Pseudodon vondembuschianus

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Pseudodon vondembuschianus
Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.419022 1 - Pseudodon vondembuschianus (Lea, 1840) - Unionidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg
Both valves of an individual mussel; Specimen, Naturalis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Unionida
Family: Unionidae
Genus: Pseudodon
Species:
P. vondembuschianus
Binomial name
Pseudodon vondembuschianus
(I. Lea, 1840)
Synonyms [2]
List
    • Margaritana vondembuschiana I. Lea, 1840 Basionym
    • Alasmodonta vondembuschiana (I. Lea, 1840)
    • Monodontina vondembuschiana (I. Lea, 1840)
    • Alasmodonta zollingeri f. angulosa Mousson, 1849
    • Pseudodon zollingeri (Mousson, 1849)
    • Monodontina buschiana Conrad, 1853
    • Monocondylaea planulata I. Lea, 1859
    • Unio vonbuschea G. B. Sowerby II, 1866
    • Bineurus hageni (Strubell, 1897)
    • Pseudodon hageni (Strubell, 1897)

Pseudodon vondembuschianus is a species of freshwater mussel from the family Unionidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia, present in both Mainland and Maritime nations of the region.

Contents

Nomenclature

In general, freshwater mussels are called kupang or kijing in Malay. [3] Kijing is also used as the Indonesian name. [4] [5]

Pseudodon vondembuschianus was previously assigned to other genera, including Margaritana , Alasmodonta [ sic ], Monodontina , Monocondylaea , Unio , and Bineurus . [2]

Description

Pseudodon vondembuschianus was originally described in 1840 by Isaac Lea from a specimen collected in Java. [a]

The mussel's shell is variable in shape, ranging from "fairly compressed" to "moderately inflated", though tending to be "elongately elliptical". [3] The shell is "winged", [7] though this may be limited to juveniles. [3] The umbo's sculpture zigzags, and there is a long and thin pseudocardinal tooth on each valve, close to the hinge. [3]

The mussels from Singapore grow up to be 87 millimetres (3.4 in) long, 53 millimetres (2.1 in) wide, and 26.5 millimetres (1.04 in) in height. [8] Like many other unionids, P. vondembuschianus is dark brown in color. This species is difficult to distinguish from other Pseudodon spp. if solely relying on morphology. [3]

There are 6 subspecies: [2]

Segment of time-calibrated phylogeny of the tribe Pseudodontini based on the complete set of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences (five partitions: three codons of COI + 16S rRNA + 28S rRNA); [7]

Pseudodontina

Namkongnaia

Pseudodon

Pseudodon vondembuschianus vondembuschianus

Pseudodon mekongi

Pseudodon vondembuschianus tapienicus

Pseudodon vondembuschianus thasaenicus

Pseudodon vondembuschianus laosicus

Distribution

Pseudodon vondembuschianus inhabits the rivers, forest streams, wetlands, and lakes of Southeast Asia, [8] though some sources suggest the species is a specialist of rivers and streams (habitats with flowing instead of stagnant water), [13] and it has also been found in flowing irrigation channels. [14] It is widespread, being native to Cambodia, Java, Sumatra, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and southern Vietnam, and may also be present in Kalimantan, Sabah, and Sarawak (Borneo). [1] A Singaporean population is suspected to originate from an introduction event that occurred between 1973 and 1989; the population was discovered on 24 August 1989, from the Sungai Seleter reservoir, and is thought to have "hitchhiked" on introduced ornamental fish as glochidia. [8] [1] However, further study revealed that this population is in fact a tropical-adapted lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana , which is more widespread due to its invasiveness. [7]

Biology

Lifecycle of Margaritifera margaritifera, with parasitic glochidia. It is thought that P. vondembuschianus undertakes a similar process to reproduce. Margaritifiera-margaritifiera-reproduction.png
Lifecycle of Margaritifera margaritifera , with parasitic glochidia. It is thought that P. vondembuschianus undertakes a similar process to reproduce.

The details of this species' biology, such as growth, age of maturity, hosts, specific distribution, population trends, and threats, are unknown due to lack of research of this species and of Unionids in general. [3]

Like other unionids, P. vondembuschianus parasitizes fish to ensure dispersal. The host species (and whether there are multiple) is unknown, [13] though the widespread distribution of this mussel suggests equally widespread host species. [7]

In some waterways, the density of this species may reach 50 individual mussels/1 square metre (11 sq ft). [3] These mussels are often associated with Contradens contradens , another unionid mussel species. [3] Rhodeus laoensis , a bitterling, is thought to deposit its eggs within this species' shell (using an elongate ovipositor, as other bitterling species do), and in turn it is thought that this mussel's glochidia are hosted by the bitterling. [15]

Relation to humans

Pseudodon vondembuschianus, like other freshwater bivalves, is eaten by humans. [3] Its shells are also used in hand-crafted jewelry. [1]

Palaeontology/archaeology

Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL, with details of the engraving Homo Erectus shell with geometric incisions circa 500,000 BP, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands (with detail).jpg
Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL, with details of the engraving

Specimen DUB1006-fL is a fossilized shell of Pseudodon vondembuschianus trinilensis that was uncovered in Trinil, Java, Indonesia. The shell has a zigzag engraving on its surface thought to be carved by a Homo erectus individual. It was carved between 540,000 and 430,000 years before present, and is the oldest known anthropogenic carving in the world. [11] There is an ongoing controversy on whether or not the carving can qualify as art (which would make it the oldest piece of art in the world). Some commentators call it a "doodle" [16] or "decorative marks", [17] while others suggest that the carving is explicitly art. [18] [19] [20]

