Political party strength in Michigan

The tables below indicate the political party affiliation of elected officials in the U.S. State of Michigan from statehood through the results of the November 2022 elections. ^[a]

Officials listed include: Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Secretaries of State, Attorneys General/
State Treasurers. ^[b] The tables also indicate the historical party composition in the State Senate, State House of Representatives, the names and party affiliations of Michigan's U.S. Senators, and the party composition of Michigan's delegations to the U.S. House of Representatives. For years in which a presidential election was held, the tables show which party's nominees received the State's electoral votes.

1837–1899

Year	Executive offices [1] [2]					State Legislature		United States Congress			Electoral votes
	Governor	Lt. Governor	Secretary of State	Attorney General	Treasurer	State Senate	State House	U.S. Senator (Class I)	U.S. Senator (Class II)	U.S. House
1837	Stevens T. Mason (D)	Edward Mundy (D)	Kintzing Prichette (D)	Peter Morey (D) [3]	appointed office	8D, 5W, 3?	24W, 23D, 2? [c]	Lucius Lyon (D)	John Norvell (D)	1D	Van Buren/ Johnson (D)Y [d]
1838			Randolph Manning (D) [e]			14D, 2W	30D, 20W
1839						11D, 6W	31D, 21W	vacant		1D
1840	William Woodbridge (W) [f]	James Wright Gordon (W)	Thomas Rowland (W) [6]			10W, 7D	37W, 15D	Augustus Seymour Porter (W)			Harrison/ Tyler (W)Y
1841	James Wright Gordon (W) [g]	Thomas J. Drake (W)		Zephaniah Platt (W)		12W, 5D	31W, 20D, 1 tie		William Woodbridge (W)	1W
1842	John S. Barry (D)	Origen D. Richardson (D)	Robert P. Eldredge (D) [7]			12D, 5W, 1 vac.	47D, 6W
1843				Elon Farnsworth (D)		18D	46D, 7W			3D
1844							47D, 6W				Polk/ Dallas (D)Y
1845				Henry N. Walker (D) [8]			46D, 7W	Lewis Cass (D)		3D
1846	Alpheus Felch (D) [f]	William L. Greenly (D)	Gideon O. Whittemore			20D, 1W	50D, 16W
1847	William L. Greenly (D) [g]	Charles P. Bush (D)		Edward Mundy (D)		20D, 2W	51D, 15W		Alpheus Felch (D)	3D
1848	Epaphroditus Ransom (D)	William M. Fenton (D)	George Washington Peck (D) [9]	George V. N. Lothrop (D)		21D, 1W		Thomas Fitzgerald (D)			Cass/ Butler (D)N
1849						18D, 4W	46D, 16W, 3FS, 1 tie	Lewis Cass (D)		2D, 1W
1850	John S. Barry (D)		George R. Redfield (D) [10]		Bernard C. Whittemore (D) [h]		46D, 20W
1851			Charles H. Taylor (D) [11]	William Hale (D)		16D, 5W, 1FSD [i]	40D, 26W [j]			2W, 1D
1852	Robert McClelland [k]	Calvin Britain (D)									Pierce/ King (D)Y
1853		Andrew Parsons (D)	William Graves (D) [12]			25D, 7W	52D, 19W, 1?		Charles E. Stuart (D)	4D
	Andrew Parsons (D) [g]	George Griswold (D)
1854
1855	Kinsley S. Bingham (R)	George Coe (R)	John McKinney (R) [l]	Jacob M. Howard (R)	Silas M. Holmes (R) [m]	25R, 7D [15]	48R, 24D			3R, 1D
1856											Frémont/ Dayton (R)N
1857						29R, 3D	63R, 17D	Zachariah Chandler (R)		4R
1858
1859	Moses Wisner (R)	Edmund Burke Fairfield (R)	Nelson G. Isbell (R) [n]		John McKinney (R)	24R, 8D	56R, 25D		Kinsley S. Bingham (R)	3R, 1D
