Politics of Lombardy

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The politics of Lombardy, a region of Italy, takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of the Region is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in the Regional Council of Lombardy, while executive power is exercised by the Regional Government led by the President, who is directly elected by the people. The current Statute, which regulates the functioning of the regional institutions, has been in force since 2008.

Contents

Prior to the rise of Fascism, most of the deputies elected in Lombardy were part of the liberal establishment (see Historical Right, Historical Left and Liberals), which governed Italy for decades. Lombardy was also the birthplace of the Italian Workers' Party, forerunner of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), and its eastern and northern provinces were an early stronghold of the Italian People's Party. In the 1924 general election, which led Italy to dictatorship, Lombardy was one of the few regions, along with Veneto and Piedmont, which did not return an absolute majority to the National Fascist Party. After World War II Lombardy became a stronghold of the Christian Democracy, since the 1980s in association with the PSI, which was especially strong in Milan. [1]

Traditionally, Lombardy gives centrist results in elections, reflecting its strong middle class. The Communists and their successors – the Democratic Party of the Left, the Democrats of the Left and the present-day Democratic Party – never prevailed. [1] In the 1980s Lombardy saw the organisation of a new regionalist party, the Lombard League (LL), then merged into the Northern League (LN) in the 1990s.

Lombardy is now a stronghold of the "centre-right coalition" composed of the LN and the liberal conservative Forza Italia (FI), founded by Lombard entrepreneur Silvio Berlusconi. The coalition, which was joined by the LN in 2000, has governed the region since 1995, under three Presidents, Roberto Formigoni (CDU/FI/PdL), Roberto Maroni (LN) and Attilio Fontana (LN).

On 22 October 2017 an autonomy referendum took place in Lombardy: 38.3% of Lombards participated and 95.3% voted "yes".

Legislative branch

Composition of the Regional Council since 2023:

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FdI (22)

PD (18)

Lega (14)

FI (6)

LI (5)

Moratti List (4)

M5S (3)

A-IV (3)

PC (2)

AVS (1)

NM (1) Lombardy Council 2023.svg
Composition of the Regional Council since 2023:
  FdI (22)
  PD (18)
  Lega (14)
  FI (6)
  LI (5)
  Moratti List (4)
  M5S (3)
  A–IV (3)
  PC (2)
  AVS (1)
  NM (1)
Composition of the Regional Council by coalition since 2023:

Centre-right (49)

Centre-left (24)

Action - Italia Viva (7) Lombardy Council coalition 2023.svg
Composition of the Regional Council by coalition since 2023:
  Centre-right (49)
  Centre-left (24)
  Action – Italia Viva (7)

The Regional Council of Lombardy is composed of 80 members. 64 councillors are elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota and open lists, while 16 councillors (elected in a general ticket) come from a "regional list", including the President-elect. One seat is reserved for the candidate who comes second. If a coalition wins more than 50% of the total seats in the Council with PR, as happened during the 2000 election, only 8 candidates from the regional list will be chosen and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 72. If the winning coalition receives less than 50% of votes, as happened during the 1995 election, special seats are added to the Council to ensure a large majority for the President's coalition. [2] [3] [4]

The Council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the simul stabunt, simul cadent clause introduced in 1999 (literally they will stand together or they will fall together), also the Council is dissolved and a snap election is called. [5] [6]

2023–2028 composition

PartySeatsStatus
Brothers of Italy (FdI)
22 / 80
Government
Democratic Party (PD)
18 / 80
Opposition
LegaLombard League
14 / 80
Government
Forza Italia (FI)
6 / 80
Government
Ideal Lombardy (LI)
5 / 80
Government
Moratti for President
4 / 80
Opposition
Five Star Movement (M5S)
3 / 80
Opposition
ActionItalia Viva (A–IV)
3 / 80
Opposition
Civic Pact (PC)
2 / 80
Opposition
Greens and Left Alliance (AVS)
1 / 80
Opposition
Us ModeratesRenaissance (NM)
1 / 80
External support

    Source: Regional Council of Lombardy

    Executive branch

    Palazzo Lombardia in Milan is the seat of the Regional Government Piazza Lombardia della Regione Lombardia 1.jpg
    Palazzo Lombardia in Milan is the seat of the Regional Government

    The Regional Cabinet (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term, and is currently composed by 17 members: the President and 16 regional Assessors, including a Vice President (Vice Presidente), while 4 under-secretaries (Sottosegretari) help the President but have no voting rights in the cabinet meetings. [7]

    Current composition

    Attilio Fontana was officially sworn in for a second term as President on 1 March 2023. [8] Current executive was officially sworn in on 10 March 2023. [9]

    Current composition

    PartyMembers
    Lega Lega President and 5 assessors
    Brothers of Italy FdIVice President and 6 assessors
    Forza Italia FI2 assessors
    Ideal LombardyLI2 assessors
    AssessorPartyDelegate for
    Marco Alparone
    (vice president)
    FdIFinance and budget
    Guido Bertolaso LIHealthcare and welfare
    Giorgio MaioneLIEnvironment and climate
    Claudia Terzi LegaPublic infrastructures
    Franco LucenteFdIPublic transports and sustainable mobility
    Romano La RussaFdIPublic security and Civil Protection
    Simona TironiFIEducation and labour
    Alessandro FermiLegaUniversity and research
    Guido GuidesiLegaEconomic development
    Elena LucchiniLegaFamily, social policies, disability and equal opportunities
    Paolo FrancoFdISocial housing
    Barbara MazzaliFdITourism, marketing and fashion
    Massimo SartoriLegaLocal authorities and mountains
    Francesca CarusoFdICultural heritage
    Alessandro BeduschiFdIAgricolture, food policies and food sovereignty
    Gianluca ComazziFIRegional parks and territory

    List of presidents

    The current President of Lombardy is Attilio Fontana, who is serving his second term after winning the 2023 regional election.

