Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

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Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Other namesPOTS
Tachycardia in POTS.jpg
Tachycardia after a postural change in a patient with POTS
Specialty Cardiology, neurology
Symptoms More often with standing: lightheadedness, syncope, trouble thinking, tachycardia, weakness, [1] palpitations, heat intolerance, acrocyanosis
Usual onsetMost common (modal) age of onset is 14 years [2]
TypesNeuropathic POTS, Hyperadrenergic POTS, Secondary POTS.
CausesAntibodies against the Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine M4 receptor [3] [4] [5]
Risk factors Family history, [1] Ehlers Danlos Syndrome or Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
Diagnostic method An increase in heart rate by 30 beats/min with standing [1]
Differential diagnosis Dehydration, heart problems, adrenal insufficiency, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, [6] anemia
TreatmentAvoiding factors that bring on symptoms, increasing dietary salt and water, compression stockings, exercise, medications [1]
Medication Off label Medications: Beta blockers, Ivabradine, midodrine, fludrocortisone, and Pyridostigmine. [1]
Prognosis c. 90% improve with treatment, [7] 25% of patients unable to work [8]
Frequency~ 1,000,000 ~ 3,000,000 (US) [9]

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a condition characterized by an abnormally large increase in heart rate upon sitting up or standing. [1] POTS is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system that can lead to a variety of symptoms, [10] including lightheadedness, brain fog, blurred vision, weakness, fatigue, headaches, heart palpitations, exercise intolerance, nausea, diminished concentration, tremulousness (shaking), syncope (fainting), coldness or pain in the extremities, numbness or tingling in the extremities, chest pain, and shortness of breath. [1] [11] [12] Other conditions associated with POTS include myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, migraine headaches, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, asthma, autoimmune disease, vasovagal syncope, and mast cell activation syndrome. [10] [13] POTS symptoms may be treated with lifestyle changes such as increasing fluid, electrolyte, and salt intake, wearing compression stockings, gentle and slow postural changes, avoiding prolonged bedrest, medication, and physical therapy.

Contents

The causes of POTS are varied. [14] It may develop after a viral infection, surgery, trauma, autoimmune disease, or pregnancy. [7] It has been shown to emerge in previously healthy patients after COVID-19, [15] [16] [17] or possibly in rare cases after COVID-19 vaccination, though causative evidence is limited and further study is needed. [18] POTS is more common among people who got infected with SARS-CoV-2 than among those who got vaccinated against COVID-19. [19] Risk factors include a family history of the condition. [1] POTS in adults is characterized by a heart rate increase of 30 beats per minute within ten minutes of standing up, accompanied by other symptoms. [1] This increased heart rate should occur in the absence of orthostatic hypotension (>20  mm Hg drop in systolic blood pressure) [20] to be considered POTS, though some patients with POTS do not show any changes in blood pressure upon standing. A spinal fluid leak (called spontaneous intracranial hypotension) may have the same signs and symptoms as POTS and should be excluded. [21] Prolonged bedrest may lead to multiple symptoms, including blood volume loss and postural tachycardia. [22] Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, heart problems, adrenal insufficiency, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease, must not be present. [6]

Treatment may include:

More than 50% of patients whose condition was triggered by a viral infection get better within five years. [7] About 80% of patients have symptomatic improvement with treatment, while 25% are so disabled they are unable to work. [8] [7] A retrospective study on patients with adolescent-onset has shown that five years after diagnosis, 19% of patients had full resolution of symptoms. [30]

It is estimated that 1–3 million people in the United States have POTS. [31] The average age for POTS onset is 20, and it occurs about five times more frequently in females than in males. [1]

Signs and symptoms

Person standing and measuring heart rate with a pulse oximeter which shows tachycardia of 108 bpm Tachycardia while standing with a pulse oximeter.jpg
Person standing and measuring heart rate with a pulse oximeter which shows tachycardia of 108 bpm

POTS is a complex and multifaceted clinical disorder, the etiology and management of which remain incompletely understood. This syndrome is typified by a diverse array of nonspecific symptoms, making it a challenging condition to describe. [32]

Individuals living with POTS experience a diminished quality of life compared to healthy individuals, due to disruptions in various domains such as standing, playing sports, symptom anxiety, and impacts on school, work, or spiritual (religious) domains—these disruptions affect their daily life and overall well-being. [33]

