Raillietina

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Raillietina
Raillietina tetragona.jpg
Raillietina tetragona
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda
Order: Cyclophyllidea
Family: Davaineidae
Genus: Raillietina
Fuhrmann, 1920
Species [1]
Diversity
37 species

Raillietina is a genus of tapeworms that includes helminth parasites of vertebrates, mostly of birds. The genus was named in 1920 in honour of a French veterinarian and helminthologist, Louis-Joseph Alcide Railliet. Of the 37 species recorded under the genus, [2] Raillietina demerariensis, R. asiatica, and R. formsana are the only species reported from humans, [3] while the rest are found in birds. R. echinobothrida , R. tetragona , and R. cesticillus are the most important species in terms of prevalence and pathogenicity among wild and domestic birds. [4] [5]

Contents

Species

Some important species include:

Description

The body of an adult Raillietina is a typical tapeworm structure, composed of a series of ribbon-like body segments, gradually enlarging from the anterior end towards the posterior. It is whitish in colour, highly elongated, dorso-ventrally flat, and entirely covered with a tegument. The entire body is divisible into 3 parts, namely the head region called scolex, followed by an unsegmented neck or growth region, and then by highly segmented body proper called strobila. [6] The scolex is a bulbous knob-like structure bearing suckers and a rostellum, which are the organs of attachment to the host. A defining structure from those of other tapeworms is a single prominent rostellum surrounded by four suckers. [7] Further, an important diagnostic character among the different species of the genus is the number and arrangement of hooks and spines on the scolex. [8] The suckers are poorly developed, and completely devoid of special devices or spines. [9] The scolex measures ~134 μ in diameter, and the hooks are 7-10 μ in length. [10] Individual segments in the strobila are called 'proglottids' and are entirely covered with hair-like microtriches. [11] These microtriches are the absorptive structures for feeding, and there are no digestive organs. As all other cestodes, they are hermaphrodite. A set of both male and female reproductive systems is present in each proglottid. [12] [13] [14]

Life cycle

Raillietina require two different hosts for a complete life cycle. The definitive hosts are mostly wild and domestic birds, and sometimes humans. The intermediate hosts are insects, such as ants and beetles. [14] Mature eggs are released from the avian host through feaces by detaching the last gravid proglottid. The number of egg cell in each egg capsule is an identifying feature of each species. Eggs develop into larval forms called oncospheres, which are ingested by ants, and enters the alimentary canal, from where they migrates into the abdominal cavity of the insect and develops into mature cysticercoids. A cysticercoid is an inflated sphere with distinct rostellar hooks, and each species has characteristic number and size of the hooks, which correspond to those of adult worms. [15] Development of the juvenile stage in the intermediate host comprises 5 stages, namely (1) oncosphere stage, (2) lacuna stage, (3) cystic cavity stage, (4) scolex formation stage and (5) cysticercoid stage, which is the ultimate infective form. [16] [17] [18] When the insect with infective larvae is ingested by birds, the cysticercoid is released in host by the action of digestive juices. The rostellar hooks then become attached to the intestinal wall. New segments begin to form and within 3 weeks of ingestion of the host, a mature tapeworm develops. Therefore, the entire life-cycle can take 6 weeks for completion. [8]

Pathogenicity and pathology

They are intestinal parasites in the definitive host. The level of their infection and clinical pathogenicity is characteristic of each species. R. cesticillus is quite harmless in terms of symptoms; whereas R. echinobothrida is highly pathogenic, and causes nodular tapeworm disease under heavy infection. Under severe infection, stunted growth and decreased egg production, resulting in loss of meat and egg productions are experienced. Chronic infection results in diarrhoea, emaciation and anaemia, indicated by haemorrhage in the intestine. Physiological symptoms include degeneration of epithelial cells, enteritis, and macrophage infiltration of lymphocyte. [8] [19]

Diagnosis and treatment

Infection is directly diagnosed by identifying proglottids in the faeces, or adult worms in the intestine upon autopsy. Broad-spectrum anthelmintics such as albendazole, fenbendazole, praziquantel, oxfendazole and niclosamide are all effective against the different species. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] The most effective control measure is disruption of the habitat of intermediate hosts near poultry farms. [14]

Related Research Articles

<i>Diphyllobothrium</i> Genus of flatworms

Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is D. latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. D. latum is a pseudophyllid cestode that infects fish and mammals. D. latum is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. In Far East Russia, D. klebanovskii, having Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host, was identified.

Hymenolepiasis is infestation by one of two species of tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana or H. diminuta. Alternative names are dwarf tapeworm infection and rat tapeworm infection. The disease is a type of helminthiasis which is classified as a neglected tropical disease.

<i>Taenia solium</i> Species of Cestoda

Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, belongs to the cyclophyllid cestode family Taeniidae. It is found throughout the world and is most common in countries where pork is eaten. It is a tapeworm that uses humans as its definitive host and pigs as the intermediate or secondary hosts. It is transmitted to pigs through human feces that contain the parasite eggs and contaminate their fodder. Pigs ingest the eggs, which develop into larvae, then into oncospheres, and ultimately into infective tapeworm cysts, called cysticercus. Humans acquire the cysts through consumption of uncooked or under-cooked pork and the cysts grow into an adult worms in the small intestine.