1860											Lincoln/ Hamlin (R)Y
1861	Austin Blair (R)	James M. Birney (R)	James B. Porter (R) [17]	Charles Upson (R)	John Owen (R) [18]	30R, 2D	72R, 11D			4R
		Joseph R. Williams (R)
1862		Henry T. Backus (R)							Jacob M. Howard (R)
1863		Charles S. May (R)		Albert Williams (R) [19]		18R, 14D	60R, 39D, 1?			5R, 1D
1864											Lincoln/ Johnson (NU)Y
1865	Henry H. Crapo (R)	Ebenezer O. Grosvenor (R)				21R, 11D	73R, 27D			6R
1866
1867		Dwight May (R)	Oliver L. Spaulding (R) [20]	William L. Stoughton (R)	Ebenezer O. Grosvenor (R)	30R, 1D, 1?	79R, 21D			6R
1868											Grant/ Colfax (R)Y
1869	Henry P. Baldwin (R)	Morgan Bates (R)		Dwight May (R)		27R, 5D	75R, 25D			6R
1870
1871			Daniel Striker (R) [21]		Victory P. Collier (R) [22]		71R, 29D		Thomas W. Ferry (R)	5R, 1D
1872											Grant/ Wilson (R)Y
1873	John J. Bagley (R)	Henry H. Holt (R)		Byron D. Ball (R) [23]		31R, 1D	95R, 5D			9R
1874				Isaac Marston (R) [24]
1875			Ebenezer G. D. Holden (R) [25]	Andrew J. Smith (R) [26]	William B. McCreery (R) [27]	17R, 15D	54R, 46D	Isaac P. Christiancy (R)		6R, 3D
1876											Hayes/ Wheeler (R)Y
1877	Charles Croswell (R)	Alonzo Sessions (R)		Otto Kirchner (R)		23R, 9D	75R, 25D			8R, 1D
1878
1879			William Jenney (R) [28]		Benjamin D. Pritchard (R) [29]		65R, 35D	Zachariah Chandler (R)		9R
1880								Henry P. Baldwin (R)			Garfield/ Arthur (R)Y
1881	David Jerome (R)	Moreau S. Crosby (R)		Jacob J. Van Riper (R) [30]		30R, 2D	86R, 13D, 1I	Omar D. Conger (R)		9R
1882
1883	Josiah Begole (D)		Harry A. Conant (R) [31]		Edward H. Butler (R) [32]	19R, 13D	62R, 38D		Thomas W. Palmer (R)	5R, 6D
1884											Blaine/ Logan (R)N
1885	Russell A. Alger (R)	Archibald Buttars (R)		Moses Taggart (R) [33]		18R, 14D	52R, 48D			4R, 7D
1886
1887	Cyrus G. Luce (R)	James H. MacDonald (R)	Gilbert R. Osmun (R) [34]		George L. Maltz (R) [35]	22R, 10D	63R, 37D	Francis B. Stockbridge (R)		6R, 5D
1888											Harrison/ Morton (R)Y
1889		William Ball (R)		Stephen V. R. Trowbridge (R) [36]		24R, 8D	70R, 30D		James McMillan (R)	9R, 2D
1890				Benjamin W. Huston (R) [37]
1891	Edwin B. Winans (D)	John Strong (D)	Daniel E. Soper (D) [38]	Adolphus A. Ellis (D) [39]	Frederick Braastad (D) [40]	17D, 15R	55D, 45R			3R, 8D
1892			Robert R. Blacker (D) [41]								9 – Harrison/ Reid (R)N 5 – Cleveland/ Stevenson (D)Y
1893	John Treadway Rich (R)	J. Wight Giddings (R)	John W. Jochim (R) [o]		Joseph F. Hambitzer (R) [p] [43]	22R, 9D, 1DP	69R, 28D, 3Pop			7R, 5D
1894			Washington Gardner (R) [q]		James M. Wilkinson (R) [43]			John Patton Jr. (R)
1895		Alfred Milnes (R)		Fred A. Maynard (R) [r] [43]		32R	99R, 1D	Julius C. Burrows (R)		12R
1896		Joseph R. McLaughlin (R)									McKinley/ Hobart (R)Y
1897	Hazen S. Pingree (R)	Thomas B. Dunstan (R)			George A. Steel (R) [46]	26R, 6D	81R, 19D			10R, 2D
1898
1899		Orrin W. Robinson (R)	Justus Smith Stearns (R) [47]	Horace M. Oren (R) [43]		27R, 5D	92R, 8D			12R

