Ptycholepiformes

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Ptycholepiformes
Temporal range: Induan-Pliensbachian
Ptycholepis bollensis - Fossils in the Arppeanum - DSC05529.JPG
Ptycholepis bollensis fossil
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Ptycholepiformes
Andrews et al. 1967
Families

Ptycholepiformes are an extinct order of prehistoric ray-finned fish that existed during the Triassic period and the Early Jurassic epoch. [1] [2] The order includes the genera Acrorhabdus , Ardoreosomus , Boreosomus , Chungkingichthys , Ptycholepis , and Yuchoulepis . Although several families have been proposed, some studies place all these genera in the same family, Ptycholepididae. [3]

Contents

Ptycholepiformes had a widespread distribution during the Early Triassic, but were restricted to mainly Europe and North America afterwards. They are known from both marine and freshwater deposits.

Appearance

Scales of Ptycholepis bollensis Ptycholepis bollensis scales Teylers.JPG
Scales of Ptycholepis bollensis

Typical features of ptycholepiforms are the fusiform body covered in rhombic ganoid scales, the anterior position of the dorsal fin. In most coeval ray-fins the dorsal fin has a more posterior position), usually situated opposite to the anal fin. Moreover, ptycholepiforms show a series of elongate, horizontal suborbital bones. The skull is usually relatively large.

The scales are typically equipped with distinct longitudinal ridges. In Ptycholepis, the scales are low, whereas in genera, such as Ardoreosomus and Boreosomus, the scales are deeper. Peg-and-socket articulation between scales is present.

Species reached body sizes between 10 centimetres (0.33 ft) and 45 centimetres (1.48 ft). [4]

Systematics

Triassic Ardoreosomus fossil Ardoreosomus occidentalis.tif
Triassic Ardoreosomus fossil
Triassic Boreosomus fossil Boreosomus gillioti.JPG
Triassic Boreosomus fossil
Jurassic Ptycholepis fossil Ptycholepis.JPG
Jurassic Ptycholepis fossil
Triassic Yuchoulepis fossil Zigong Dinosaur Museum Yuchoulepis.jpg
Triassic Yuchoulepis fossil

The evolutionary relationships of Ptycholepiformes are poorly known, but most cladistic analyses place them outside of the Neopterygii. [5] A close relationship between Ptycholepididae and the Carboniferous to Early Triassic Acrolepididae was proposed based on some similarities, but support from phylogenetic analyses is scarce. [6]

Timeline of genera

JurassicTriassicLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicLate TriassicMiddle TriassicEarly TriassicYuchoulepisPtycholepisChungkingichthysBoreosomusAcrorhabdusArdoreosomusJurassicTriassicLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicLate TriassicMiddle TriassicEarly TriassicPtycholepiformes

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References

  1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  2. "Ptycholepiformes". Fossilworks . Retrieved 19 May 2022from the Paleobiology Database.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. 1 2 Romano, Carlo; López-Arbarello, Adriana; Ware, David; Jenks, James F.; Brinkmann, Winand (April 2019). "Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from the Candelaria Hills (Esmeralda County, Nevada, USA)". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (5): 971–1000. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..971R. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.18. S2CID   155564297.
  4. Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID   25431138. S2CID   5332637.
  5. López-Arbarello, Adriana; Sferco, Emilia (March 2018). "Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 172337. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572337L. doi: 10.1098/rsos.172337 . PMC   5882744 . PMID   29657820.
  6. Mutter, Raoul (2011). "A case study of the palaeobiogeography of Early Mesozoic actinopterygians, the family Ptycholepidae.". In Upchurch, P.; McGowan, A.J.; Slater, C.S.C. (eds.). Palaeogeography and Palaeobiogeography: Biodiversity in Space and Time. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 143–171.
  7. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "†Ptycholepiformes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  8. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781118342336.
  9. van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)