a commercial van with CO2 emissions between 0 and 50 g/km. The regulation set ZLEV sales targets of 15% for 2025 and 35% for 2030, and manufacturers have some flexibility in how they achieve those targets. Carmakers that outperform the ZLEV sales targets will be rewarded with higher CO2 emission targets, but the target relaxation is capped at a maximum 5% to safeguard the integrity of the regulation.[31][33]
Since 2018, European carmakers have been fully embracing electrification of their car models to further reduce CO2 emissions, and comply with the targets established by the EU.[34] The EU regulations have resulted in a significant growth of sales of plug-in electric cars since 2019.[1]
In 2020, despite a strong decline of overall car sales in all countries as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the plug-in car segment has increased significantly its market share.[35] According to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), during the first quarter of 2020, and due to the COVID‐19 outbreak, the market share of new passenger plug-in electric cars in the 27 EU countries was 6.8%, up from 2.5% in the same period in 2018.[36] In April 2020 the European plug-in market share rose to 11%.[37]
Norwegian case
Historical trend of annual average new fleet CO2 emissions in Norway (2011–2019). Source: Norwegian Road Federation (OFV)
In order to reduce Norway's greenhouse gas emissions, its government pledged in 2012, among other measures, a target for the average fleet CO2 emission rate of new passenger cars of 85 g/km by 2020, 10 g/km lower than the European Commission's targets for 2021.[38][39]
As a result of its fast growing EV market penetration, average fleet CO2 emissions have been falling in Norway every year. Norway achieved in 2016 the European target set for 2021, with average CO2 emissions for all new passenger cars registered in 2016 of 93 g/km, down 7 g/km from 2015.[40] Average CO2 emissions for all new passenger cars registered in 2017 was 82 g/km, down from 93 g/km in 2016, and below the government's target of 85 grams set for 2020. Norway achieved its transportation emissions target three years before the pledged deadline.[39][41][42]
Annual average new passenger car fleet CO2 emissions reached an all-time low in 2019 with 60 g/km, 11 g/km lower than in 2018. Nevertheless, the average for gasoline-powered cars declined only 1 g/km from 2018 to 93 g/km, while diesel-powered cars increase their average CO2 emissions from 131 g/km in 2018 to 134 g/km in 2019. The net gain in the overall reduction of average fleet CO2 emissions is the result of the large market share of 42.4% achieved by the all-electric segment in 2019.[43]
Some cities are planning to establish a partial or total ban on internal combustion engine vehicles or to implement zero-emission zones (ZEZ) restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area or city center where only zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed access. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned.[47][48]
There are also measures to promote efficient vehicles in the Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles, and in the Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services.[54]
The 2009 Directive applies to contracting entities under the obligation to apply the procurement procedures set out in Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC, as well as operators of public passenger transport services by rail and by road under a public service contract within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007. These entities and operators should take into account lifetime energy and environmental impacts, including energy consumption and emissions of CO2, and of certain pollutants, when purchasing road transport vehicles with the objectives of promoting and stimulating the market for clean and energy efficient vehicles.[54]
Markets and sales
Annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe compared to the world's top country markets between 2011 and 2023
Europe had about 5.6million plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2021, consisting of 2.9million fully electric passenger cars, 2.5million plug-in hybrid cars, and about 220,000 light commercial all-electric vehicles.[3][4][5][6]As of December2020[update], the European stock of plug-in passenger is the world's second largest market after China, accounting for 32% of the global car stock in 2020[8] Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.[24][25]
Europe also has the second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock, 33% of the global stock in 2020.[8]As of December2020[update], France listed as the European country with the largest stock of light-duty electric commercial vehicles, with about 62,000 utility vans in use, and also ranks as the world's second after China.[4]
Since 2016 the plug-in passenger car segment has experienced rapid growth, with annual registrations increasing 33% in 2018, 45% in 2019, and 137% in 2020.[55][61][63] The plug-in segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020.[9][10][11] Despite the segment's rapid growth, as of December2020[update], only 1.0% of passenger cars on European roads were plug-in electric vehicles,[12] and just 0.3% of light commercial vehicles on the EU roads were fully electric in 2019.[64]
Cumulative light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in Europe compared to the world's top-selling countries and regional markets as of December2021. Europe is the world's second largest plug-in market after China.
Cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Europe passed the 500,000 unit mark in May 2016,[65] the one million milestone in June 2018,[66] and the two million mark in April 2020.[67] Norway passed the 100,000th registered plug-in unit milestone in April 2016,[68] France passed the same milestone in September 2016,[69] and the Netherlands in November 2016.[70] The UK achieved the 100,000 unit mark in March 2017.[19][71]
Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in terms of annual sales from 2016 to 2018.[19][72] In 2019, Germany surpassed Norway as the best selling plug-in market, leading both sales of the all-electric and the plug-in hybrid segments,[10][73] and again in 2020, Germany listed as the top selling European country market, with a record of over 394,000 units sold.[22][74] The only country that outsold Germany in 2020 was China, and France and the UK ranked among the top five best selling countries.[24]
As of December2021[update], Germany is the European country with the largest stock of plug-ins in the continent, with 1.38million plug-in passenger cars registered since 2010.[13][14] Ranking next is France with 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles,[15] followed by the UK with about 745,000 plug-in cars,[16] and Norway with 647,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles.[17] Norway continues to have the highest market penetrationper capita in Europe and the world,[19] and in 2021 achieved the world's largest annual plug-in segment market share of new car sales ever, 86.2%.[20] Also, Norway has the highest share of plug-in cars in use in the world, with 22.1% of all passenger cars on the road by the end 2021.[21]
The following table summarizes annual registrations of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the region, including the European Union, the UK, and three EFTA countries, from 2010 to 2021:
Annual registrations of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Europe (EU + EFTA + UK) by type of powertrain (2010 – 2021)
Notes:(1) Battery electric vehicles (BEV) includes all-electric passenger cars and utility vans. (2)ACEA figures only include plug-in passenger cars registered in the European Union, the UK, and EFTA countries. (3) Includes all-electric passenger cars, all-electric utility vans, and plug-in hybrid passenger cars. (4) Market share of the plug-in passenger segment of total new car sales (utility vans not included). (5) New passenger vehicle registrations in the EU and EFTA totaled 15,131,719 units in 2016 and 15,631,687 in 2017.[96] (6) Light-duty plug-in electric fleet in circulation at the end of 2020.
2010–2015
A total of 1,614 all-electric cars and 1,305 light-utility vehicles were sold in 2010. Sales jumped from 2,919 units in 2010 to 13,779 in 2011, consisting of 11,271 pure electric cars and 2,508 commercial vans.[75] In addition, over 300 plug-in hybrids were sold in 2011, mainly Opel Amperas.[77] Light-duty plug-in vehicle sales totaled 34,333 units in 2012, consisting of 24,713 all-electric cars and vans, and 9,620 plug-in hybrids.[77][79][80] The Opel/Vauxhall Ampera plug-in hybrid was Europe's top selling plug-in electric car in 2012 with 5,268 units, closely followed by the all-electric Nissan Leaf with 5,210 units.[77][97]
The Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in electric car in Europe in 2012 with 5,268 units.
The plug-in segment sales more than double to 71,943 units in 2013. Pure electric passenger and light commercial vehicles sales increased by 63.9% to 40,496 units.[79] In addition, a total of 31,477 extended-range cars and plug-in hybrids were sold in 2013.[82] Registrations reached 104,746 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in 2014, up 45.6% from 2013. A total of 65,199 pure electric cars and light-utility vehicles were registered in Europe in 2014, up 60.9% from 2013. All-electric passenger cars represented 87% of the European all-electric segment registrations.[84] Extended-range cars and plug-in hybrid registrations totaled 39,547 units in 2014, up 25.8% from 2013.[82]
During 2013 took place a surge in sales of plug-in hybrids in the European market, particularly in the Netherlands, with 20,164 PHEVs registered during the year.[98][99] Out of the 71,943 highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans sold in the region during 2013, plug-in hybrids totaled 31,447 units, representing 44% of the plug-in electric vehicle segment sales that year.[79][82] This trend continued in 2014. Plug-in hybrids represented almost 30% of the plug-in electric drive sales during the first six months of 2014, and with the exception of the Nissan Leaf, sales of the previous European best selling models fell significantly, while recently introduced models captured a significant share of the segment sales, with the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Tesla Model S, BMW i3, Renault Zoe, Volkswagen e-Up!, and the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (available as a diesel–electric hybrid) ranking among the top ten best selling models.[100]
The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car in Europe in 2013 with 11,120 units sold.