In adults, the primary manifestation is an increase in heart rate of more than 30 beats per minute within ten minutes of standing up. [1] [34] The resulting heart rate is typically more than 120 beats per minute. [1] For people between ages 12 and 19, the minimum increase for a POTS diagnosis is 40 beats per minute. [35] POTS is often accompanied by common features of orthostatic intolerance—in which symptoms that develop while upright are relieved by reclining. [34] These orthostatic symptoms include palpitations, light-headedness, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, [34] nausea, weakness or "heaviness" in the lower legs, blurred vision, and cognitive difficulties. [1] Symptoms may be exacerbated with prolonged sitting, prolonged standing, alcohol, heat, exercise, or eating a large meal. [36]

POTS and dysautonomia often presents with narrowed pulse pressures. In some cases, patients experience a drop in pulse pressure to 0  mm Hg upon standing, rendering them practically pulseless while upright. This condition leads to significant morbidity, as many affected individuals struggle to remain standing. [37]

Up to one-third of POTS patients experience fainting for many reasons, including but not limited to standing, physical exertion, or heat exposure. [1] POTS patients may also experience orthostatic headaches. [38] Some POTS patients may develop blood pooling in the extremities, characterized by a reddish-purple color of the legs and/or hands upon standing. [39] [40] [41] [42] 48% of people with POTS report chronic fatigue and 32% report sleep disturbances. [43] [44] [33] [45] [46] Other POTS patients only exhibit the cardinal symptom of orthostatic tachycardia. [41] Additional signs and symptoms are varied, and may include excessive sweating, lack of sweating, heat intolerance, digestive issues such as nausea, indigestion, constipation or diarrhea, post-exertional malaise, coat-hanger pain, brain fog, and syncope or presyncope. [47]

Whereas POTS is primarily characterized by its profound impact on the autonomic and cardiovascular systems, it can lead to substantial functional impairment. This impairment, often manifesting as symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and sleep disturbances, can significantly diminish the patient's quality of life. [33]

Brain fog

One of the most disabling and prevalent symptoms in POTS is "brain fog", [11] a term used by patients to describe the cognitive difficulties they experience. In one survey of 138 POTS patients, brain fog was defined as "forgetful" (91%), "difficulty thinking" (89%), and "difficulty focusing" (88%). Other common descriptions were "difficulty processing what others say" (80%), "confusion" (71%), "getting lost" (64%), and "thoughts moving too quickly" (40%). [12] The same survey described the most common triggers of brain fog to be fatigue (91%), lack of sleep (90%), prolonged standing (87%), and dehydration (86%). [12]

Neuropsychological testing has shown that a POTS patient has reduced attention (Ruff 2&7 speed and WAIS-III digits forward), short-term memory (WAIS-III digits back), cognitive processing speed (symbol digits modalities test), and executive function (Stroop word color and trails B). [48] [49] [50]

A potential cause for brain fog is a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF), especially in upright position. [51] [52] [53]

There may be a loss of neurovascular coupling and reduced functional hyperemia in response to cognitive challenge under orthostatic stress – perhaps related to a loss of autoregulatory buffering of beat-by-beat fluctuations in arterial blood flow. [54]

Co-morbidities

Conditions that are commonly reported with POTS include: [10] [13]

Causes

The pathophysiology of POTS is not attributable to a single cause or unified hypothesis—it is the result of multiple interacting mechanisms, each contributing to the overall clinical presentation; the mechanisms may include autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, deconditioning, hyperadrenergic states, etc. [32]

The symptoms of POTS can be caused by several distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. [34] These mechanisms are poorly understood, [35] and can overlap, with many patients showing features of multiple POTS types. [34] Many people with POTS exhibit low blood volume (hypovolemia), which can decrease the rate of blood flow to the heart. [34] To compensate for low blood volume, the heart increases its cardiac output by beating faster (reflex tachycardia), [56] leading to the symptoms of presyncope.

In the 30% to 60% of cases classified as hyperadrenergic POTS, norepinephrine levels are elevated on standing, [1] often due to hypovolemia or partial autonomic neuropathy. [34] A smaller minority of people with POTS have (typically very high) standing norepinephrine levels that are elevated even in the absence of hypovolemia and autonomic neuropathy; this is classified as central hyperadrenergic POTS. [34] [42] The high norepinephrine levels contribute to symptoms of tachycardia. [34] Another subtype, neuropathic POTS, is associated with denervation of sympathetic nerves in the lower limbs. [34] In this subtype, it is thought that impaired constriction of the blood vessels causes blood to pool in the veins of the lower limbs. [1] Heart rate increases to compensate for this blood pooling. [57]

