ISO 15118

Last updated
ISO 15188
Road vehicles — Vehicle to grid communication interface
StatusPublished
Year started2010 (2010)
First published2014 (2014)
Latest versionEdition 2
2019
Organization International Standards Organisation
Committee ISO/TC22/SC31 Data Communication

ISO 15118Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface is a proposed international standard defining a vehicle to grid (V2G) communication interface for bi-directional charging/discharging of electric vehicles (EVs). [1] The standard provides multiple use cases like secure communication, smart charging and the Plug & Charge feature used by some electric vehicle networks. [2]

Contents

Overview

ISO 15118 is one of the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) group of standards for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks, and is the responsibility of Joint Working Group 1 (JWG1 V2G) of IEC Technical Committee 69 (TC69) [3] together with subcommittee 31 (SC31) [4] of the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Technical Committee 22 (TC22) [5] on road vehicles.

ISO and IEC began working together on the standard in 2010, [6] and a Plug & Charge section was released in 2014. No automakers had a productive implementation of the standard by 2018. [7] [ needs update ]

Plug & Charge

Plug and Charge logo (2022) Plug-and-charge-logo-iso-15118-pnc.svg
Plug and Charge logo (2022)

The Plug & Charge feature envisioned by ISO 15118 enables an electric vehicle to automatically identify and authorize itself to a compatible charging station. This makes it convenient for the driver, to receive energy for recharging the vehicle's battery. The only action required by the driver is to plug the charging cable into the EV and/or charging station, because the car and the station identify each other by exchanging public key certificates to facilitate payment. [8] An open test system accessible through the internet was launched in November 2021. [9] The proposed standard can be used for both wired (AC and DC charging) and wireless charging for electric vehicles. [10]

Some 2021 model year EVs support the Plug & Charge standard, including the Porsche Taycan, Mercedes-Benz EQS, [11] Lucid Air, and Ford Mustang Mach-E. [12] Model year 2024 EVs include BMW i4, BMW i5, BMW i7, BMW iX, [13] Hyundai Ioniq 5 and Hyundai Ioniq 6. [14]

Other manufacturers such as Volkswagen updated their ID family vehicles (such as the ID.4 and the ID.5) to support Plug & Charge. [15] Some cars need hardware updates. [16]

All Tesla vehicles since 2012 (before the release of ISO 15118-2 in 2014) have a proprietary version of Plug & Charge. [7] [16] Other proprietary solutions exist, such as those developed by Paua. [17] [18]

Besides Tesla, alternatives to Plug & Charge exist including "Autocharge", which is based on DIN Spec 70121 (Combined Charging System - CCS) [19] [20] using the car's fixed MAC address. For the end-user, the functionality is similar but tied to the specific operator and their charging rates. Autocharge has been used for many years i.e. at the charging stations of Fastned. In the market, Autocharge is considered a less secure mechanism than Plug & Charge because the missing certificate chain. Cars from the Volkswagen Group even have had a software update to 'break' this functionality. While Autocharge worked flawlessly at the launch of the ID.3 model, Volkswagen switched to variable MAC addresses and therefore these cars no longer be used with Autocharge. Some say this is for commercial reasons because the Volkswagen Group heavily invested in Plug & Charge. If Autocharge would become a big success then the need for the development of Plug & Charge would be minimized. [21]

Secure communications and public key infrastructure

ISO 15118 communication between an electric vehicle (EV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) can be made secure with a connection using Transport Layer Security (TLS). This is mandatory for Plug & Charge applications. The standard describes how "V2G-PKI" (Vehicle-to-grid - Public Key Infrastructure) needs to be set up to support this. The company Hubject provided the first working V2G-PKI in 2018 [22] and the related ecosystem for the European Union and the United States. [23] Several other companies were working on V2G-PKI solutions among which CharIn and Gireve. Nevertheless, charge station operators and automakers can also handle the certificates if they are based on the ISO 15118 standard. [7] [12] [16]

As of 2019 and 2020, several Public Key Infrastructure issues remained unsolved for using the standard as proposed. [24] [25] [7] [16] [ clarification needed ]

Standard documents

ISO 15118 consists of the following parts, detailed in separate standard documents:

Heavy duty vehicles

ISO 15118 is also used as communication protocol for charging of heavy duty vehicles such as:

When using the ISO 15118 in a commercial operation the use of WLAN (ISO 15118-8) must be considered carefully since there is no way to guarantee operation uptime when using wireless communication based on WLAN.[ citation needed ] For these situations the same protocol as for passenger car charging can be used (ISO 15118-2).