In 2014 Norway was the top selling country in the light-duty all-electric market segment, with 18,649 passenger cars and utility vans registered, more than doubling its 2013 sales. France ranked second with 15,046 units registered, followed by Germany with 8,804 units, the UK with 7,730 units, and the Netherlands with 3,585 car and vans registrations.[102] In the plug-in hybrid segment, the Netherlands was the top selling country in 2014 with 12,425 passenger cars registered,[103] followed by the UK with 7,821,[104] Germany with 4,527,[105] and Sweden 3,432 units.[106] Five European countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1% of new car sales in 2014, Norway (13.84%), the Netherlands (3.87%), Iceland (2.71%), Estonia (1.57%), and Sweden (1.53%).[107][106][108]
In 2013 the top selling plug-in was the Leaf with 11,120 units sold,[101] followed by the Outlander P-HEV with 8,197 units.[109] The Mitsubishi Outlander plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Europe in 2014 with 19,853 units sold,[110] surpassing of the Nissan Leaf (14,658), which fell to second place.[111] Ranking third was the Renault Zoe with 11,231 units.[112]
For a second year running, the Mitsubishi's Outlander P-HEV was the top selling plug-in electric car in Europe with 31,214 units sold in 2015, up 57% from 2014.[110] The Renault Zoe ranked second among plug-in electric cars, with 18,727 registrations, and surpassed the Nissan Leaf to become best selling pure electric car in Europe in 2015.[86] Ranking next were the Volkswagen Golf GTE plug-in hybrid (17,300), followed by the all-electric Tesla Model S (15,515) and the Nissan Leaf (15,455), the BMW i3, including its REx variant, (12,047), and the Audi A3 e-tron plug-in hybrid (11,791).[86][110]
The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV was Europe's top selling plug-in car in 2014 and 2015, and until 2017, it was the region's all-time best-selling plug-in electric car with 100,097 units.
The Netherlands was the top selling country in the European light-duty plug-in electric market segment, with 43,971 passenger cars and utility vans registered in 2015. Norway ranked second with 34,455 units registered, followed by the UK with 28,188 units, France with 27,701 car and vans registrations, and Germany with 23,464 plug-in cars.[115] Eight European countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1% of new car sales in 2015, Norway (22.4%), the Netherlands (9.7%), Iceland (2.9%), Sweden (2.6%), Denmark (2.3%), Switzerland (2.0%), France (1.2%) and the UK (1.1%).[115][116]As of December2015[update], almost 25% of the European plug-in stock was registered in the Nordic countries, with over 100,000 units registered. In 2015, combined registrations in the four countries were up 91% from 2014.[117][118]
For the first time in the region, in 2015 plug-in hybrids (95,140) outsold all-electric cars (89,640) in the passenger car segment,[87] however, when light-duty plug-in utility vehicles are accounted for, the all-electric segment totaled 97,687 registrations in 2015, up 65,199 in 2014, and ahead of the plug-in hybrid segment.[86] Also in 2015, the European market share of plug-in electric cars passed the 1% mark for the first time, with a 1.41% share of new car sales that year.[87] This trend continue during 2016. Since April 2016 plug-in hybrids have outsold all-electric cars, and the gap has continued to widen. Accounting for passenger plug-in car sales in Western Europe between January and July 2016, plug-in hybrids captured almost 54% of the region's plug-in market sales.[119] During 2016 the all-electric car segment ended with a market share of 0.57% of new car sales, while plug-in hybrids reached a market share of 0.73%.[120]
2016–2017
European sales of plug-in electric cars passed 200,000 units for the first time in 2016. The plug-in segment achieved a market share of 1.3% of total new car sales in 2016.[9] Norway was the top selling plug-in car country in Europe in 2016 with 45,492 plug-in cars and vans registered, followed by the UK with about 36,907 units, France with 33,774, Germany with 25,154, the Netherlands with 24,645, and Sweden with 13,454.[19] France was the top selling market in the light-duty all-electric segment with 27,307 units registered, up 23% from 2015.[88] The plug-in car segment of ten European countries achieved a market share of new car sales above 1%,[121] led by Norway with 29.1%,[19] followed by the Netherlands with 6.4%,[19] Sweden with 3.5%,[19] and Switzerland with 1.8%.[121]
The Renault Zoe has been the top selling plug-in electric car in Europe for two years in a row, 2016 and 2017.
The Renault Zoe was the best-selling all-electric car in Europe in 2016 with 21,735 units delivered,[88][122] and also topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment, ahead of the Outlander P-HEV, the top selling plug-in in the previous two years.[122] The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with 21,446 units sold was the second best-selling plug-in car,[122][123] followed by the Nissan Leaf with 18,718.[124] The Outlander PHEV has been Europe's best-selling plug-in hybrid vehicle for four years in a row, from 2013 to 2016.[113] The top selling all-electric commercial van was the Nissan e-NV200 with 4,319 units registered.[125]
Registrations totaled 302,383 units in 2017, of which, 149,086 (49.3%) were all-electric cars and vans, and 153,297 (50.7%) were plug-in hybrid cars.[89][90] The segment market share achieved a record 1.74% in 2017.[91] Accounting for new registrations of plug-in passenger cars, Norway was Europe's top selling country in 2017 with 62,313 units, followed by Germany with 54,617, which more than doubled in 2017 and moved ahead of French and the British markets for the first time ever.[96] Ranking next were the UK with 47,298, France with 36,835, and Sweden with 19,678 units.[59] Norway also led the all-electric car segment with 33,025 new units registered, up 36.3% from 2016, and the UK led the plug-in hybrid car segment with 31,154 registrations, up 25.1% from 2016.[96]
In 2017, sales in the Netherlands fell by 51.7% from 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result, it was overtaken by both Sweden (+48.4%) and Belgium (+59.2%). Denmark was the only other significant plug-in car market with weaker sales in 2017, down 30.1% from 2017 with the fall also due to a change in taxes. In addition to Germany, plug-in car sales also doubled in Spain (+104.6%) and Portugal (+121.2%), and sales also increased sales significantly in Italy (+71.2%).[59][96]
Among all-electric cars, the top selling model was the Renault Zoe with 31,302 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 17,293.[89] Combined sales of BMW i3 pure electric and REx models totaled 20,855 units, making the i3 Europe's second best selling plug-in car in 2017 after the Zoe.[126] The best selling plug-in hybrids were the Outlander P-HEV with 19,189 units, the VW Passat GTE with 13,599 and the Mercedes Benz GLC 350e with 11,249.[126]
As of December2017[update], the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV continues to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the region with 100,097 units delivered since its launch in 2013,[114] followed by the Renault Zoe with 91,927 units,[89][88][127][128] the Nissan Leaf with 84,947 units,[89][86][124][129] The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the all-time top selling all-electric utility van with 29,150 units sold through December 2017.[88][127][128]
2018–2019
The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in the market.
Plug-in passenger car registrations totaled 558,649 units in 2019, up from 385,293 in 2018.[61] The plug-in segment market share rose form 2.5% in 2018 to 3.7% in 2019.[10][63] Registrations in 2019 consisted of 359,796 all-electric cars (64.4%) and 198,853 plug-in hybrid cars (35.6%).[61] Registrations of all-electric light-duty commercial vehicles totaled 28,704 in 2019, representing a market share of 1.2% of the segment new registrations, and was led by France with more than 8,000 units.[92]
The new long-range Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car in Europe in 2018 with over 40,000 units registered,[131] and for the sixth consecutive year (2013–2018), the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV was best selling plug-in hybrid in Europe.[113][132] Sales in 2018 were led by Norway with 72,689 new passenger car registrations, followed by Germany with 67,658 units.[63] During 2019 Germany, with 108,839 units registered, surpassed Norway (79,640) for the first time as the best selling country market in the European region.[61][10]
The Tesla Model 3, launched in the European market in February 2019, ranked as the best selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in that market, and outselling other key premium models.[130] The Model 3 also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, listing in both countries not only as the top selling plug-in car but also as the best selling passenger car model in the overall market.[43][133]
The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 (15,683) is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388).[134] The Model 3 set a new record in the Netherlands for the highest registrations in one month (22,137) for any single plug-in vehicle in Europe.[135]
2020
Comparison of annual plug-in electric passenger car sales between China, Europe, and the United States (2014 to 2021)
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, diesel and gasoline car sales in the European Union fell over 32% during the first quarter of 2020. Despite the overall decline caused by the outbreak, registrations of plug-in electric cars totaled 167,132 units across the EU, more than doubled (up 100.7%) compared to the same period in 2019.[36][136] When plug-in car sales are accounted for combined registrations in the EU, EFTA countries and the UK, registrations were up 81.7% from the first quarter of 2019, consisting of 130,297 all-electric cars (up 58.2%) and 97,913 plug-in hybrids (up 126.5%).[36]
Plug-in electric car sales in Europe skipped the overall car market decline for a variety of reasons. The impacts of the electric car incentives introduced in Italy in 2019 began to take effect in the market; Germany increased electric car purchase subsidies in February; and 2020 is the target year of the European Union's emissions standards, which limit average CO2 emissions per km driven of new car sales. As a result, in the first four months of 2020 plug-in car sales in the largest European car markets combined, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, were about 90% higher than in the same period the previous year.[136]
As a result of the stimulus packages introduced by several government due to global economic recession caused by COVID-19, combined with the phase in of the EU CO2 regulations, plug-in car sales surged during the fourth quarter of 2020, with battery electric cars growing 207.4% compared with the same quarter of 2019, and plug-in hybrids up 262.3%.[93]
The Renault Zoe listed in 2020 as the top selling plug-in car in Europe, and it is the region's all-time best selling plug-in car, with over 284,000 units registered since 2012.