A subset of POTS patients have markedly reduced myocardial MIBG reuptake via MIBG myocardial scintigraphy, [58] [59] interpreted to be a potential manifestation of autonomic cardiac neuropathy, although reduced expression of the norepinephrine transporter may also result in impaired MIBG reuptake and has been implicated in POTS. [60]

In up to 50% of cases, there was an onset of symptoms following a viral illness. [61] It may also be linked to physical trauma, concussion, pregnancy, surgery or psychosocial stress. [62] [23] [41] It is believed that these events could act as a trigger for an autoimmune response that result in POTS. [63] It has been shown to emerge in previously healthy patients after COVID-19, [64] [15] [16] or after COVID-19 vaccination. [18] A 2023 review found that the chances of being diagnosed with POTS within 90 days after mRNA vaccination were 1.33 times higher compared to 90 days before vaccination, still, the results are inconclusive due to a small sample size; only 12 cases of newly diagnosed POTS after mRNA vaccination were reported, all these 12 patients having autoimmune antibodies. However, the risk of POTS-related diagnoses was 5.35 times higher after getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to after mRNA vaccination. [65] Possible mechanisms for COVID-induced POTS are hypovolemia, autoimmunity/inflammation from antibody production against autonomic nerve fibers, and direct toxic effects of COVID-19, or secondary sympathetic nervous system stimulation. [64]

POTS is more common in females than males. POTS also has been linked to patients with a history of autoimmune diseases, [62] long Covid, [66] [67] [68] irritable bowel syndrome, anemia, hyperthyroidism, fibromyalgia, diabetes, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. Genetics likely plays a role, with one study finding that one in eight POTS patients reported a history of orthostatic intolerance in their family. [56]

Physical deconditioning may be a factor involved in POTS. [69] [70] Strong parallels have been found between POTS and strong physical deconditioning or people who have undergone prolonged periods of bed rest. [69] [70] Both POTS and deconditioning are marked by cardiac atrophy, reduced blood volume, and other physical changes. [69] [70] There are also similarities between POTS and deconditioning in response to exercise. [69] [70] There are however distinct differences between classic cardiovascular deconditioning and POTS in most cases [71] [72]

There appears to be some overlap between POTS and certain other conditions like chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. [69]

Autoimmunity

There is an increasing number of studies indicating that POTS is an autoimmune disease. [62] [5] [73] [3] [74] [75] A high number of patients has elevated levels of autoantibodies against the α1-adrenergic receptor and against the muscarinic acetylcholine M4 receptor. [76] [4] [77]

Elevations of autoantibodies targeting the α1-adrenergic receptor has been associated with symptoms severity in patients with POTS. [76]

More recently, autoantibodies against other targets have been identified in small cohorts of POTS patients. [78] Signs of innate immune system activation with elaboration of pro-inflammatory cytokines has also been reported in a cohort of POTS patients. [77] Studies suggest the involvement of adrenergic, cholinergic, and angiotensin II type I autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of orthostatic intolerance, so that these autoantibodies are thought to interfere with the normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system, leading to the symptoms observed in POTS; as such, there is growing interest in the use of immunomodulation therapy as a potential treatment strategy for POTS: immunomodulation therapy aims to regulate or normalize the immune response, thereby reducing the production of harmful autoantibodies. [79]

Secondary POTS

If POTS is caused by another condition, it may be classified as secondary POTS. [7] Chronic diabetes mellitus is one common cause. [7] POTS can also be secondary to gastrointestinal disorders that are associated with low fluid intake due to nausea or fluid loss through diarrhea, leading to hypovolemia. [1] Systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases have also been linked to POTS. [62]

There is a subset of patients who present with both POTS and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and it is not yet clear whether MCAS is a secondary cause of POTS or simply comorbid, however, treating MCAS for these patients can significantly improve POTS symptoms. [24]

POTS can also co-occur in all types of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), [41] [80] a hereditary connective tissue disorder marked by loose hypermobile joints prone to subluxations and dislocations, skin that exhibits moderate or greater laxity, easy bruising, and many other symptoms. A trifecta of POTS, EDS, and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is becoming increasingly more common, with a genetic marker common among all three conditions. [81] [82] [83] [84] POTS is also often accompanied by vasovagal syncope, with a 25% overlap being reported. [85] There are some overlaps between POTS and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), with evidence of POTS in 10–20% of ME/CFS cases. [86] [85] Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance are prominent symptoms of both conditions, and dysautonomia may underlie both conditions. [85]