    PresidentTerm of officePartyAdministrationCoalitionLegislature
    Duration in years, months and days
    Presidents elected by the Regional Council (1970–1995)
    1 Pierobassetti2011.jpg Piero Bassetti
    (Born 1928)
    29 July
    1970
    27 June
    1974
    DC Bassetti DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI I
    (1970)
    3 years, 10 months and 30 days
    2 Cesare Golfari Senato.jpg Cesare Golfari
    (1932–1994)
    27 June
    1974
    1 October
    1979
    DC Golfari I DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI
    Golfari II DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI II
    (1975)
    5 years, 3 months and 5 days
    3 Fondazione Cariplo - Giuseppe Guzzetti.jpg Giuseppe Guzzetti
    (Born 1934)
    1 October
    1979
    17 July
    1987
    DC Guzzetti I DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI
    Guzzetti II DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI   PLI III
    (1980)
    Guzzetti III DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI   PLI IV
    (1985)
    7 years, 9 months and 17 days
    4 Bruno Tabacci daticamera 2013.jpg Bruno Tabacci
    (Born 1946)
    17 July
    1987
    31 January
    1989
    DC Tabacci DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI   PLI
    1 year, 6 months and 15 days
    5 Italy politic personality icon.svg Giuseppe Giovenzana
    (Born 1940)
    31 January
    1989
    12 December
    1992
    DC Giovenzana I DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI   PLI
    Giovenzana II DC   PSI   PSDI   PRI   PLI V
    (1990)
    3 years, 10 months and 13 days
    6 1657901999868 19990000 GHILARDOTTI Fiorella MOBILE.jpg Fiorella Ghilardotti
    (1946–2005)
    12 December
    1992
    4 June
    1994
    PDS Ghilardotti DC   PDS   PSI   FdV   PSDI
    1 year, 5 months and 24 days
    7 Italy politic personality icon.svg Paolo Arrigoni
    (1957–2022)
    4 June
    1994
    27 June
    1995
    LN Arrigoni PPI   LN   PDS
    1 year and 24 days
    Directly-elected presidents (since 1995)
    8 Roberto Formigoni 2008.jpg Roberto Formigoni
    (Born 1947)
    27 June
    1995
    18 March
    2013
    CDU Formigoni I Pole for Freedoms
    (FI   AN   CDU   CCD)
    VI
    (1995)
    FI Formigoni II House of Freedoms
    (FI   LN   AN   CDU   CCD)
    VII
    (2000)
    Formigoni III House of Freedoms
    (FI   LN   AN   UDC)
    VIII
    (2005)
    PdL Formigoni IV PdL   LN IX
    (2010)
    17 years, 8 months and 20 days
    9 Roberto Maroni 2010 (cropped).jpg Roberto Maroni
    (1955–2022)
    18 March
    2013
    26 March
    2018
    LN Maroni LN   FI   FdI X
    (2013)
    5 years and 9 days
    10 Attilio Fontana 2019.jpg Attilio Fontana
    (Born 1952)
    26 March
    2018
    Incumbent Lega Fontana I Lega   FI   FdI XI
    (2018)
    7 years, 2 months and 21 daysFontana II FdI   Lega   FI XII
    (2023)

    Local government

    Provinces

    Lombardy is divided in twelve provinces, which are a traditional form of local administration in the region, the first ones being yet established under Habsburg rule by Maria Theresa of Austria in the 18th century. Socialist and Christian-democratic ideas had an early diffusion in quite all the provinces around World War I. After the Fascist parenthesis, left-wing parties found their strongholds in south-eastern agricultural provinces near Emilia, especially in the Province of Mantua, while Christian Democracy obtained high scores in the northern mountainous part of the Region, where nowadays the Lega LombardaLega gets a strong backing.

    After the 2014 reform of local authorities the Province of Milan was replaced by the new Metropolitan City of Milan. Since 2014 the president of the province is no more elected directly by citizens, but is chosen by mayors and councilors of the municipalities of the province.