In 2020, total plug-in car registrations in the European Union, three EFTA countries and the UK passed the one million mark for the first time ever, totaling 1,364,813 units, up 143.8% from 2019. Registrations of fully electric cars totaled 745,684 units, up 107.0% from 2019, and plug-in hybrid cars a total of 619,129, up 210.0% from 2019.[93] The region's plug-in market share achieved a record 11.4% in 2020.[11] The surge in plug-in car sales allowed Europe to outsell China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.[24][25]
The top selling plug-in electric car in the region in 2020 was the Renault Zoe with 100,815 units registered.[138] The Tesla Model 3 (85,713) ranked next, followed by the new Volkswagen ID.3 (56,118), Hyundai Kona EV (47,796), and the VW e-Golf (33,650). The top selling plug-in hybrid was the Mercedes-Benz A250e, with 29,427 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander (26,673), which led the PHEV segment in 2019.[139]As of December2020[update], the fully electric Renault Zoe ranks as the all-time best selling plug-in electric car in Europe, with more than 284,000 units registered since its inception in 2012.[137][138]As of November2020[update], the plug-in light commercial vehicle segment is led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 57,595 all-electric vans sold in Europe since 2010.[137]
Top selling plug-in models
Top 20 selling light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Europe (sales or registrations between 2010 and 2020)
Notes: (1) CYTD sales through July 2017 only. (2) The Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in car in 2012 with 5,268 units.[77] Sales ended in 2015.
(3) European sales 2021 Electric Vehicles - carsalesbase.com
Annual registration of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in France by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2021.
As of December2021[update], a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010, consisting of 512,178 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids.[15] Of these, over 60,000 were fully electric light commercial vehicles.[1][156][168]
The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from 0.30% of new car registered in 2012, to 0.59% in 2014.[169][158] After the introduction of the super-bonus for the scrappage of old diesel-power cars in 2015, sales of both pure electric cars and plug-in hybrids surged, rising the market share that year to 1.17%,[164][115] 1.40% in 2016,[158][166] 2.11% in 2018,[157] 11.2% in 2020, and achieved a record market share of 18.3% in 2021.[170]
As of December2019[update], France is the European country with the largest market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles or utility vans, with a stock of almost 50,000 units.[1] The large share of the light commercial market is the result of a national purchase incentive scheme, which French companies have embraced.[171] The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, 1.30% in 2015, and 1.77% in 2018.[157][172]
Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in Germany by type of powertrain between 2010 and 2021.
The stock of plug-in electric vehicles in Germany is the largest in Europe, there were 1,184,416 plug-in cars in circulation on January 1, 2022, representing 2.5% of all passenger cars on German roads, up from 1.2% the previous year.[181][182]As of December2021[update], cumulative sales totaled 1.38million plug-in passenger cars since 2010.[14][13] Germany had a stock of 21,890 light-duty electric commercial vehicles in 2019, the second largest in Europe after France.[1]
The plug-in electric car segment market share was 1.58% in 2017,[173][174] and rose to 3.10% in 2019.[73] Despite the strong global decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, the uptake rate achieved a record 13.6% in 2020.[175] In spite of the continued global decline in car sales due to the global chip shortage, a record 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, and the segment's market share to surge to 26.0%.[14]
Germany topped plug-in car sales in the European continent in 2019, overtaking Norway as the best selling plug-in market,[61][10] and with a record volume of 394,632 plug-in passenger cars registered in 2020, up 263% from 2019, Germany listed for a second year in-a-row as the best selling European country market.[175][156] The German market topped both the fully electric and plug-in hybrid segments.[156] The only country that outsold Germany in 2020 was China.[24]
The top selling electric models in 2020 were the Renault Zoe (30,376), VW e-Golf (17,438), and the Tesla Model 3 (15,202).[183] The top selling all-electric model in 2021 was the Tesla Model 3 (35,262), and the best selling plug-in hybrid was the Mercedes GLK, GLC (33,719).[184]
Stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles on the road in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2021.
As of 31December2021[update], there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars, and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles.[18] The fleet in circulation of plug-in electric passenger cars represented 4.3% of all passenger cars in Dutch roads at the end of 2021, up from 3.1% in 2020.[18]As of December2021[update], the Netherlands listed as the European country with the largest charging infraestructure per plug-in vehicle (EVSE/EV), with over 85,000 public charging points nationwide.[18]
A distinct feature of the Dutch plug-in market was the dominance of plug-in hybrids until 2016. PHEVs represented 67% of the country's stock of passenger plug-in electric cars and vans registered at the end of December 2018, down from 81% in 2017.[190] The shift to focus incentives on battery electric vehicles was due to a change in the tax rules in 2016 after it became apparent many users rarely charged their plug-in hybrids and only bought the cars for their tax advantage.[192] Afterwards, fully electric cars led plug-in sales from 2019 to 2021.[191][18]
The Netherlands listed as the world's third best-selling country market for light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2015,[115] however, plug-in sales fell sharply in 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result, the Netherlands was surpassed by both Norway and France during 2016.[69][68] As a result of this change in the government incentives, the plug-in market share declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017.[190] The intake rate rose to 6.3% in 2018 due to another change in tax rules from January 2019.[190] The market share reached 14.9% in 2019, climbed to 24.8% in 2020 and achieved a record 29.8% in 2021.[18]
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in Norway by year between 2004 and 2023. Includes plug-in hybrids, all-electric cars and vans, and used imports.
Norway is the country with the largest electric vehicle ownership per capita in the world.[202][203][204]As of 31December2021[update], the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647,000 units in use, consisting of 470,309 all-electric passenger cars and vans (including used imports), and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.[17] Until December 2019, Norway listed as the European country with the largest stock of plug-in cars and vans, and the third largest in the world.[1] Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in Europe for three consecutive years, from 2016 to 2018.[19][72]
Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug-in electric car segment market share of new car sales and monthly records between 2011 and July 2024 (Source:OFV)
The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales has been the highest in the world for several years, achieving 29.1% in 2016,[205][206] 39.2% in 2017, 49.1% in 2018,[193][194] 55.9% in 2019 and 74.7% in 2020.[43][199] In September 2021, the combined market share of the plug-in car segment achieved a new record of 91.5% of new passenger car registrations, 77.5% for all-electric cars and 13.9% for plug-in hybrids, becoming the world's highest-ever monthly plug-in car market share attained by any country.[207][208] The segment market share in 2021 was 86.2%.[20]
The Norwegian fleet of plug-in electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because 98% of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower.[209][210] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where one in every 100 registered passenger cars was a plug-in electric.[211] The plug-in car market penetration reached 5% at the end of 2016,[19] 10% in October 2018,[212] and by the end of 2021, plug-in electric cars were 22.1% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads.[21]
The Nissan Leaf, with 12,303 units registered in 2018, listed as the Norway's best selling new passenger car model, marking the first time an electric car topped annual sales of the passenger car segment in any country.[213][214] The following year, the Tesla Model 3 also topped annual passenger car sales, with 15,683 units registered.[215] The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388).[134]As of September2021[update], the Leaf continues to be the all-time best selling plug-in electric car in Norway, with over 70,000 cumulative registrations since inception.[216]
Plug-in electric vehicle annual registrations in Sweden between 2011 and 2021.