References

  1. 1 2 "ISO 15118-1:2019 Road vehicles — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 1: General information and use-case definition". ISO. April 2019. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019.
  2. ↑ "Electric Vehicle Charging Open Payment Framework with ISO 15118" (PDF). Secure Technology Alliance. February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021.
  3. ↑ IEC Technical Committee 69
  4. ↑ ISO technical committee 22 subcommittee 31
  5. ↑ ISO technical committee 22
  6. ↑ Mültin, Marc (6 July 2021). "What is ISO 15118? | Switch". www.switch-ev.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Berman, Bradley (11 August 2020). "ISO EV Plug and Charge standard faces security concerns". www.sae.org. SAE International. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020.
  8. ↑ "Plug&Charge: The missing link to a breakthrough". electrive.com. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021.
  9. ↑ "Hubject launces Plug&Charge testing system". electrive.com. 17 November 2021.
  10. ↑ Mültin, Marc (6 July 2021). "The basics of Plug & Charge | Switch". www.switch-ev.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021.
  11. ↑ "Mercedes EQS: So funktioniert Plug and Charge". InsideEVs Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  12. 1 2 "How the plug-and-charge feature in the Ford Mustang Mach-E works". TechRepublic. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  13. ↑ "Plug and Charge Eligibility". BMW USA. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  14. ↑ "Plug & Charge with Charge myHyundai makes EV charging more convenient and secure". Hyundai News. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  15. ↑ "Convenient, networked and sustainable: new solutions for charging electric Volkswagen models". Volkswagen Newsroom. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Schaal, Sebastian; Carrie Hampel (15 December 2020). "Plug&Charge: The missing link to a breakthrough". electrive.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021.
  17. ↑ Grundy, Alice (2021-08-17). "Paua heralds plug & charge as the 'future of EV charging' as it delivers successful trial". Current News. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  18. ↑ "Paua | Making EV charging easier for business". www.paua.com. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  19. ↑ "DIN SPEC 70121. Electromobility - Digital communication between a d.c. EV charging station and an electric vehicle for control of d.c. charging in the Combined Charging System (CCS)". European Standards. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  20. ↑ Mültin, Marc (18 November 2017). "The battle between ISO 15118 and DIN SPEC 70121". Switch-ev.com. Switch EV Ltd. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  21. ↑ Klingenberg, Mathias (20 June 2022). "Teknologien kan gi en Tesla-opplevelse ved ladestasjonen. Men en av verdens største bilprodusenter vil ikke være med". Tu.no (in Norwegian). Teknisk Ukeblad.
  22. ↑ "Hubject & Daimler ermöglichen Laden ohne Karte oder App". electrive.net (in German). 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  23. ↑ "Plug&Charge: Electrify America kooperiert mit Hubject". electrive.net (in German). 2019-01-09. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  24. ↑ "Practical Considerations for Implementation and Scaling ISO 15118 into a Secure EV Charging Ecosystem" (PDF). ChargePoint, DigiCert, Eonti. 14 May 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021.
  25. ↑ "ChargeUpEurope perspective" (PDF). ChargeUp Europe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2022.
  26. ↑ "ISO 15118-2:2014 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 2: Network and application protocol requirements". ISO.
  27. ↑ "ISO 15118-3:2015 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 3: Physical and data link layer requirements". ISO.
  28. ↑ "ISO 15118-4:2018 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 4: Network and application protocol conformance test". ISO.
  29. ↑ "ISO 15118-5:2018 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 5: Physical layer and data link layer conformance test". ISO.
  30. ↑ "ISO 15118-8:2020 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 8: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for wireless communication". ISO.
  31. ↑ "ISO 15118-9:2022 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 9: Physical and data link layer conformance test for wireless communication". ISO. Retrieved 2026-01-02.
  32. ↑ "ISO 15118-10:2025 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 10: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for single-pair Ethernet". ISO. Retrieved 2026-01-02.
  33. ↑ "ISO/AWI 15118-11 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 11: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for single-pair conformance test plan". ISO.
  34. ↑ "ISO/AWI PAS 15118-12 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 12: Requirements of message exchange for value-added service-based battery information between EVCC and SECC". ISO.
  35. ↑ "ISO 15118-20:2022 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 20: 2nd generation network layer and application layer requirements". ISO. Retrieved 2026-01-02.
  36. ↑ "ISO 15118-21:2025 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 21: Common 2nd generation network layer and application layer requirements conformance test plan". ISO. Retrieved 2026-01-02.
  37. ↑ https://www.globalpsa.com/assets/uploads/nr160620.pdf [ dead link ]
  38. ↑ "Electric transport in the Netherlands - 2016 highlights" (PDF). Netherlands Enterprise Agency. 2016. Retrieved 2026-01-02.

See also

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