1900–1964

Year	Executive offices							State Legislature		United States Congress			Electoral votes
	Governor	Lt. Governor	Sec. of State	Attorney General	Treasurer	Auditor General	Highway Comm.	State Senate	State House	U.S. Senator (Class I)	U.S. Senator (Class II)	U.S. House
1900	Hazen S. Pingree (R)	Orrin W. Robinson (R)	Justus Smith Stearns (R)	Horace M. Oren (R)	George A. Steel [48]	Roscoe D. Dix (R)	no such office	27R, 5D	92R, 8D	Julius C. Burrows (R)	James McMillan (R)	12R	McKinley/ Roosevelt (R)Y
1901	Aaron T. Bliss (R)		Fred M. Warner (R) [49]		Daniel McCoy (R) [43]	Perry F. Powers (R)		31R, 1D	90R, 10D			12R
1902
1903		Alexander Maitland (R)		Charles A. Blair (R) [50]					100R		Russell A. Alger (R)	11R, 1D
1904													Roosevelt/ Fairbanks (R)Y
1905	Fred M. Warner (R)		George A. Prescott (R) [51]	John E. Bird (R) [52]	Frank P. Glazier (R)	James B. Bradley (R)	Horatio Earle (R)	32R	95R, 5D			12R
1906
1907		Patrick H. Kelley (R)							95R, 5D		William Alden Smith (R)	12R
1908					John Treadway Rich (R)								Taft/ Sherman (R)Y
1909			Frederick C. Martindale (R) [53]		Albert Sleeper (R)	Oramel B. Fuller (R)	Townsend A. Ely (R)		98R, 2D			12R
1910				Franz C. Kuhn (R) [54]
1911	Chase Osborn (R)	John Q. Ross (R)						28R, 4D	88R, 12D	Charles E. Townsend (R)		10R, 2D
1912				Roger I. Wykes (R) [55]									Roosevelt/ Johnson (Prog)N
1913	Woodbridge N. Ferris (D)			Grant Fellows (R) [56]	John W. Harrer (R)		Frank F. Rogers (R)	21R, 6Prog, 5D	54R, 35D, 11Prog			10R, 2D, 2Prog
1914
1915		Luren Dickinson (R)	Coleman C. Vaughan (R) [57]					29R, 3D	95R, 5D			11R, 2D
1916													Hughes/ Fairbanks (R)N
1917	Albert Sleeper (R)			Alex J. Groesbeck (R)	Samuel Odell			27R, 5D	88R, 12D			11R, 2D
1918
1919								32R	98R, 2D		Truman H. Newberry (R)	12R, 1D
1920					Frank E. Gorman (R) [58]								Harding/ Coolidge (R)Y
1921	Alex J. Groesbeck (R)	Thomas Read (R)	Charles J. DeLand (R) [59]	Merlin Wiley (R) [60]					100R			13R
1922
1923				Andrew B. Dougherty (R) [61]					95R, 5D	Woodbridge N. Ferris (D)	James Couzens (R)	12R, 1D
1924													Coolidge/ Dawes (R)Y
1925		George W. Welsh (R)			Frank D. McKay [s]				100R			13R
1926				Clare Retan (R) [63]
1927	Fred W. Green (R)	Luren Dickinson (R)	John S. Haggerty (R) [64]	William W. Potter					98R, 2D			13R
1928				Wilber M. Brucker (R)						Arthur Vandenberg (R)			Hoover/ Curtis (R)Y
1929							Grover C. Dillard (R)					13R
1930
1931	Wilber M. Brucker (R)		Frank Fitzgerald (R) [65]	Paul W. Voorhies (R) [66]	Howard C. Lawrence (R)			31R, 1D				13R
1932													Roosevelt/ Garner (D)Y