POTS can sometimes be a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with cancer. [87]

There have also been reports of patients experiencing co-occurring POTS, May-Thurner Syndrome, and EDS. [80]

There are case reports of people developing POTS and other forms of dysautonomia post-COVID. [16] [88] [89] [90] There is no good large-scale empirical evidence yet to prove a connection, so for now the evidence is preliminary. [91]

Diagnosis

Results of a tilt table test positive for POTS Tilt table test showing POTS.webp
Results of a tilt table test positive for POTS

POTS is a complex disorder with a multifactorial etiology, and the diagnostics of POTS is challenging. [32]

POTS is most commonly diagnosed by a cardiologist (41%), cardiac electrophysiologist (15%), or neurologist (19%). [2] The average number of physicians seen before receiving diagnosis is seven, and the average delay before diagnosis is 4.7 years. [2]

Diagnostic criteria

A POTS diagnosis requires the following characteristics: [10]

Alternative tests to the tilt table test are also used, such as the NASA Lean Test [92] and the adapted Autonomic Profile (aAP) [93] which require less equipment to complete. Nonpostural testing, such as the Valsalva maneuver, which may minimize the triggering of POTS symptoms, can be used prior to or in conjunction with the aforementioned techniques as a potential indicator of orthostatic intolerance, including POTS. [94] [95]

Orthostatic intolerance

An increase in heart rate upon moving to an upright posture is known as orthostatic (upright) tachycardia (fast heart rate). It occurs without any coinciding drop in blood pressure, as that would indicate orthostatic hypotension. [34] Certain medications to treat POTS may cause orthostatic hypotension. It is accompanied by other features of orthostatic intolerance—symptoms that develop in an upright position and are relieved by reclining. [34] These orthostatic symptoms include palpitations, light-headedness, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, [34] nausea, weakness or "heaviness" in the lower legs, blurred vision, and cognitive difficulties. [1]

Differential diagnoses

A variety of autonomic tests are employed to exclude autonomic disorders that could underlie symptoms, while endocrine testing is used to exclude hyperthyroidism and rarer endocrine conditions. [41] Electrocardiography is normally performed on all patients to exclude other possible causes of tachycardia. [1] [41] In cases where a particular associated condition or complicating factor are suspected, other non-autonomic tests may be used: echocardiography to exclude mitral valve prolapse, and thermal threshold tests for small-fiber neuropathy. [41]

Testing the cardiovascular response to prolonged head-up tilting, exercise, eating, and heat stress may help determine the best strategy for managing symptoms. [41] [36] POTS has also been divided into several types (see § Causes), which may benefit from distinct treatments. [96] People with neuropathic POTS show a loss of sweating in the feet during sweat tests, as well as impaired norepinephrine release in the leg, [97] but not arm. [1] [96] [98] This is believed to reflect peripheral sympathetic denervation in the lower limbs. [97] [99] [1] People with hyperadrenergic POTS show a marked increase of blood pressure and norepinephrine levels when standing, and are more likely to have from prominent palpitations, anxiety, and tachycardia. [100] [101] [61] [96]

People with POTS can be misdiagnosed with inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) as they present similarly. One distinguishing feature is those with POTS rarely exhibit >100 bpm while in a supine position, while patients with IST often have a resting heart rate >100 bpm. Additionally patients with POTS display a more pronounced change in heart rate in response to postural change. [7]

Treatment

Despite numerous therapeutic interventions proposed for the management of POTS, none have received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for this indication, and no effective treatment strategies have been identified that would have been confirmed by large clinical trials. [32]

POTS treatment involves using multiple methods in combination to counteract cardiovascular dysfunction, address symptoms, and simultaneously address any associated disorders. [41] [32] For most patients, water intake should be increased, especially after waking, in order to expand blood volume (reducing hypovolemia). [41] [32] Eight to ten cups of water daily are recommended. [24] Increasing salt intake, by adding salt to food, taking salt tablets, or drinking sports drinks and other electrolyte solutions is an effective way to raise blood pressure by helping the body retain water. Different physicians recommend different amounts of sodium to their patients. [102] Combining these techniques with gradual physical training enhances their effect. [41] [32] In some cases, when increasing oral fluids and salt intake is not enough, intravenous saline or the drug desmopressin is used to help increase fluid retention. [41] [42]

