Ptycholepiformes Temporal range: | |
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Ptycholepis bollensis fossil | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Ptycholepiformes Andrews et al. 1967 |
Families | |
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Ptycholepiformes are an extinct order of prehistoric ray-finned fish that existed during the Triassic period and the Early Jurassic epoch. [1] [2] The order includes the genera Acrorhabdus , Ardoreosomus , Boreosomus , Chungkingichthys , Ptycholepis , and Yuchoulepis . Although several families have been proposed, some studies place all these genera in the same family, Ptycholepididae. [3]
Ptycholepiformes had a widespread distribution during the Early Triassic, but were restricted to mainly Europe and North America afterwards. They are known from both marine and freshwater deposits.
Typical features of ptycholepiforms are the fusiform body covered in rhombic ganoid scales, the anterior position of the dorsal fin. In most coeval ray-fins the dorsal fin has a more posterior position), usually situated opposite to the anal fin. Moreover, ptycholepiforms show a series of elongate, horizontal suborbital bones. The skull is usually relatively large.
The scales are typically equipped with distinct longitudinal ridges. In Ptycholepis, the scales are low, whereas in genera, such as Ardoreosomus and Boreosomus, the scales are deeper. Peg-and-socket articulation between scales is present.
Species reached body sizes between 10 centimetres (0.33 ft) and 45 centimetres (1.48 ft). [4]
The evolutionary relationships of Ptycholepiformes are poorly known, but most cladistic analyses place them outside of the Neopterygii. [5] A close relationship between Ptycholepididae and the Carboniferous to Early Triassic Acrolepididae was proposed based on some similarities, but support from phylogenetic analyses is scarce. [6]
Palaeoniscum is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the Permian period (Guadalupian-Lopingian) of England, Germany, Turkey, North America and Greenland, and possibly other regions. The genus was named Palaeoniscum in 1818 by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, but was later misspelled as Palaeoniscus by Blainville and other authors. Palaeoniscum belongs to the family Palaeoniscidae.
Birgeria is a genus of carnivorous marine ray-finned fish from the Triassic period. Birgeria had a global distribution. Fossils were found in Madagascar, Spitsbergen, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, China, Russia, Canada and Nevada, United States. The oldest fossils are from Griesbachian aged beds of the Wordie Creek Formation of East Greenland.
Amblypterus is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Gzhelian and Cisuralian epoch in what is now Europe and possibly India and Argentina.
Axelia is an extinct genus of prehistoric lobe-finned fish, which belonged to the family of Coelacanthidae. It lived during the Smithian age of the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Fossils were found in the "Fish Niveau" of the Lusitaniadalen Member of the Vikinghøgda Formation.
Wimania is an extinct genus of coelacanth lobe-finned fish that lived during the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Svalbard. Fossils were found in the Smithian aged "Fish Niveau" of the Lusitaniadalen Member of the Vikinghøgda Formation. Wimania belongs to the family Coelacanthidae. It is named after Carl Wiman.
Australosomus is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Greenland, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, South Africa and Canada.
Acrolepis is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine bony fish that lived from the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian to the late Permian epoch. Some species from the Early Triassic of Tasmania are also ascribed to Acrolepis.
Mylacanthus is an extinct genus of prehistoric coelacanth lobe-finned fish that lived during the Smithian age of the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Svalbard.
Sassenia is an extinct genus of prehistoric coelacanth lobe-finned fish that lived during the Early Triassic epoch in what is now East Greenland and Svalbard.
Acentrophorus is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish from the Wuchiapingian of England and Germany (Kupferschiefer). There may also be a Triassic occurrence in Australia.
Bobasatrania is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that survived the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Fossils of Bobasatrania were found in beds of Changhsingian to Ladinian age. It was most speciose during the Early Triassic.
Boreosomus is an extinct genus of Triassic ray-finned fish. It was first described from the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, but was later also discovered in other parts of the world. The type species is Boreosomus arcticus.
Colobodus is an extinct genus of Triassic bony fish of the family Colobodontidae and order Perleidiformes. Fossils have been found in Europe and China. It could reach body lengths of about 70 cm.
Ptycholepis is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish having the head and opercular bones ornamented with ridges of ganoin, minute teeth, and thick scales.
Saurichthyiformes is an extinct order of ray-finned fish which existed in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe and North America, during the late Permian to early Middle Jurassic. Saurichthyiiformes comprise two families, Saurichthyidae and Yelangichthyidae. Yelangichthyidae is monotypic, containing only the genus Yelangichthys. The gar or needlefish-like Saurichthyidae is primarily known from the genus Saurichthys. Additionally, the subgenera SaurorhynchusCostasaurichthys, Eosaurichthys, Lepidosaurichthys, and Sinosaurichthys are frequently used to group species, and are sometimes considered separate genera. Species are known from both marine end freshwater deposits. They had their highest diversity during the Early and Middle Triassic. Their phylogenetic position is uncertain, while they have often been considered members of Chondrostei, and thus related to living sturgeons and paddlefish, phylogenetic analysis of well-preserved remains has considered this relationship equivocal. They may actually belong to the stem-group of Actinopterygii, and thus not closely related to any living group of ray-finned fish.
Perleidiformes are an extinct order of prehistoric ray-finned fish from the Triassic period Although numerous Triassic taxa have been referred to Perleidiformes, which ones should be included for it to form a monophyletic group is a matter of ongoing scientific debate.
Candelarialepis is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the Induan age of the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Nevada. It was described from the Candelaria Formation.
Ardoreosomus is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish. It was described from the Induan aged Candelaria Formation of Nevada, United States, which was located near the equator during the Early Triassic epoch. It contains only one species, A. occidentalis (monotypy).
Parasemionotiformes is an extinct order of neopterygian ray-finned fish that existed globally during the Triassic period. It comprises the families Parasemionotidae and Promecosominidae. Many of the included genera are monotypic and most species lived during the Early Triassic epoch.
Turseodus is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish found in Late Triassic freshwater sediments of the United States. Two species have been described, T. acutus from the Lockatong Formation of Pennsylvania, and T. dolorensis from the Chinle Formation of Colorado.
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