As of December2021[update], a total of 355,737 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered since 2011, consisting of 226,731 plug-in hybrids, 120,343 all-electric cars and 8,663 all-electric utility vans.[106][153][217][218][221][222][223][224][225] Sweden has ranked among the world's top ten best-selling plug-in markets since 2015, listed through 2019 as the ninth largest country market.[1][19]As of December2019[update], the Swedish stock of plug-in passenger cars listed as the sixth largest in Europe.[1][19]
The Swedish plug-in electric market is dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 75.1% of the Swedish light-duty plug-in electric vehicle registrations through 2018, but began to slightly decline afterwards, reaching 70.3% in 2020.[106][153][218][219][220][221][222][217][223][224]
The plug-in passenger car segment had a market share of 5.2% of new registrations in 2017,[222] rose to 11.3% in 2019,[217] and achieved a record take rate of 32.2% in 2020.[224]
In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a 200 million kr program, effective starting in January 2012, to provide a subsidy of 40,000 kr per car for the purchase of 5,000 electric cars and other "super green cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions, defined as those with emissions below 50 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) per km.[226] After renewing appropriations for the super green car rebate several times, from 2016, only zero emissions cars are entitled to receive the full premium, while other super green cars, plug-in hybrids, receive half premium.[227] Registrations of super clean cars increased five-fold in July 2014 driven by the end of the quota of 5,000 new cars eligible for the super clean car subsidy.[228][229][230]
Registration of plug-in electric cars in the UK between 2011 and 2021.
About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids.[16] The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom is actively supported by the British government through the plug-in car and van grants schemes and other incentives. Since the launch of the Plug-In Car Grant in January 2011, a total of 176,962 eligible cars have benefited with the government's subsidy through September 2018,[241] and, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme, as of September2018[update], totaled 5,218 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.[242]
A surge of plug-in car sales took place in Britain beginning in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to 37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018.[234][236][237] Sales climbed to 72,834 plug-in cars in 2019, to 175,082 units in 2020,[239] The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16% in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in 2018.[234][104][237] The segment market share was 3.1% in 2019, surged to 10.7% in 2020,[239] and achieved a record 18.6% in 2021, despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.[16]
In 2019, the European Union, 27 members, exported 8.2 billion euros of electric cars and imported 7.1 billion euros.[244]
The 8.2 billion euros of electric cars were exported to United Kingdom (26%), Norway (22%), and the United States (19%).
The 7.1 billion euros of imported electric cars come from the United States (43% of imports in terms of value), South Korea (23%) and the United Kingdom (17%).[244]
A motor vehicle, also known as a motorized vehicle, automotive vehicle, automobile, or road vehicle, is a self-propelled land vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on rails and is used for the transportation of people or cargo.
Crude electric carriages were first invented in the late 1820s and 1830s. Practical, commercially available electric vehicles appeared during the 1890s. An electric vehicle held the vehicular land speed record until around 1900. In the early 20th century, the high cost, low top speed, and short-range of battery electric vehicles, compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, led to a worldwide decline in their use as private motor vehicles. Electric vehicles have continued to be used for loading and freight equipment and for public transport – especially rail vehicles.
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or simply plug-in hybrid is a type of hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a rechargeable battery pack that can be directly replenished via a charging cable plugged into an external electric power source, in addition to charging internally by its on-board internal combustion engine-powered generator. While PHEVs are predominantly passenger cars, there are also plug-in hybrid variants of sports cars, commercial vehicles, vans, utility trucks, buses, trains, motorcycles, mopeds, military vehicles and boats.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There is a variety of HEV types and the degree to which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks, buses, boats, and aircraft also exist.
The Renault Zoe, known as Renault Zoe E-Tech Electric since 2021, is a five-door supermini electric car produced by the French manufacturer Renault. Renault originally unveiled, under the Zoe name, a number of different concept cars. Initially in 2005 as the Zoe City Car and later as the Zoe Z.E. electric concept was shown in two different versions in 2009 and 2010 under the Renault Z.E. name. A production ready version of the Zoe was shown at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. The Renault Zoe is based on the platform of the Renault Clio.
Norway is a heavy producer of renewable energy because of hydropower. Over 99% of the electricity production in mainland Norway is from 31 GW hydropower plants. The average hydropower is 133 TWh/year. There is also a large potential in wind power, offshore wind power and wave power, as well as production of bio-energy from wood. Norway has limited resources in solar energy, but is one of the world's largest producers of solar grade silicon and silicon solar cells.
The Nissan Leaf, stylized as "LEAF," is a battery-electric powered compact car manufactured by Nissan, produced since 2010 across two generations. It has been offered exclusively as a 5-door hatchback. The term "LEAF" serves as a backronym to leading environmentally-friendly affordable family car.
A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any road vehicle that can utilize an external source of electricity to store electrical energy within its onboard rechargeable battery packs, to power an electric motor and help propelling the wheels. PEV is a subset of electric vehicles, and includes all-electric/battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Sales of the first series production plug-in electric vehicles began in December 2008 with the introduction of the plug-in hybrid BYD F3DM, and then with the all-electric Mitsubishi i-MiEV in July 2009, but global retail sales only gained traction after the introduction of the mass production all-electric Nissan Leaf and the plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt in December 2010.
The Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid is a plug-in hybrid liftback manufactured by Toyota. The first-generation model was produced from 2012 to 2016. The second-generation model has been produced since 2016. Production of the third-generation model began in 2023.
Electric car use by country varies worldwide, as the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles is affected by consumer demand, market prices, availability of charging infrastructure, and government policies, such as purchase incentives and long term regulatory signals.
Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles have been established around the world to support policy-driven adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. These incentives mainly take the form of purchase rebates, tax exemptions and tax credits, and additional perks that range from access to bus lanes to waivers on fees. The amount of the financial incentives may depend on vehicle battery size or all-electric range. Often hybrid electric vehicles are included. Some countries extend the benefits to fuel cell vehicles, and electric vehicle conversions.
The BMW i3 is an electric car that was manufactured by German marque BMW from 2013 to 2022. The i3 was BMW's first mass-produced zero emissions vehicle and was launched as part of BMW's electric vehicle BMW i sub-brand. It is a B-segment, high-roof hatchback with an electric powertrain. It uses rear-wheel drive via a single-speed transmission and an underfloor lithium-ion battery pack with an optional range-extending petrol engine.
The Norwegian fleet of plug-in electric vehicles is the largest per capita in the world. In December 2016, Norway became the first country where five in every 100 passenger cars on the road were plug-in; attained 10% in October 2018, and reached 25% in September 2022.
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the France is actively supported by the French government through a bonus–malus system through which provides subsidies towards the purchase of all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids with low CO2 emissions. The government also provides non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets. Additionally, France passed a law in December 2019 to phase out sales of cars that burn fossil fuels by 2040.
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands is actively supported by the Dutch government through the exemption of the registration fee and road taxes. These purchase incentives have been adjusted over time. Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles in the country due to its relative small size and geography, the Dutch government set a target of 15,000 to 20,000 electric vehicles with three or more wheels on the roads in 2015; 200,000 vehicles in 2020; and 1 million vehicles in 2025. The first two targets were achieved two years earlier than planned.
In China, the term new energy vehicle (NEV) is used to designate automobiles that are fully or predominantly powered by electric energy, which include plug-in electric vehicles — battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) — and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). The Chinese Government began implementation of its NEV program in 2009 to foster the development and introduction of new energy vehicles, and electric car buyers are eligible for public subsidies.
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Germany is actively supported by the German Federal Government. Under its National Platform for Electric Mobility, Chancellor Angela Merkel set an initial goal in 2010 to deploy one million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020, which was achieved with a six months delay in July 2021. Initially, the government did not provide subsidies to promote sales of plug-in electric vehicles, however, by the end of 2014 it was recognized that the country was well behind the set sales targets. A purchase bonus scheme was approved in 2016, but premium cars were not eligible to the incentive. In order to meet the climate targets for the transport sector, in 2016 the government set the goal to have from 7 to 10 million plug-in electric cars on the road by 2030, and 1 million charging points deployed by 2030.
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom is actively supported by the British government through the plug-in car and van grants schemes and other incentives. About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids. Until 2019, the UK had the second largest European stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles in use after Norway.