Large meals worsen symptoms for some people. These people may benefit from eating small meals frequently throughout the day instead. [41] Alcohol and food high in carbohydrates can also exacerbate symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. [35] Excessive consumption of caffeine beverages should be avoided, because they can promote urine production (leading to fluid loss) and consequently hypovolemia. [41] Exposure to extreme heat may also aggravate symptoms. [24]

Prolonged physical inactivity can worsen the symptoms of POTS. [41] [69] POTS may be caused or exacerbated by deconditioning. [69] [103] Techniques that increase a person's capacity for exercise, such as endurance training or graded exercise therapy, can relieve symptoms for some patients. [41] [69] Exercise programs can be very effective and can lead to remission in many people with POTS. [103] [69] [70] [23] [104] Aerobic exercise performed for 20 minutes a day, three times a week, is sometimes recommended for patients who can tolerate it. [102] Exercise may have the immediate effect of worsening tachycardia, especially after a meal or on a hot day. [41] In these cases, it may be easier to exercise in a semi-reclined position, such as riding a recumbent bicycle, rowing, or swimming. [41] Although exercise may be difficult initially, it becomes progressively easier as physical conditioning improves. [103] [69] [70]

When changing to an upright posture, finishing a meal, or concluding exercise, a sustained hand grip can briefly raise the blood pressure, possibly reducing symptoms. [41] Compression garments can also be of benefit by constricting blood pressures with external body pressure. [41]

Aggravating factors include exertion (81%), continued standing (80%), heat (79%), and after meals (42%). [105]

Medication

If non-pharmacological methods are ineffective, medication may be necessary. [41] Medications used may include beta blockers, pyridostigmine, midodrine, [106] or fludrocortisone, among others. [107] [1] As of 2013, no medication has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat POTS, but a variety are used off-label. [24] Their efficacy has not yet been examined in long-term randomized controlled trials. [24]

Fludrocortisone, a mineralocorticoid, may be used to enhance sodium retention and blood volume, which may be beneficial not only by augmenting sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction, but also because a large subset of POTS patients appear to have low absolute blood volume. [108] However, fludrocortisone may cause hypokalemia (low potassium levels). [109]

While people with POTS typically have normal or even elevated arterial blood pressure, the neuropathic form of POTS is presumed to constitute a selective sympathetic venous denervation. [108] In these patients the selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist midodrine may increase venous return, enhance stroke volume, and improve symptoms. [108] Midodrine should only be taken during the daylight hours as it may promote supine hypertension. [108]

Sinus node blocker ivabradine can successfully restrain heart rate in POTS without affecting blood pressure, demonstrated in approximately 60% of people with POTS treated in an open-label trial of ivabradine experienced symptom improvement. [110] [111] [108]

Pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and parasympathomimetic, has been reported to restrain heart rate and improve chronic symptoms in approximately half of people. However, it may cause GI side effects that limit its use in around 20% of its patient population. [112] [24]

The selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine has been used successfully to enhance venous return and stroke volume in some people with POTS. [113] However, this medication may be hampered by poor oral bioavailability. [114] Indirectly acting sympathomimetics, like the norepinephrine releasing agents ephedrine and pseudoephedrine and the norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors methylphenidate and bupropion, have also been used in the treatment of POTS. [32] [115] [116] [117] The norepinephrine prodrug droxidopa has been used as well. [116] [118]

Pharmacologic treatments for postural tachycardia syndrome
POTS subtypesTherapeutic actionGoalDrug(s)
Neuropathic POTS α1-Adrenergic receptor agonist Constrict the peripheral blood vessels aiding venous return. Midodrine [29] [119] [120] [121]
Splanchnic–mesenteric vasoconstrictionSplanchnic vasoconstriction Octreotide [122] [123]
Hypovolemic POTSSynthetic mineralocorticoidForces the body to retain salt. Increase blood volume Fludrocortisone (Florinef) [124] [125]
Vasopressin receptor agonistHelps retain water, Increase blood volume Desmopressin (DDAVP) [126]
Hyperadrenergic POTSBeta-blockers (non-selective)Decrease sympathetic tone and heart rate. Propranolol (Inderal) [127] [128] [129]
Beta-blockers (selective) Metoprolol (Toprol), [119] [130] Bisoprolol [131] [124]
Selective sinus node blockadeDirectly reducing tachycardia. Ivabradine [110] [111] [132] [133] [134]
α2-Adrenergic receptor agonist Decreases blood pressure and sympathetic nerve traffic. Clonidine, [24] Methyldopa [24]
Anticholinesterase inhibitors Splanchnic vasoconstriction. Increase blood pressure. Pyridostigmine [28] [135] [136]
Other (refractory POTS)PsychostimulantImprove cognitive symptoms (brain fog) Modafinil [137] [138]
Central nervous system stimulantTighten blood vessels. Increases alertness and improves brain fog. Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) [117]
Direct and indirect α1-adrenoreceptor agonist.Increased blood flows Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine [116]
Norepinephrine precursor Improve blood vessel contraction Droxidopa (Northera) [116] [118]
α2-Adrenergic receptor antagonist Increase blood pressure Yohimbine [139]