References

  1. ↑ Margaritana Vondenbuschiana. Testâ obovatâ, compressâ, inæquilaterali; valvulis tenuibus; natibus subprominentibus; epidermide luteo-fuscâ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, tuberculatis; margaritâ albâ et iridescente. Hab. Java.—G. Von den Busch, M.D. [6]
  1. 1 2 3 4 Bogan, A. (2012). "Pseudodon vondembuschianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2012: e.T171886A1335517. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T171886A1335517.en . Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 Maxim Vinarski. Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Pseudodon vondembuschianus (I. Lea, 1840)". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zieritz, Alexandra; Lopes-Lima, Manuel (June 2018). Handbook and National Red-List of the Freshwater Mussels of Malaysia (PDF). Kuala Lumpur: IUCN — SSC. p. 19. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  4. ↑ Sumaedi, Ghivany Romadhoni (14 Feb 2025). Studi Morfologi pada Kerang Air Tawar Genus Pseudodon Gould, 1844 (Bivalvia, Unionidae) Di Pulau Jawa, Distribusi dan Status Konservasinya (Thesis). Universitas Soedirman. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
  5. ↑ Marwoto, Ristiyanti M. (October 1987). "BEBERAPA JENIS KERANG KIJING (SUKU: UNIONIDAE) DAN KEONG DI TEPI PERAIRAN SUNGAI RENGAS DAN SUNGKAI, PROPINSI JAMBI" (PDF). Berita Biologi. 3 (7): 306–309. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
  6. ↑ "Descriptions of New Fresh Water and Land Shells, by Isaac Lea". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. 1840. p. 288. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Ivan N. Bolotov; Ekaterina S. Konopleva; Ilya V. Vikhrev; Mikhail Y. Gofarov; Alexander V. Kondakov; Artem A. Lyubas; Alena A. Soboleva; Nyein Chan; Zau Lunn; Than Win; Khamla Inkhavilay (30 August 2023). "Integrative Taxonomic Reappraisal and Evolutionary Biogeography of the Most Diverse Freshwater Mussel Clade from Southeast Asia (Pseudodontini)". Water. 15 (17): 3117. Bibcode:2023Water..15.3117B. doi: 10.3390/w15173117 .
  8. 1 2 3 Yang, S. L. (1990). "Record of a Freshwater Bivalve, Pseudodon vondembuschianus, (Mollusca: Unionidae) in Singapore" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 38 (1): 83–84. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  9. 1 2 Bolotov, I.N.; Konopleva, E.S.; Vikhrev, I.V.; Gofarov, M.Y.; Lopes-Lima, M.; Bogan, A.E.; Lunn, Z.; Chan, N.; Win, T.; Aksenova, O.V.; et al. New freshwater mussel taxa discoveries clarify biogeographic division of Southeast Asia. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 6616.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Konopleva, E.S.; Lheknim, V.; Sriwoon, R.; Kondakov, A.V.; Tomilova, A.A.; Gofarov, M.Y.; Vikhrev, I.V.; Bolotov, I.N. (2023). "Diversity and Phylogenetics of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) from Southern Thailand with the Description of One New Genus and Five New Species-Group Taxa". Diversity. 15 (1): 10. doi: 10.3390/d15010010 .
  11. 1 2 Joordens, J.; d’Errico, F.; Wesselingh, F.P.; Munro, S.; de Vos, J.; Wallinga, J.; Ankjærgaard, C.; Reimann, T.; Wijbrans, J.R.; Kuiper, K.F.; Herman J. Mücher; Hélène Coqueugniot; Vincent Prié; Ineke Joosten; Bertil van Os; Anne S. Schulp; Michel Panuel; Victoria van der Haas; Wim Lustenhouwer; John J. G. Reijmer; Wil Roebroeks (2015). "Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving" . Nature. 518 (7538): 228–231. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..228J. doi:10.1038/nature13962. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   25470048. S2CID   4461751.
  12. ↑ Gibran, A.K.; Ananda, D.R.; Setijadi, R.; Nabil, M.I.; Purwasatriya, E.B. Paleocurrents and paleogeography of the Kalibiuk, Kaliglagah, Mengger, and Gintung Formation, Bumiayu-Tonjong, Central Java. AIP Conf. Proc. 2023, 2482, 080002.
  13. 1 2 Brandt, R.A.M. The non-marine aquatic mollusca of Thailand. Arch. Molluskenkd. 1974, 105, 1–423.
  14. ↑ Panha, S. The site survey and the study on reproductive cycles of freshwater pearl mussels in the central part of Thailand. Venus 1990, 49, 240–257.
  15. ↑ Kottelat, Maurice (September 2015). "The fishes of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai drainages, Laos". Hydroécologie Appliquée. 19 (4): 271–320. doi:10.1051/hydro/2015005 . Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  16. ↑ Callaway, Ewen (2014-12-03). "Homo erectus made world's oldest doodle 500,000 years ago" . Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.16477. S2CID   164153158.
  17. ↑ Thompson, Helen (2014-12-03). "Zigzags on a Shell From Java Are the Oldest Human Engravings". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  18. ↑ Brahic, Catherine (2014-12-03). "Shell 'art' made 300,000 years before humans evolved". New Scientist. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  19. ↑ Geggel, Laura 03 (2014-12-03). "540,000-Year-Old Shell Carvings May Be Human Ancestor's Oldest Art". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-04-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Keim, Brandon (2014-12-04). "World's Oldest Art Identified in Half-Million-Year-Old Zigzag". Adventure. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-18.

Pictures of specimens - The MUSSEL Project

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