1933	William Comstock (D)	Allen E. Stebbins (D)		Patrick H. O'Brien (D) [67]	Theodore I. Fry (D)	John K. Stack Jr. (D)	Murray Van Wagoner (D)	17D, 15R	55D, 45R			10D, 7R
1934			Clarke W. Brown (R) [68]
1935	Frank Fitzgerald (R)	Thomas Read (R)	Orville E. Atwood (R) [69]	Harry S. Toy (R) [70]		John J. O'Hara (R)		21R, 11D	51R, 49D			11R, 6D
1936				David H. Crowley (R) [71]
1937	Frank Murphy (D)	Leo J. Nowicki (D)	Leon D. Case (D) [72]	Raymond Wesley Starr (D) [73]		George T. Gundry (D)		17D, 15R	60D, 40R		Prentiss M. Brown (D)	9R, 8D
1938
1939	Frank Fitzgerald (R) [t]	Luren Dickinson (R)	Harry Kelly (R) [74]	Thomas Read (R)	Miller Dunckel (D)	Vernon J. Brown (R)		23R, 9D	73R, 27D			12R, 5D
	Luren Dickinson (R) [g]	Matilda Dodge Wilson (R)
1940													Willkie/ McNary (R)N
1941	Murray Van Wagoner (D)	Frank Murphy (D)		Herbert J. Rushton (R) [75]	Theodore I. Fry (D)		G. Donald Kennedy (R)	22R, 10D	68R, 32D			11R, 6D
1942
1943	Harry Kelly (R)	Eugene C. Keyes (R)	Herman H. Dignan (R) [76]		D. Hale Brake (R)		Lloyd B. Reid (D)	25R, 7D	74R, 26D		Homer S. Ferguson (R)	12R, 5D
1944							Charles M. Zeigler (R)						Roosevelt/ Truman (D)Y
1945		Vernon J. Brown (R)		John R. Dethmers (R)		John D. Morrison (R)		24R, 8D	66R, 34D			11R, 6D
1946				Foss O. Eldred (R) [77]
1947	Kim Sigler (R)	Eugene C. Keyes (R)	Frederick M. Alger Jr. (R) [78]	Eugene F. Black (R) [79]		Murl K. Aten (R)		28R, 4D	95R, 5D			14R, 3D
1948													Dewey/ Warren (R)N
1949	G. Mennen Williams (D)	John W. Connolly (D)		Stephen John Roth (D) [80]				23R, 9D	61R, 39D			13R, 4D
1950												12R, 5D
1951		William C. Vandenberg (R)		Frank Millard (R) [81]		John B. Martin (R)		25R, 7D	66R, 34D	Blair Moody (D)		12R, 5D
1952													Eisenhower/ Nixon (R)Y
1953		Clarence A. Reid (R)	Owen Cleary (R) [82]					24R, 8D		Charles E. Potter (R)		13R, 5D
1954
1955		Philip Hart (D)	James M. Hare (D) [83]	Thomas M. Kavanagh (D) [84]	Sanford Brown (D)	Victor Targonski (D)		23R, 11D	59R, 51D		Patrick V. McNamara (D)	11R, 7D
1956
1957						Frank S. Szymanski (D)	John C. Mackie (D)		61R, 49D			12R, 6D
1958				Paul L. Adams (D)
1959		John Swainson (D)				Otis M. Smith (D)		22R, 12D	55R, 55D [u]	Philip Hart (D)		11R, 7D
1960													Kennedy/ Johnson (D)Y
1961	John Swainson (D)	T. John Lesinski (D)				Billie S. Farnum (D)			56R, 54D			11R, 7D
1962				Frank J. Kelley (D)
1963	George W. Romney (R) [v]							23R, 11D	58R, 52D			11R, 8D
1964													Johnson/ Humphrey (D)Y

In 1963, the Michigan Constitution was rewritten, modifying the statewide elected positions.