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden is actively supported by the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden. As of December 2021, a total of 355,737 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered since 2011, consisting of 226,731 plug-in hybrids, 120,343 all-electric cars, and 8,663 fully electric commercial vans.
The stock of plug-in electric passenger cars in Canada in use totaled 141,060 units at the end of 2019, consisting of 78,680 all-electric cars and 62,380 plug-in hybrids. Sales totaled 50,960 units in 2019.
References
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). "Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?". IEA Publications. Retrieved 2021-01-23. Europe, with 1.7 million electric cars, accounted for 25% of the global stock in 2019{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.
1 2 3 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO) (March 2021). "Vehicles and fleet: passenger cars (M1)". EAFO. Archived from the original on 2021-09-06. Retrieved 2021-03-07. Filters: Electricity/EU + UK + EFTA + Turkey/2020 (YTD) - See graph "AF Fleet M1 Electricity (2020) Total number AF passenger cars in the fleet": BEV=1,722,003 and 1,394,915 PHEVs (Total=3,116,918 plug-in passenger cars on the road)
1 2 3 4 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2022-02-02). "ACEA Report: New Car Registrations by Fuel Type, European Union"(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2022-02-02.See tables in pp.3 and 4 - Figures include the European Union countries, + EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) and the UK.
1 2 3 4 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2022-03-01). "ACEA Report: New Light Commercial Vehicle Registrations by Fuel Type, European Union"(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2022-03-02.See tables in pp.3 and 4 - Figures include the European Union countries, + EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) and the UK. A total of 38,999 new plug-in electric vans were sold in 2020, and 69,416 in 2021.
↑ Shanahan, Jess (2021-01-21). "There are now more than 10 million electric vehicles on the road". Zap Map. Retrieved 2021-01-21. there are now more than 10 million of these vehicles on the road around the world. According to EV Volumes, the total is now 10.8 million worldwide
1 2 3 International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (2021-04-29). "Global EV Outlook 2021: Accelerating ambitions despite the pandemic". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 2021-05-16. After a decade of rapid growth, in 2020 the global electric car stock hit the 10 million mark, a 43% increase over 2019, and representing a 1% stock share. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) accounted for two thirds of new electric car registrations and two-thirds of the stock in 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4 Kane, Mark (2021-02-20). "European Countries Listed By Plug-In Electric Car Market Share In Q1-Q4 2020". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2021-02-21. The average market share of new passenger plug-in electric cars in Europe more than tripled in 2020 to 11.4% (from less than 3.6% in 2019). Figures includes the European Union, EFTA (Norway, Switzerland, Iceland) and the UK, using available registration data from the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA).
1 2 Cristea, Mihai (2021-02-19). "EY Study: Fleet electrification can help Europe meet its carbon reduction targets". EY and Eurelectric: Accelerating fleet electrification in Europe - When does reinventing the wheel make perfect sense?. Business Review. Retrieved 2021-02-20. Of the 308 million motor vehicles on Europe's roads today, just 3 million are electric.
1 2 3 4 5 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-06). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 01/2021 - Elektromobilität in Deutschland auf der Überholspur"[Press release No. 01/2021 - Electromobility in Germany in the fast lane] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2021-01-24. In the case of cars with electric drive, this positive development was even more pronounced at +147.1 percent - here the share of the total stock rose from 0.5 percent to 1.2 percent (Translated from the original)The term electric drive used by KBA includes battery-electric, plug-in and fuel-cell cars.
1 2 3 4 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2022-01-07). "[Baromètre] 20,4% de parts de marché en décembre 2021 pour les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables... et 15% sur l'ensemble de 2021!"[Barometer: 20.4% market share in December 2021 for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles... and 15% for the whole of 2021!] (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2022-01-08. See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 512,178 all-electric cars and vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids in circulation. Registrations of all-electric cars and vans totaled 174,191 units in 2021, and plug-in hybrids totaled 141,787 units, for a total of 315,978 units. The light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved a market share of 15.1%
1 2 3 4 Goodall, Olly (2022-01-07). "2021 sees largest-ever increase in plug-in sales". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2022-01-08. ... the cumulative total of plug-in vehicles on UK roads – as of the end of December 2021 – to over 740,000. This total comprises around 395,000 BEVs and 350,000 PHEVs.Overall in 2021, there were more than 190,000 sales of BEVs in the UK, with over 114,000 sales of PHEVs. Plug-in vehicles represented 18.6% of market share in 2021.
1 2 3 Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (January 2022). "Antall elbiler og ladbare hybrider i Norge"[Number of electric cars and rechargeable hybrids in Norway] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2021-01-07.Click on the tab "Elbil" for the stock of electric cars and "Ladbar hybrid" for the stock of plug-in hybrids. As of 31December2021[update], the stock of registered light-duty plug-in electric vehicles totaled 647,000 units, consisting of 470,309 battery electric vehicles and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Electric Vehicles Statistics in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2021)"(PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Netherlands Enrerprise Agency. RVO. 2022-01-14. Retrieved 2022-01-19.As of 31December2021[update], there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles. Plug-in passenger cars represented 4.33% of all cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021. The market share of the plug-in passenger car segment was 29.8% in 2021. Source includes figures from 2016 to 2021. Note: an improved methodology was introduced beginning January 2021. Some numbers in this new version are different than statistics published before in the old format.
1 2 3 Norsk Elbilforening (January 2022). "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff"[Passenger car stock in Norway by fuel] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2022-01-07. See graph under "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" - As of 31December2021[update], there were 15.95% all-electric cars and 6.18% plug-in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads. Combined plug-in electric passenger cars represented 22.13% of all passenger cars in circulation in the country.
1 2 3 4 5 Carrington, Damian (2021-01-19). "Global sales of electric cars accelerate fast in 2020 despite pandemic". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-01-23. The EV-volumes.com data showed the five highest national sales were in China (1.3m), Germany (0.4m), the US (0.3m), France and the UK (both 0.2m).Global sales of plug-ins cars totaled 3 million in 2020, 43% up from 2018. The market share of plug-in vehicles reached 4.2% of the global market, up from 2.5% in 2019. Tesla was the best selling brand with almost 500,000 units delivered.
↑ Jose Pontes (2020-05-28). "Europe April 2020". EV sales. Retrieved 2020-06-23.The European plug-in segment market share was 11% in April 2020, raising the market share to share to a record 7.8% for the first four months of 2020.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2017). "CO2-utslippet i desember"[CO2 emissions in December] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
↑ International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2019). "Global EV Outlook 2019: Scaling-up the transition to electric mobility"(PDF). IEA Publications. Retrieved 2020-05-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)See Statistical annex, pp. 210–213. The global stock of plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 5,122,460 units at the end of 2018, of which, 3,290,800 (64.2%) were battery electric cars (See Tables A.1 and A.2)..
1 2 3 4 Bekker, Henk (2019-02-08). "2018 (Full Year) Europe: Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Car Sales per EU and EFTA Country". Car Sales Statistics. Retrieved 2020-05-16.In 2018 Norway was the largest market for electrically chargeable cars in Europe followed by Germany, Britain and France. The plug-in segment market share was 2.5% in 2018, 1.3% for battery electric cars and 1.2% for plug-in hybrids.
↑ European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (January 2021). "ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe"(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2020-02-13.See table in pp.14 and 15 - 2019 figures
↑ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-06-09). "Baromètre mensuel: en mai, les immatriculations de voitures électriques et hybrides rechargeables sont en hausse de + 61% malgré la crise"[Monthly barometer: in May, registrations of electric and plug-in hybrid cars were up + 61% despite the crisis] (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2020-05-21. See infograh "Inmatriculations de Véhicules Electrifiés Neufs Union Europeenne + AELE - Janvier-Avril 2020" - As of April 2020, there were 1,117,330 all-electric vehicles and 910,525 plug-in hybrids in circulation in Europe (total in use is 2,027,855 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles).
1 2 Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09.As of April2016[update], the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
1 2 3 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2020). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2019"[New Registrations Barometer December 2019] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2019-05-14.See the tab Kraftsoffarten: A total of 45,348 plug-in hybrids (market share 1.3%) and 63,321 all-electric cars (market share 1.8%) were registered in Germany in 2019.
↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 - Jahresbilanz"[Press release No. 02/2021 - Vehicle registrations in December 2020 - Annual balance sheet] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-01-10.A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2020, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).