    ProvinceInhabitantsPresidentPartyElection
    Metropolitan City of Milan
    (former Province of Milan)
    3,237,101 Giuseppe Sala
    (metropolitan mayor)
    Independent [a] 2021
    Brescia 1,254,322 Emanuele Moraschini Independent (Forza Italia)2023
    Bergamo 1,102,670 Pasquale Gandolfi Democratic Party 2021
    Varese 878,059 Marco Magrini Independent (Democratic Party)2023
    Monza and Brianza 870,112 Luca Santambrogio Lega 2019
    Como 594,657 Fiorenzo Bongiasca Independent (Democratic Party)2022
    Pavia 534,691 Giovanni Palli Lega 2021
    Mantua 404,440 Carlo Bottani Independent (Forza Italia)2021
    Cremona 351,287 Roberto Mariani Democratic Party 2024
    Lecco 332,435 Alessandra Hofmann Forza Italia 2021
    Lodi 227,064 Fabrizio Santantonio Democratic Party 2022
    Sondrio 178,208 Davide Menegola Independent (Forza Italia)2023

    Municipalities

    Lombardy is also divided in 1,546 comuni (municipalities), which have even more history, having been established in the Middle Ages when they were the main places of government. There are twelve provincial capital cities in Lombardy and twenty-four comuni have more than 40,000 inhabitants, most of which are ruled by the centre-left.

    Provincial capitals

    MunicipalityInhabitantsMayorPartyElection
    Milan (list)1,371,498 Giuseppe Sala Independent (Democratic Party)2021
    Brescia (list)196,850 Laura Castelletti Independent (Democratic Party)2023
    Monza (list)122,099 Paolo Pilotto Democratic Party 2022
    Bergamo (list)120,207Elena Carnevali Democratic Party 2024
    Como (list)83,626 Alessandro Rapinese Independent2022
    Varese (list)78,875 Davide Galimberti Democratic Party 2021
    Pavia (list)71,159Michele Lissia Democratic Party 2024
    Cremona (list)70,943Andrea Virgilio Democratic Party 2024
    Mantua (list)48,648 Mattia Palazzi Democratic Party 2020
    Lecco (list)47,060 Mauro Gattinoni Democratic Party 2020
    Lodi (list)44,793 Andrea Furegato Democratic Party 2022
    Sondrio (list)21,180 Marco Scaramellini Lega 2023

      Others with 40,000+ inhabitants

      MunicipalityInhabitantsMayorPartyElection
      Busto Arsizio 82,981 Emanuele Antonelli Brothers of Italy 2021
      Sesto San Giovanni 79,732 Roberto Di Stefano Lega 2022
      Cinisello Balsamo 74,534 Giacomo Ghilardi Lega 2023
      Vigevano 62,384 Andrea Ceffa Lega 2020
      Legnano 59,816 Lorenzo Radice Democratic Party 2020
      Gallarate 52,826 Andrea Cassani Lega 2021
      Rho 50,604 Pietro Romano Democratic Party 2021
      Paderno Dugnano 47,084 Anna Varisco Democratic Party 2024
      Cologno Monzese 46,790 Stefano Zanelli Democratic Party 2023
      Lissone 46,142 Laura Borella Lega 2022
      Seregno 44,832 Alberto Rossi Democratic Party 2023
      Desio 41,635 Simone Gargiulo Democratic Party 2021
      Rozzano 41,437 Gianni Ferretti Forza Italia 2019

        Parties and elections

        Latest regional election

        In the latest regional election, which took place on 12–13 February 2023, Attilio Fontana (Lega LombardaLega) was re-elected President of Lombardy with the support of centre-right coalition.

        12–13 February 2023 Lombard regional election results
        Lombardy Council 2023.svg
        CandidatesVotes %SeatsPartiesVotes %Seats
        Attilio Fontana 1,774,47754.671
        Brothers of Italy 725,40225.1822
        LeagueLombard League 476,17516.5314
        Forza Italia 208,4207.236
        Fontana for President177,3876.165
        Us ModeratesRenaissance 33,7111.171
        Total1,621,09556.2748
        Pierfrancesco Majorino 1,101,41733.931
        Democratic Party 628,77421.8217
        Five Star Movement 113,2293.933
        Civic Pact – Majorino for President110,1263.822
        Greens and Left Alliance 93,0193.231
        Total945,14832.8023
        Letizia Moratti 320,3469.87Moratti for President152,6525.304
        Action – Italia Viva 122,3564.253
        Total275,0089.557
        Mara Ghidorzi49,5141.53 People's Union 39,9131.39
        Total candidates3,245,754100.002Total parties2,881,164100.0078
        Source: Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections

        References

        1. 1 2 Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
        2. "Regional Council of Lombardy – Electoral law". Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
        3. "Regional Council of Lombardy – Scheme for allocation of seats" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
        4. Ministry of the Interior – Electoral Archive
        5. "Regional Council of Lombardy – 1999 Constitutional Law" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
        6. "Regional Council of Lombardy – Autonomy Statute". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
        7. Lombardy Region – Regional Cabinet
        8. LombardiaNotizie Online (1 March 2023). "La Corte d'Appello di Milano ha proclamato Fontana presidente della Lombardia" [Milan's Court of Appeal has proclaimed Fontana as President of Lombardy] (in Italian). Retrieved 3 March 2023.
        9. LombardiaNotizie Online (10 March 2023). "Fontana bis, ecco la nuova Giunta della Regione Lombardia" [Fontana bis, here's the next executive of Lombardy Region] (in Italian). Retrieved 10 March 2023.