1965–present

Year	Executive offices				State Legislature		United States Congress			Electoral votes
	Governor	Lt. Governor	Sec. of State	Attorney General	State Senate	State House	U.S. Senator (Class I)	U.S. Senator (Class II)	U.S. House
1965	George W. Romney (R) [v]	William Milliken (R)	James M. Hare (D) [83]	Frank J. Kelley (D)	23D, 15R	73D, 37R	Philip Hart (D)	Patrick V. McNamara (D)	12D, 7R	Lyndon B. Johnson/ Hubert Humphrey (D)Y
1966								Robert P. Griffin (R)
1967					20R, 18D [w]	56R, 54D [x]			12R, 7D
1968										Hubert Humphrey/ Edmund Muskie (D)N
1969	William Milliken (R) [y]	vacant				57D, 53R
1970		Thomas F. Schweigert (R)
1971		James H. Brickley (R)	Richard H. Austin (D)		19R, 19D [z]	58D, 52R
1972										Richard Nixon/ Spiro Agnew (R)Y
1973						60D, 50R
1974									11R, 8D [aa]
1975		James Damman (R)			24D, 14R	66D, 44R			12D, 7R
1976										Gerald Ford/ Bob Dole (R)N
1977						68D, 42R	Donald Riegle (D)		11D, 8R
1978
1979		James H. Brickley (R)				70D, 40R		Carl Levin (D)	13D, 6R
1980										Ronald Reagan/ George H. W. Bush (R)Y
1981						64D, 46R			12D, 7R
1982
1983	James J. Blanchard (D)	Martha Griffiths (D)			20D, 18R	63D, 47R			12D, 6R
1984					20R, 18D [ab]
1985						57D, 53R			11D, 7R
1986
1987						64D, 46R
1988										George H. W. Bush/ Dan Quayle (R)Y
1989						61D, 49R
1990
1991	John Engler (R)	Connie Binsfeld (R)
1992										Bill Clinton/ Al Gore (D)Y
1993					22R, 16D	55R, 55D [ac]			10D, 6R
1994
1995			Candice Miller (R)			56R, 54D	Spencer Abraham (R)		9D, 7R
1996
1997						52R, 58D			10D, 6R
1998
1999		Dick Posthumus (R)		Jennifer Granholm (D)	23R, 15D	58R, 52D
2000										Al Gore/ Joe Lieberman (D)N
2001						59R, 51D	Debbie Stabenow (D)		9D, 7R
2002
2003	Jennifer Granholm (D)	John D. Cherry (D)	Terri Lynn Land (R)	Mike Cox (R)	22R, 16D	63R, 47D			9R, 6D
2004										John Kerry/ John Edwards (D)N
2005						58R, 52D
2006
2007					21R, 17D	58D, 52R
2008										Barack Obama/ Joe Biden (D)Y
2009					21R, 16D [ad]	67D, 43R			8D, 7R
2010					22R, 16D [ae]
2011	Rick Snyder (R)	Brian Calley (R)	Ruth Johnson (R)	Bill Schuette (R)	26R, 12D	63R, 47D			9R, 6D
2012						64R, 46D [af]
2013						59R, 50D, 1I			9R, 5D
2014
2015					27R, 11D	63R, 47D		Gary Peters (D)
2016										Donald Trump/ Mike Pence (R)Y
2017
2018
2019	Gretchen Whitmer (D)	Garlin Gilchrist (D)	Jocelyn Benson (D)	Dana Nessel (D)	22R, 16D	58R, 52D [92]			7R, 7D
									7D, 6R, 1I/L [ag]
2020										Joe Biden/ Kamala Harris (D)Y
2021									7R, 7D
2022
						57R, 53D [ah]
2023					20D, 18R	56D, 54R			7D, 6R
2024										Donald Trump/ JD Vance (D)Y
2025						58R, 52D	Elissa Slotkin (D)		7R, 6D