1 2 3 European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE) (2012-11-26). "AVERE Data Collection – from June to August 2012"(PDF). AVERE. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2015-02-21.See Figure 1.1 Electric Vehicle sales in Europe since 2010. Only pure electric cars are reported. In 2010 there were no production plug-in hybrids in sale in Europe.
↑ Henk Bekker (2011-01-17). "2010 Europe: Car Sales Statistics by Country". BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21.A total of 13,785,698 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2010.
↑ Henk Bekker (2012-01-17). "2011 Full Year Car Sales by European Country". BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21.A total of 13,768,401 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2011.
1 2 Jose Pontes (2013-02-03). "Europe Full Year 2012". EV sales. Retrieved 2013-01-12.During 2012 a total of 3,496 Prius PHV, 609 Chevrolet Volts and 247 Fisker Karmas were sold in Europe.
1 2 3 4 5 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (February 2015). "New Electric Vehicles Registrations In The European Union"(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2015-02-18.See table Total Electrically Charged Vehicles: Total Europe (EU+EFTA), 65,071 registered units for 2013 and 97,791 units for 2014. For Denmark, Ireland and Romania includes only pure electric vehicles. Total Electrically Charged Vehicles = Pure Electric Vehicles + Extended‐Range Electric Vehicles + Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
1 2 AVERE France (2015-01-30). "En Europe, le marché du véhicule électrique a progressé de + 60,9% en 2014"[In Europe, the electric vehicle market grew by 60.9% in 2014](PDF) (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2015-11-21.A total of 65,199 electric cars and utility vehicles were registered in Europe in 2014, up 60.9% from 2013. Passenger cars represented 87% of total all-electric registrations.
↑ Henk Bekker (2015-01-21). "2014 (Full Year) Europe: Car Sales by EU Country". BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21.A total of 13,006,451 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2014.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Electrique – AVERE France (2016-03-24). "Quelle est la place de la France sur le marché européen du véhicule électrique?"[What is the place of France in the European electric vehicle market] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2017-02-06.A total of 97,687 all-electric vehicles, including vans, were registered in the European market in 2015, up from 65,199 in 2014 (+49.8%). The top selling electric cars were the Renault Zoe (18,727), Tesla Model S (15,515), Nissan Leaf (15,455), and the Volkswagen e-Golf (11,110). A total of 2,875 VW e-Up! were sold in 2015.The Renault Kangoo Z.E. registered 4,328 units in Europe in 2015.
1 2 3 Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2016-02-15). "PHEVs – Take off or transitory blip?". AID Newsletter. Retrieved 2016-02-19.Market share only includes Western European countries. A total of 95,140 plug-in hybrid cars were sold in Europe in 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2018-01-23). "En 2017, près de 150 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés à travers l'Europe"[Almost 150,000 electric vehicles registered across Europe in 2017] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 2018-02-25. Retrieved 2018-02-25.Registrations of new light-duty all-electric vehicles totaled 149,086 cars and vans in 2017 (excluding range-extender models), of which 132,687 units were passenger cars.
1 2 3 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2019-02-07). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2018"(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2019-02-07.See tables: "Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA" and "Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA" A total of 201,284 BEVs were registered in EU + EFTA region in 2018, and 135,775 in 2017. A total of 182,768 PHEVs were registered in 2018, and 153,297 in 2017. Combines sales of BEVs and PHEVs totaled 384,052 passenger cars in 2018, and 289,072 in 2017.
1 2 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (eafo) (February 2018). "PEV (M1) market share in Europe". eafo. Retrieved 2018-02-26.The plug-in passenger car market share in Europe was 1.74%, corresponding to 0.93% for plug-in hybrids and 0.81% for all-electric cars. Put the mouse over the bar graph to see market share by year.
1 2 3 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-04-21). "Près de 29 000 véhicules utilitaires électriques immatriculés en Europe en 2019"[Nearly 29,000 electric utility vehicles registered in Europe in 2019] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2020-05-12. A total of 28,704 light-duty electric utility vehicles (vans) were registered in Europe in 2019, up 23% from 2018 (23,337). France is the leading market in the region with more than 8,000 units sold, followed by Germany with 6,704 units, the UK with 3,427 and Norway with over 2,000. Electric utility vans captured a market share of 1.2% of the European sales in 2019.
1 2 3 4 5 6 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2021-02-04). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2020"(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2020-02-05.See table: Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles (ECV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA. Shows Total registrations for EU + EFTA + UK in Q1-Q4 20199 and 2020. A total of 1,364,813 plug-in cars were registered in 2020, up from 559,871 in 2019 (+143.8%).
↑ European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO) (March 2021). "Vehicles and fleet: Light commercial vehicles (N1)". EAFO. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-03-07. Filters: Electricity/EU + UK + EFTA + Turkey/2020 (YTD) - See grahp "AF Fleet Electricity (2020)": BEV=146,611 (total number AF light commercial vehicles) and "AF New Registrations Electricity (2020)": BEV=37,535 (newly registered AF light commercial vehicles)
1 2 Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Special: Analyse over 2014"[Special: Analysis over 2014](PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-01-27. Retrieved 2015-02-24.See total 2014 registration by type of PEV under the heading "31-12-2014". The market share of the plug-in electric passenger car segment in 2014 was 3.86% of total new passenger car registrations.
1 2 3 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-01-07). "December 2014 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2015-01-08.A total of 14,518 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697 pure electrics and 7,821 plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were registered in 2014.
1 2 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014"[New Registrations Barometer December 2014] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 2015-01-19. Retrieved 2015-01-27.A total of 13,049 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars and 4,527 plug-in hybrids.
1 2 3 4 5 Bil Sweden (2015-01-02). "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)"[New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2015-01-04.Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014, and table "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:" for plug-in utility vans registrations for the same two years. A total of 303,866 new passenger vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars, resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53% of new car sales.
↑ Jose Pontes (2015-02-06). "Markets Roundup December 2014 (Special Edition)". EV Sales. Retrieved 2015-03-15. See section "Engines of Growth - by EV share" Estonia's market shared in 2014 climbed to 1.57% from 0.68% in 2013. Iceland's market share grew from 0.21% in 2012, to 0.94% in 2013, to 2.71% in 2014.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gibbs, Nick (2016-03-15). "Hybrid sales expected to triple in Europe as tougher CO2 rules loom". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 2016-02-22.Sales in Europe as reported by JATO Dynamics: Mitsubishi Ourlander sales totaled 19,853 units in 2014 and 31,214 in 2015; VW Golf GTE sales totaled 1,097 units in 2014 and 17,300 in 2015; Audi A3 e-tron sales totaled 1,154 units in 2014 and 11,791 in 2015; Volvo V60 sales totaled 5,441 units in 2014 and 6,349 in 2015. During 2015 a total of 5,481 all-electric BMW i3s and 6,566 i3 REx models (total 12,047). A total of 3,940 i3 REx models were sold in 2014.
↑ Groupe Renault (January 2015). "Ventes Mensuelles"[Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2015-02-22. Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "+ Voir plus" to download the files "Ventes mensuelles du groupe (décembre 2011) (xls, 183 Ko)" "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 289 Ko)" – Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2013) (xlsx, 227 Ko)" – "XLSX – 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2014)" for 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 sales, and open the tab "Sales by Model".
1 2 3 4 Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). "Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-01-23.About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States is currently the leading market, with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China, with 258,328 units sold since 2011. Japan ranks third (about 130,000), followed by the Netherlands (88,991), Norway (77,897), France (74,291), and the UK (53,254). Four of these countries achieved a PEV market share over 1% of new car sales in 2015: Norway (22.39%), the Netherlands (9.74%), France (1.2%), and the UK (1.1%)
↑ Jose, Pontes (2016-02-03). "Markets Roundup December 2015 (Special Edition)". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.For countries with top PEV market share in 2015 see "Engines of Growth:" Hong Kong 4.84%, Denmark 2.29%, and Switzerland 1.98%.
↑ Ida Warner (2016-02-15). "Over 100.000 ladbare biler i Norden"[Over 100,000 plug-in cars in the Nordic countries]. Insero.com (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2016-02-15. Out of over 100,000 plug-in passenger cars registered in the Nordic countries at the end of 2015, a total of 74,883 were registered in Norway, 16,187 in Sweden, 7,926 in Denmark, and 1,479 in Finland (see graph).
1 2 Jose, Pontes (2017-01-31). "Markets Roundup December 2016 (Special Edition)". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2017-02-08.For countries with top PEV market share in 2016 see "II. Engines of Growth: By EV share - Hong Kong ~5%, Iceland 4.6%, Switzerland 1.8%, Belgium 1.8, and 1.6% Austria.