Prognosis

POTS has a favorable prognosis when managed appropriately. [41] Symptoms improve within five years of diagnosis for many patients, and 60% return to their original level of functioning. [41] Approximately 90% of people with POTS respond to a combination of pharmacological and physical treatments. [7] Those who develop POTS in their early to mid teens will likely respond well to a combination of physical methods as well as pharmacotherapy. [140] Outcomes are more guarded for adults newly diagnosed with POTS. [56] Some people do not recover, and a few even worsen with time. [7] The hyperadrenergic type of POTS typically requires continuous therapy. [7] If POTS is caused by another condition, outcomes depend on the prognosis of the underlying disorder. [7]

Epidemiology

The prevalence of POTS is unknown. [41] One study estimated a minimal rate of 170 POTS cases per 100,000 individuals, but the true prevalence is likely higher due to underdiagnosis. [41] Another study estimated that there are at least 500,000 cases in the United States. [6] POTS is more common in women than men, with a female-to-male ratio of 4:1. [96] [141] Most people with POTS are aged between 20 and 40, with an average onset of 21. [2] [96] Diagnoses of POTS beyond age 40 are rare, perhaps because symptoms improve with age. [41]

As recently stated, [142] up to one-third of POTS patients also present with Vasovagal Syncope (VVS).  This ratio is probably higher if pre-Syncope patients, patients that report the symptoms of Syncope without overt fainting, were included.  Given the difficulty with current autonomic measurements in quantitatively isolating and differentiating Parasympathetic (Vagal) activity from Sympathetic activity without assumption or approximation, the current direction of research and clinical assessment is understandable:  perpetuating uncertainty regarding underlying cause, prescribing beta-blockers and proper daily hydration as the only therapy, not addressing the orthostatic dysfunction as the underlying cause, and recommending acceptance and associated lifestyle changes to cope.[ citation needed ] 

Direct measures of Parasympathetic (Vagal) activity obviates the uncertainty and lack of true relief of POTS as well as VVS.  For example, the hypothesis that POTS is an auto-immune disorder may be an indication that a significant number of POTS cases are indeed co-morbid with VVS.  Remember the Parasympathetic Nervous System is the memory for, and controls and coordinates, the immune system.  If Parasympathetic (Vagal) over-, or prolonged-, activation is chronic then portions of the immune system may remain active beyond the limits of the infection.  Given that portions of the immune system are not of self, these portions remain active and continue to "feed."  Once the only source of "feed" is self, the immune system begins to attack the host.  This is the definition of autoimmune.  This is a counter-hypothesis that may provide a simpler explanation with a more immediate plan for therapy and relief.  For it may be that relieving the Vagal over-activation, will retires the self-attacking portion of the immune system, thereby relieving the autoimmunity.[ citation needed ]

Another example may be "Hyperadrenergic POTS."  A counter hypothesis and perhaps a simpler explanation that leads to more direct therapy and improved outcomes is again the fact that POTS and VVS may be co-morbid.  It is well known that Parasympathetic (Vagal) over-activation may cause secondary Sympathetic over-activation.  Without direct Parasympathetic (Vagal) measures, the resulting assumption is that the secondary Sympathetic over-activation (the definition of "hyperadrenergic") is actually the primary autonomic dysfunction.  Simply treating the (secondary) Sympathetic over-activation may be just treating a symptom in these cases, which may work for a while but then the body compensates and more medication is needed or the patient become unresponsive and the permanent degraded lifestyles are considered the only option.  Again, this is unfortunate.  Given that cases of POTS with VVS involves different portions of the nervous system (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic), and that both branches may be treated simultaneously, albeit differently, true relief of both conditions, as needed, is quite possible, and the cases of these newer hypothesized causes may be relieved with current, less expensive, and shorter-term therapy modalities.[ citation needed ]