Key to party colors and abbreviations for elected officials

Democratic (D)

National Union (NU)

Progressive (Prog)

Republican (R)

Whig (W)

1. Until 1851, elections were held in odd number years; since that time, they have been held in even number years, on the first Tuesday in November, coincident with other national and state elections. Winners are now sworn in on January 1. Governors were elected to two year terms from 1837 until 1966 when the term was set at four years. Effective with the 2003 retirement of John Engler, governors are subject to a lifetime term limit of two four year terms.
2. State Treasurers are listed for the time period when it was an elective office, (1850–1963).
3. Elected a Democratic as Speaker, Charles Whipple. ^[4]
4. Michigan participated in the 1836 election but had not yet been formally admitted to the Union as a state due to a boundary dispute with Ohio.
5. A Democrat until 1854, Manning became a Republican because of the Republican Party's anti slavery position. ^[5]
6. Resigned to take an elected seat in the U.S. Senate.
7. As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term.
8. First elected treasurer
9. Effective with the Constitution of 1850, terms for Senator were increased to two years.
10. Effective with the Constitution of 1850, terms for Representative were increased to two years.
11. After a new state constitution was drafted in 1850, McClelland was elected to a single one-year term in 1851. He was then re-elected to a full two-year term in 1852 but resigned to become United States Secretary of the Interior.
12. Democrat, then Republican after 1854 ^[13]
13. Ran on the first Republican state ticket in 1854 ^[14]
14. Republican after 1854, Whig before that. ^[16]
15. Removed from office. ^{[42] [43]}
16. Removed from office ^[44]
17. Initially appointed to fill vacancy; later elected in his own right.
18. Indicted on 48 charges of embezzlement. ^[45]
19. Indicted for bribery in 1994 but the case ended when the star witness, Sen. Warren G. Hooper was murdered. ^[62]
20. Died in office
21. Due to a change in rules, Republicans organized the chamber on a 55-54 vote and elected a Speaker, Don R. Pears, of their party when a Democrat, Josephine Hunsinger, left for an emergency appendectomy. ^[85]
22. Resigned to become United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
23. Effective with the Constitution of 1964, senators started to be elected to four-year terms, all at the same election. This went into effect at the 1966 election.
24. The 1966 Midterms yielded a 55-55 split, but the Republicans prevailed on a Democrat to skip on the vote for Speaker and be able to organize the chamber on a 55-54 vote due to a rule change, like was done in 1959. Robert E. Waldron became Speaker, and the Republicans ran the chamber. The Democrat, E.D. O'Brien, became a Republican for the purposes of composition for the rest of the session. ^[86]
25. As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term and was later elected in his own right.
26. The Republicans organized the Senate with the tie-breaking vote of the Lt. Governor. ^[87]
27. Donald Riegle switched parties from Republican to Democratic on February 27, 1973.
28. Two Democratic Senators, David Serotkin and Phil Mastin, were recalled after a tax hike during the legislative session earlier in the year. The recalls flipped the chamber to the Republicans. ^[88]
29. A power-sharing agreement was negotiated between the Democrats and Republicans to control the chamber. ^[89]
30. Sen. Mark Schauer resigned his 19th District seat to take office as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
31. Mike Nofs won the special election to take Schauer's seat, flipping the seat to the Republicans. ^[90]
32. Rep. Roy Schmidt switched parties from Democratic to Republican on May 15, 2012. ^[91]
33. U.S. Rep. Justin Amash switched parties from Republican to Independent on July 4, 2019, then became a Libertarian from April 2020 until the end of his term. ^{[93] [94]}
34. Carol Glanville won a special election in the 74th district on May 3, 2022, flipping the seat from Republican to Democratic. ^[95]