1 2 Roberts, Graeme (2017-01-16). "Mitsubishi Motors Europe sales dip 7% in 2016". Just Auto. Archived from the original on 2017-01-17. Retrieved 2017-01-21.European sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander totaled 51,736 units of which 21,446 were plug-in hybrids.
1 2 3 4 Groupe Renault (January 2017). "Ventes Mensuelles"[Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2017-01-18. Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "(décembre 2016)" to download the file "XLSX - 239 Ko" for CYTD sales in 2016, and open the tab "Sales by Model". Click on "+ Voir plus" (See more) to download the files "Ventes mensuelles du groupe (décembre 2011) (xls, 183 Ko)" "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 289 Ko)"– Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2013) (xlsx, 227 Ko)"– "XLSX - 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2014)"– "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2015)" to download the file "XLSX - 227 Ko" for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 sales. Sales figures for 2013 were revised in the 2014 report
1 2 3 4 Groupe Renault (January 2018). "Ventes Mensuelles"[Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2018-02-25.Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on link "XLSX - 162 Ko Ventes mensuelles du Groupe (Décembre 2017)" to download the file, and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for 2017 and 2016.
1 2 Knut Moberg (2019-12-31). "Bil-året 2019: Derfor var 2019 så spesielt"[The car of the year 2019: That's why 2019 was so special] (in Norwegian). Dinside.no. Retrieved 2020-05-10.With a total of 15,473 new registered Tesla Model 3 (as of December 27, 2019), only Volkswagen has managed a higher number previously, with Bobla in 1969 (16,706 cars), and Golf in 2015 (16,388).
1 2 3 "Renault, Leader of EV Sales in Europe" (Press release). Île-de-France: Groupe Renault. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2021-02-21. ZOE remains the number 1 most sold electric passenger car in Europe. More than 268,000 ZOE have been sold in Europe since its launch (As of November 2020).
1 2 3 4 5 Groupe Renault (January 2021). "Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault"[Monthly Sales - Monthly sales statistics of the Renault Group] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2021-02-21.Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file "GROUPE RENAULT - MONTHLY SALES DECEMBER 2020 XLSX - 806 KB", and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for 2019 and 2020. Global Zoe sales totaled 102,868 units in 2020 (16,035 in December 2020), and European registrations totaled 100,815 units, including both passenger and LCV variants.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Attwood, James (2021-01-27). "Renault Zoe eclipses Tesla Model 3 as Europe's best-selling EV". AutoCar UK. Retrieved 2021-02-14.According to Jato Dynamics, the best selling plug-in electric models across 23 European markets in 2020, including the European Union member states, the UK, Norway and Switzerland, were the Renault Zoe (99,261), Tesla Model 3 (85,713), Volkswagen ID 3 (56,118), Hyundai Kona (47,796), and the VW e-Golf (33,650). The Mercedes-Benz A250e was the top selling plug-in hybrid in 2020, with 29,427 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander (26,673), which led the segment in 2019.
1 2 Groupe Renault (April 2020). "Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault"[Monthly Sales - Monthly sales statistics of the Renault Group] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2020-05-17.Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file, and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for 2017, 2018 and 2019.
↑ Neil Winton (2014-02-06). "Electric Car Sales In Western Europe Spurt, But From Miniscule Base". Automotive Industry Data (AID). Forbes. Retrieved 2014-03-16.AID sales figures (38,617 units) include all-electric cars and range-extenders vehicles in Germany. Sales figures based on Automotive Industry Data (AID). About 3,900 Tesla Model S cars were sold in Europe in 2013.
↑ Pontes, Jose (2017-08-27). "Europe July 2017". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
↑ Pontes, Jose (2016-01-30). "Europe December 2015". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-13.A total of 1,230 Ford C-Max Energi, 11,214 VW e-Golf, and 2,653 Volvo XC90 T8s were sold in Europe in 2015.
1 2 3 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2019-01-09). "Baromètre annuel: près de 40 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2018!"[Annual barometer: nearly 40,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2019-01-18. A total of 53,745 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2018 consisting of 31,055 all-electric cars plus 1,148 REx vehicles, 8,103 electric utility vans, and 13,439 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 2.1% of new car registrations in the country in 2018. Includes revised figures for 2017
1 2 3 Autoactu.com (May 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France"[Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-05-14.See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016/2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016.
↑ AVERE-France (2014-01-08). "Baromètre AVERE-France Janvier 2014"[Barometer AVERE-France January 2014] (in French). France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
↑ Justin Aschard (2012-11-07). "Novembre 2012 – Ventes de véhicules électriques (CCFA)"[November 2012 – Sales of electric vehicles (CCFA)] (in French). France Mobilité Électrique. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-02-16.See table Bilan annuel des ventes de véhicules électriques (Annual sales of electric vehicles) for detailed sales by category during 2010 and 2011.
↑ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2013-01-07). "Bilan des Immatriculations pour l'Année 2012"[Record Registrations for 2012] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-16. A total of 5,663 electric cars and 3,651 electric vans were registered in France in 2012.
↑ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-07). "Immatriculations des voitures électriques: + 62,1% en 2015"[All-electric car registrations: + 62.1% in 2015] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. A total of 17,779 all-electric cars were registered in France in 2015.
↑ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-12). "Immatriculations des utilitaires électriques: + 9,6% en 2015"[All-electric utility vehicle registrations: + 9.6% in 2015] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. A total of 4,916 all-electric utility vans were registered in France in 2015.
1 2 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2017-01-09). "Plus de 27 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en 2016, après un mois de décembre record"[More than 27,000 electric vehicles registered in 2016, after a record month of December] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2017-01-09. A total of 33,774 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2016 consisting of 27,751 all-electric cars, 5,556 electric utility vans and 6,467 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 1.40% of new car registrations in the country in 2016.
↑ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-10-06). "En septembre 2021, les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables ont représenté près de 18% du marché français"[Barometer In September 2021, electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles represented nearly 18% of the French market] (in French). AVERE France. Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2021-10-12. See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of September 2021, a total of 687,876 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 453,143 all-electric cars and vans, and 234,733 plug-in hybrids in circulation.
↑ Automobile Propre (August 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires électriques en France"[Sales figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-10-02.See "Ventes d'utilitaires électriques en 2016/2015/2014 for all-electric utility van registrations. Light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new van sales in the country in 2014, and rose to 1.30% in 2015.
1 2 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2018-01-12). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2017"[New Registrations Barometer December 2017] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2018-01-12.A total of 29,436 plug-in hybrids and 25,056 all-electric cars were registered in Germany in 2017.
1 2 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2019). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2018"[New registration barometer in December 2018] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2019-01-15.Click on the tab Kraftstoffarten for the market shares by fuel: Electric was 1.0% in 2018, and plug-in hybrid was 0.9%
1 2 3 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 - Jahresbilanz"[Press release No. 02/2021 - Vehicle registrations in December 2020 - Annual balance sheet] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2021-01-10.A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2020, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).
↑ Autobild (2012-01-12). "2011 Full Year Best-Selling Electric Cars in Germany in 2011". BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 4,541 as of January 1, 2012. All-electric car and van registrations in 2010 totaled 541 units and 2,154 in 2011..
↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen – Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2013"[Monthly registrations – New registrations Barometer in December 2013] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-09-06.A total of 1,385 plug-in hybrids and 6,051 all-electric cars were registered during 2013.
↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2015"[New Registrations Barometer December 2015] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-21.A total of 23,464 plug-in electric cars were registered in Germany during 2015, consisting of 12,363 all-electric cars and 11,101 plug-in hybrids.
↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2017). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2016"[New Registrations Barometer December 2015] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2017-01-11.A total of 25,154 plug-in electric cars were registered in Germany in 2016, consisting of 11,410 all-electric cars and 13,744 plug-in hybrids.
↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2022-03-04). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 10/2022 - Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2022"[Press release No. 10/2021 - The vehicle stock on January 1, 2022] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2022-03-14.There were 618,460 all-electric cars and 565,956 plug-in hybrids registered in Germany on January 1, 2022 (total 1,184,416 plug-in cars). The share of all-electric cars rose to 1.3% percent (+100.1%) and that of plug-in hybrids doubled to 1.2%, for a total of 2.5% of plug-in cars on German roads on January 1, 2022.
↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-03-02). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 8/2021 - Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2021"[Press release No. 8/2021 - The number of vehicles on January 1st, 2021] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-03-02. The share of electric cars (BEV ) rose from 0.3 percent (136,617) on January 1, 2020 to 0.6 percent (309,083) and that of hybrid cars from 1.1 percent (539,383) to 2.1 percent (1.004.089). The number of plug-in hybrid vehicles grew from 102,175 to 279,861 (+ 173.9%). Their share tripled to 0.6 percent. (Translated from the original)
↑ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2013). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer (30-12-2013)"[Figures electric transport (30-12-2013)](PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2014-08-23.
↑ RAI. "Verkoopstatistieken -nieuwverkoop personenautos"[Sales Statistics – New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2013-02-02.Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2011 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112") and 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212").
1 2 3 4 "Elektrisch Rijden – Personenauto's en laadpunten Analyse over 2018"[Electric Driving - Passenger cars and charging points - Analysis for 2018](PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising - (in Dutch). RVO. January 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-11.As of 31December2018[update], there were 145,882 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 97,702 plug-in hybrids, 44,984 pure electric cars, and 3,196 all-electric light utility vans. With a total of 24,273 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2018, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 12,990 units registered.
1 2 "Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2020)"(PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -. RVO. February 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-02.As of 31December2020[update], there were 297,380 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered (in use) in the Netherlands, consisting of 182,481 fully electric cars, 108,652 plug-in hybrids, and 6,247 all-electric light utility vans. The total number of all classes of plug-in electric vehicles (including buses, heavy-duty truck, mopeds, etc.) on the road totaled 382,721 units. Source includes figures from 2016 to 2020. Sales of plug-in passenger cars totaled 87,946 vehicles and the segment market share was 24.6%.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2014"[Car sales in 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2015-01-14.A total of 10,639 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2013, consisting of: 7,885 new electric cars, 2,086 used imported all-electric cars, 328 new plug-in hybrid cars and 340 new all-electric vans. A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of: 18,094 new electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric vans.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2015"[Car sales in 2015] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2016-03-05.Registrations of new plug-in electric vehicles totaled 25,779 electric cars (zero emission vehicles totaled 25,788 accounting for 9 hydrogen vehicles), 7,964 plug-in hybrids and 712 all-electric vans in 2015. In addition, registrations of used imports totaled 5,122 electric cars and 55 electric vans. Plug-in electric vehicle registrations totaled 39,632 units.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2017). "Bilsalget i 2016"[Car sales in 2016] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-11.A total of 50,875 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2016, consisting of: 24,222 new electric cars, 5,281 used imported all-electric cars, 20,663 new plug-in hybrid cars, 607 new all-electric vans, and 102 used imported all-electric vans.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2024). "Bilsalget i desember 2023"[Car sales in December 2023] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2023). "Bilsalget i desember 2022"[Car sales in December 2022] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
↑ Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (2017-01-05). "Elbilsalget: Ned i fjor – venter ny vekst i år"[EV Sales: Down from last year - awaiting new growth this year] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2017-01-10). "Bilåret 2016 – status og trender"[Car sales 2016 - status and trends](PDF) (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-10-01). "Car sales in September 2021"[Car sales in September 2021] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
↑ Haugneland, Petter (2019-01-04). "Nissan LEAF mest solgte bilmodell i 2018"[Nissan LEAF is the most sold car model in 2018] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). "OFV Registreringsstatistikk"[OFV Registration Statistics] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 10 May 2020. To access the sales ranking by model choose "Modell" and the tabs "2019" and "Desember" - The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling passenger car in Norway in 2019 with 15,683 units registered.
↑ "Cumulative EV registrations by Make and Model". Elbil Statistikk. 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-07.As of 7October2020[update], the Nissan Leaf leads plug-in car sales in Norway, with cumulative registrations of 70,420 units, including 20,338 used-imports.
1 2 3 4 Bil Sweden (2019-01-07). "Nyregistreringar december 2018 (def)"[Definitive new registrations December 2018 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2018-01-20.Download the pdf file "PressRel1812_DEF.pdf" See tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2018", "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2018" and "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell" - A total of 29,909 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2018, consisting of 22,074 plug-in hybrids, 7,078 all-electric cars, and 757 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 379,393 units in 2017, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 8.2%.
1 2 3 Bil Sweden (2016-01-04). "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def"[New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2016-04-15.Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" (PressRel1512_def.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015. A total of 5,625 plug-in hybrids, 2,962 all-electric cars and 321 all-electric vans were registered in 2015, for a total of 8,908 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. Passenger car registrations totaled 345,108 units in 2015. Registration figures for 2014 were revised.
1 2 Bil Sweden (2015-10-02). "Urstark bilmarknad under 2014"[Exceptionally strong car market in 2014] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2015-02-22.A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 all-electric vans were registered in Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 plug-in electric vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the introduction of the super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars have been registered.
1 2 Bil Sweden (2014-01-02). "Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel"[New registrations in December 2013 prel] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2014-01-03. Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel.pdf" see table "NYREGISTRERADE SUPERMILJÖBILAR DECEMBER 2013" with summary of PEV sales by model for 2013 and 2012.
1 2 3 Bil Sweden (2016-01-04). "Nyregistreringar december 2016 def"[New Registrations December 2016 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2016-04-15.Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2016 def" (PressRel1612_DEF.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2016 (def). A total of 10,257 plug-in hybrids, 2,924 all-electric cars and 273 all-electric vans were registered in 2016, for a total of 13,454 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. Passenger car registrations totaled 372,318 units in 2016. Registrations of super green cars totaled 12,995 units, up from 8,582 in 2015. Figures for 2015 were revised.
1 2 3 4 Bil Sweden (2018-01-08). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2017"[Definitive new registrations in 2017] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2018-01-31.Download the pdf file "PressRel1712_DEF.pdf" See tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2017", "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2017" and "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell" - A total of 19,981 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2017, consisting of 15,447 plug-in hybrids, 4,217 all-electric cars, and 317 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 379,393 units in 2017, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 5.2%. Registrations of super green cars totaled 19,211 units, up from 12,995 in 2016. Table "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2017" reports 2017 figures that do not add up with detailed count in table "Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2017" so, plug-in cars figures were taken from the latter.
1 2 3 Bil Sweden (2020-01-07). "Nyregistreringar december 2019 (def)"[Definitive new registrations December 2019 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2020-05-14.Download the pdf file "PressRel1912_DEF.pdf"
1 2 3 4 Bil Sweden (2020-01-08). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2020"[Definitive new registrations in 2020] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2020-01-10.Download the pdf file "PressRel with tables and diagram_dec2020DEF.pdf" See tables: "Nyregistrerade personbilar per drivmedel december 2020" and "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:" - A total of 96,054 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2020, consisting of 66,109 plug-in hybrids, 27,968 all-electric cars, and 1,977 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 292,024 units in 2020, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 32.2%.
1 2 Bil Sweden (2022-01-07). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2021"[Definitive new registrations in 2021] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2022-01-17. The share of rechargeable passenger cars of the total new registrations was 45.0 per cent in 2021, compared with 32.2 per cent in 2020. The share of electric light trucks amounted to 7.5 per cent and the electric buses to 24.6 per cent.A total of 138,033 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2021, consisting of 77,842 plug-in hybrids, 57,473 all-electric cars, and 2,718 all-electric vans.
↑ Bil Sweden (2014-08-01). "Fjärde högsta julisiffran någonsin för nya bilar"[Fourth highest July sales figure ever for new cars] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2014-09-01.A total of 5,209 super clean cars have been registered in Sweden since 2011. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 super clean vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 2,554 were registered during the first seven months of 2014.
↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2016-01-07). "December 2015 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2016-01-21.A total of 28,188 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2015, consisting of 9,934 pure electrics and 18,254 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,633,503 new cars were registered in 2015.
↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2017-01-05). "December 2016 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2017-01-09.Registrations in 2016 totaled 36,907 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 10,264 all-electric cars and 26,643 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 35,447 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 83,052 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2016. A total of 2,692,786 new cars were registered in 2016, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.37% of new car sales.
1 2 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2018-01-05). "December – EV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2018-01-11.Registrations in 2017 totaled 47,263 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 13,597 all-electric cars and 33,6663 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 45,187 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 127,509 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2017. A total of 2,540,617 new cars were registered in 2017, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.86% of new car sales.
1 2 3 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2019-01-07). "December – EV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2019-01-17.Registrations in 2018 totaled 59,911 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 15,474 all-electric cars and 44,437 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,367,147 new cars were registered in 2018, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 2.53% of new car sales.
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