Research directions

A key area for further exploration of POTS management is the autonomic nervous system and its response to the orthostatic challenge. The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis during changes in posture. A deeper understanding of its function and the alterations that occur in POTS could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets and the mechanisms of POTS treatment. [32]

History

In 1871, physician Jacob Mendes Da Costa described a condition that resembled the modern concept of POTS. He named it irritable heart syndrome. [41] Cardiologist Thomas Lewis expanded on the description, coining the term soldier's heart because it was often found among military personnel. [41] The condition came to be known as Da Costa's syndrome, [41] which is now recognized as several distinct disorders, including POTS.[ citation needed ]

Postural tachycardia syndrome was coined in 1982 in a description of a patient who had postural tachycardia, but not orthostatic hypotension. [41] Ronald Schondorf and Phillip A. Low of the Mayo Clinic first used the name postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, POTS, in 1993. [41] [143]

Notable cases

British politician Nicola Blackwood revealed in March 2015 that she had been diagnosed with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome in 2013 and that she had later been diagnosed with POTS. [144] She was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Life Science by Prime Minister Theresa May in 2019 and given a life peerage that enabled her to take a seat in Parliament. As a junior minister, it is her responsibility to answer questions in parliament on the subjects of Health and departmental business. When answering these questions, it is customary for ministers to sit when listening to the question and then to rise to give an answer from the despatch box, thus standing up and sitting down numerous times in quick succession throughout a series of questions. On 17 June 2019, she fainted during one of these questioning sessions after standing up from a sitting position four times in the space of twelve minutes, [145] and it was suggested that her POTS was a factor in her fainting. Asked about the incident, she stated: "I was frustrated and embarrassed my body gave up on me at work ... But I am grateful it gives me a chance to shine a light on a condition many others are also living with." [146]

In 2024, Taiwanese tennis player Latisha Chan revealed that she was diagnosed with POTS back in 2014 and has been receiving treatments before Summer Olympics as well. Her condition was considered career-threatening, but has had her career extended by over a decade due to external counterpulsation. [147]

In her 2024 memoir Just Add Water, Olympic gold medalist swimmer Katie Ledecky shared that she has a mild form of POTS. [148]

Related Research Articles

Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition wherein a person's blood pressure drops when they are standing up (orthostasis) or sitting down. Primary orthostatic hypotension is also often referred to as neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. The drop in blood pressure may be sudden, within 3 minutes or gradual. It is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg after 3 minutes of standing. It occurs predominantly by delayed constriction of the lower body blood vessels, which is normally required to maintain adequate blood pressure when changing the position to standing. As a result, blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period, and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output and inadequate blood flow to the brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dysautonomia</span> Any disease or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system

Dysautonomia, autonomic failure, or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This may affect the functioning of the heart, bladder, intestines, sweat glands, pupils, and blood vessels. Dysautonomia has many causes, not all of which may be classified as neuropathic. A number of conditions can feature dysautonomia, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and autonomic neuropathy, HIV/AIDS, mitochondrial cytopathy, pure autonomic failure, autism, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypotension</span> Abnormally low blood pressure

Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a cardiovascular condition characterized by abnormally reduced blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood and is indicated by two numbers, the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure, which are the maximum and minimum blood pressures within the cardiac cycle, respectively. A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic of less than 60 mmHg is generally considered to be hypotension. Different numbers apply to children. However, in practice, blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reflex syncope</span> Brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure

Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure and/or a decrease in heart rate. Before an affected person passes out, there may be sweating, a decreased ability to see, or ringing in the ears. Occasionally, the person may twitch while unconscious. Complications of reflex syncope include injury due to a fall.

Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is the development of symptoms when standing upright that are relieved when reclining. There are many types of orthostatic intolerance. OI can be a subcategory of dysautonomia, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system occurring when an individual stands up. Some animal species with orthostatic hypotension have evolved to cope with orthostatic disturbances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exercise intolerance</span> Inability to perform physical exercise at normal levels

Exercise intolerance is a condition of inability or decreased ability to perform physical exercise at the normally expected level or duration for people of that age, size, sex, and muscle mass. It also includes experiences of unusually severe post-exercise pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting or other negative effects. Exercise intolerance is not a disease or syndrome in and of itself, but can result from various disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinus tachycardia</span> Sinus rhythm with a rate that is higher than normal