See also

• Politics in Michigan
• Elections in Michigan

References

• Party organization and machinery in Michigan since 1890, By Arthur Chester Millspaugh (1917) The Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore
• Livingstone's history of the Republican party, A history of the Republican party from its foundation to the close of the campaign of 1900

1. "Former officials" (PDF). 14 January 2004. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
2. "Michigan County Histories Early history of Michigan with biographies of state officers". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 718. Retrieved 2015-01-04. Democrat
3. Richard I. Bonner, (1909), Memoirs of Lenawee County, Michigan, Vol. 1, Western Historical Association, p. 611.
4. p. 685
5. Biographies: Randolph Manning, Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society.
6. Chapter 15: politics in mid-nineteenth-century Michigan., (1995) The Free Library, William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
7. "American biographical history of eminent and self-made men ... Michigan volume", page 8, Collection: Michigan County Histories and Atlases, University of Michigan Digital Library.
8. Stephen D. Bingham, Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators, pages 665–666, University of Michigan Digital Library
9. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Peck". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
10. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 547. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
11. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 629. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
12. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 304. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
13. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 452. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
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21. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Strickler to Strommen". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
22. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Colemer to Collini". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
23. Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1873. p. 538. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
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28. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Jenkins-husband to Jenning". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
29. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Princehouse to Procter". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
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34. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Osbourn to Ostrowsky". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
35. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Malony to Manly". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
36. Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887.Author: Bingham, S. D. (Stephen D.) – p 645
37. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Hurliman to Hutchings". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
38. Cleveland, Giover (1890-12-07). "Delaware And Hudson Canal.; Close Of Navigation After A Most Prosperous Season". The New York Times.
39. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Ellis". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
40. "Cleveland's Name Cheered.; Enthusiastic Convention Of The Michigan Democrats" (PDF). The New York Times. 1890-09-11.
41. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Blackburne to Blackton". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
42. Political Graveyard
43. Livingstone, W. (1900). Livingstone's history of the Republican party: A history of the Republican party from its foundation to the close of the campaign of 1900, including incidents of Michigan campaigns and biographical sketches ... W. Livingstone. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
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46. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Stebe to Steel". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
47. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Stearns". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
48. "510 CHAPTER IV • THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH FORMER OFFICIALS OF MICHIGAN FRENCH-CANADIAN GOVERNORS, 1603-1760" (PDF). 14 January 2004. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
49. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Warner to Warra". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
50. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Blair". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
51. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Prescott". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
52. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Bird". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
53. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Martin-trigona to Martinelli". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
54. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Kuhn". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
55. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Wyble to Wywiorski". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
56. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Fellows". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
57. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Vaughan". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
58. Johnson, Ray (1922-09-27). "Harmony Key As G.O.P. Meets". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013.
59. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Dehaan to Deland". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
60. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Wiley to Wiley-segovia". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
61. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Dougherty". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
62. Bio at Political Graveyard
63. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Resa to Reynoldo". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
64. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Haggerty". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
65. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Fitzgerald". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
66. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Voorheis to Vyzral". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
67. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Obrien, O to R". The Political Graveyard.
68. "Demos May Ask For Recount of Wilson's Vote". The Herald-Press . November 16, 1934. p. 4. Retrieved October 24, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
69. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Atwood". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
70. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Townshend to Trachtenberg". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
71. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Crowl to Crowly". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
72. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Case". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
73. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Starr". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
74. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Kelly, G to I". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
75. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Rushe to Russel". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
76. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Dickison to Dikis". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
77. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Elderdice to Eldrich". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
78. Political Graveyard
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81. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Miles-lagrange to Millentree". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
82. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Cleage to Clementine". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
83. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Hardy-wrigley to Harju". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
84. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Kaufmann to Keastner". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
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