Sinus tachycardia is a sinus rhythm of the heart, with an increased rate of electrical discharge from the sinoatrial node, resulting in a tachycardia, a heart rate that is higher than the upper limit of normal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midodrine</span> Vasopressor/antihypotensive agent

Midodrine, sold under the brand names ProAmatine and Orvaten among others, is a vasopressor or antihypotensive medication used to treat orthostatic hypotension and urinary incontinence. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tilt table test</span> Medical procedure often used to diagnose dysautonomia or syncope

A tilt table test (TTT), occasionally called upright tilt testing (UTT), is a medical procedure often used to diagnose dysautonomia or syncope. Patients with symptoms of dizziness or lightheadedness, with or without a loss of consciousness (fainting), suspected to be associated with a drop in blood pressure or positional tachycardia are good candidates for this test.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pure autonomic failure</span> Medical condition

Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is an uncommon, sporadic neurodegenerative condition marked by a steadily declining autonomic regulation. Bradbury and Eggleston originally described pure autonomic failure in 1925.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inappropriate sinus tachycardia</span> Syndrome where the sinus heart rate is inexplicably faster than expected

Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is defined as sinus tachycardia that is not caused by identifiable medical ailments, a physiological reaction, or pharmaceuticals (a diagnosis of exclusion) and is accompanied by symptoms, frequently invalidating and affecting quality of life. IST symptoms include palpitations, chest discomfort, exhaustion, shortness of breath, presyncope, and syncope.

Da Costa's syndrome, also known as soldier's heart among other names, was a syndrome or a set of symptoms similar to those of heart disease. These include fatigue upon exertion, shortness of breath, palpitations, sweating, chest pain, and sometimes orthostatic intolerance. It was originally thought to be a cardiac condition, and treated with a predecessor to modern cardiac drugs. In modern times, it is believed to represent several unrelated disorders, some of which have a known medical basis.

Julia L. Newton is Clinical Professor of Ageing and Medicine and Dean for Clinical Medicine at the School of Clinical Medical Sciences of Newcastle University in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. She is Director of MD Studies in the Faculty of Medical Sciences at Newcastle, and a member of the Pharmacogenomics & Complex Disease Genetics Research Group

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syncope (medicine)</span> Transient loss of consciousness and postural tone

Syncope, commonly known as fainting or passing out, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. It is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain, typically from low blood pressure. There are sometimes symptoms before the loss of consciousness such as lightheadedness, sweating, pale skin, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, or feeling warm. Syncope may also be associated with a short episode of muscle twitching. Psychiatric causes can also be determined when a patient experiences fear, anxiety, or panic; particularly before a stressful event, usually medical in nature. When consciousness and muscle strength are not completely lost, it is called presyncope. It is recommended that presyncope be treated the same as syncope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthostatic headache</span> Medical condition

Orthostatic headache is a medical condition in which a person develops a headache while vertical and the headache is relieved when horizontal. Previously it was often misdiagnosed as different primary headache disorders such as migraine or tension headaches. Increasing awareness of the symptom and its causes has prevented delayed or missed diagnosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency</span> Medical condition

Dopamine beta (β)-hydroxylase deficiency is a human medical condition involving inadequate dopamine beta-hydroxylase. It is characterized by increased amounts of serum dopamine and the absence of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine.

Orthostatic syncope refers to syncope resulting from a postural decrease in blood pressure, termed orthostatic hypotension.

Heat intolerance is a symptom characterized by feeling overheated in warm environments or when the surrounding environment's temperature rises. Typically, the person feels uncomfortably hot and sweats excessively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthostatic hypertension</span> Medical condition

Orthostatic hypertension is a medical condition consisting of a sudden and abrupt increase in blood pressure (BP) when a person stands up. Orthostatic hypertension is diagnosed by a rise in systolic BP of 20 mmHg or more when standing. Orthostatic diastolic hypertension is a condition in which the diastolic BP raises to 98 mmHg or over in response to standing, but this definition currently lacks clear medical consensus, so is subject to change. Orthostatic hypertension involving the systolic BP is known as systolic orthostatic hypertension.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy</span> Medical condition

Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is a type of immune-mediated autonomic failure that is associated with antibodies against the ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor present in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric ganglia. Typical symptoms include gastrointestinal dysmotility, orthostatic hypotension, and tonic pupils. Many cases have a sudden onset, but others worsen over time, resembling degenerative forms of autonomic dysfunction. For milder cases, supportive treatment is used to manage symptoms. Plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, or immunosuppression have been used successfully to treat more severe cases.

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