<i>Taenia saginata</i> Species of flatworm

Taenia saginata, commonly known as the beef tapeworm, is a zoonotic tapeworm belonging to the order Cyclophyllidea and genus Taenia. It is an intestinal parasite in humans causing taeniasis and cysticercosis in cattle. Cattle are the intermediate hosts, where larval development occurs, while humans are definitive hosts harbouring the adult worms. It is found globally and most prevalently where cattle are raised and beef is consumed. It is relatively common in Africa, Europe, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Latin America. Humans are generally infected as a result of eating raw or undercooked beef which contains the infective larvae, called cysticerci. As hermaphrodites, each body segment called proglottid has complete sets of both male and female reproductive systems. Thus, reproduction is by self-fertilisation. From humans, embryonated eggs, called oncospheres, are released with faeces and are transmitted to cattle through contaminated fodder. Oncospheres develop inside muscle, liver, and lungs of cattle into infective cysticerci.

<i>Dipylidium caninum</i> Species of flatworm

Dipylidium caninum, also called the flea tapeworm, double-pored tapeworm, or cucumber tapeworm is a cyclophyllid cestode that infects organisms afflicted with fleas and canine chewing lice, including dogs, cats, and sometimes human pet-owners, especially children.

<i>Hymenolepis nana</i> Species of flatworm

Dwarf tapeworm is a cosmopolitan species though most common in temperate zones, and is one of the most common cestodes infecting humans, especially children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eucestoda</span> Subclass of flatworms

Eucestoda, commonly referred to as tapeworms, is the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda. Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex (head), in contrast to the ten-hooked Cestodaria. All tapeworms are endoparasites of vertebrates, living in the digestive tract or related ducts. Examples are the pork tapeworm with a human definitive host, and pigs as the secondary host, and Moniezia expansa, the definitive hosts of which are ruminants.

Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a parasitic tapeworm that infects domestic animals and humans. The medical term for this infection in humans and other animals is sparganosis. Morphologically, these worms are similar to other worms in the genus Spirometra. They have a long body consisting of three sections: the scolex, the neck, and the strobilia. They have a complex life cycle that consists of three hosts, and can live in varying environments and bodily tissues. Humans can contract this parasite in three main ways. Historically, humans are considered a paratenic host; however, the first case of an adult S. erinaceieuropaei infection in humans was reported in 2017. Spirometra tapeworms exist worldwide and infection is common in animals, but S. erinaceieuropaei infections are rare in humans. Treatment for infection typically includes surgical removal and anti-worm medication.

<i>Hymenolepis</i> (tapeworm) Genus of worms

Hymenolepis is a genus of cyclophyllid tapeworms that cause hymenolepiasis. They parasitise mammals, including humans. Some notable species are:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cestoda</span> Class of flatworms

Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm phylum (Platyhelminthes). Most of the species—and the best-known—are those in the subclass Eucestoda; they are ribbon-like worms as adults, known as tapeworms. Their bodies consist of many similar units known as proglottids—essentially packages of eggs which are regularly shed into the environment to infect other organisms. Species of the other subclass, Cestodaria, are mainly fish infecting parasites.

Diphyllobothrium mansonoides is a species of tapeworm (cestodes) that is endemic to North America. Infection with D. mansonoides in humans can result in sparganosis. Justus F. Mueller first reported this organism in 1935. D. mansonoides is similar to D. latum and Spirometra erinacei. When the organism was discovered, scientist did not know if D. mansonoides and S. erinacei were separate species. PCR analysis of the two worms has shown the two to be separate but closely related organisms.

Bertielliasis is the infection of Bertiella, a cestode tapeworm parasite that primarily infects nonhuman primates, rodents and Australian marsupials. Occasionally, human infections have been documented by one of two species: Bertiella studeri, or Bertiella mucronata. Of 29 different Bertiella species, only these two can infect humans.

<i>Raillietina echinobothrida</i> Species of flatworm

Raillietina echinobothrida is a parasitic tapeworm belonging to the class Cestoda. It is the most prevalent and pathogenic helminth parasite in birds, particularly in domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758. It requires two hosts, birds and ants, for completion of its life cycle. It is a hermaphrodite worm having both the male and female reproductive organs in its body. The parasite is responsible for 'nodular tapeworm disease' in poultry.

Taenia asiatica, commonly known as Asian taenia or Asian tapeworm, is a parasitic tapeworm of humans and pigs. It is one of the three species of Taenia infecting humans and causes taeniasis. Discovered only in 1980s from Taiwan and other East Asian countries as an unusual species, it is so notoriously similar to Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm, that it was for a time regarded as a slightly different strain. But anomaly arose as the tapeworm is not of cattle origin, but of pigs. Morphological details also showed significant variations, such as presence of rostellar hooks, shorter body, and fewer body segments. The scientific name designated was then Asian T. saginata. But the taxonomic consensus turns out to be that it is a unique species. It was in 1993 that two Korean parasitologists, Keeseon S. Eom and Han Jong Rim, provided the biological bases for classifying it into a separate species. The use of mitochondrial genome sequence and molecular phylogeny in the late 2000s established the taxonomic status.

Moniezia expansa is commonly known as sheep tapeworm or double-pored ruminant tapeworm. It is a large tapeworm inhabiting the small intestines of ruminants such as sheep, goats and cattle. It has been reported from Peru that pigs are also infected. There is an unusual report of human infection in an Egyptian. It is characterized by unarmed scolex, presence of two sets of reproductive systems in each proglottid, and each proglottid being very short but very broad.

<i>Raillietina tetragona</i> Species of flatworm

Raillietina tetragona is a parasitic tapeworm belonging to the class Cestoda. It is a cosmopolitan helminth of the small intestine of pigeon, chicken and guinea fowl, and is found throughout the world.

Raillietina cesticillus is a parasitic tapeworm of the family Davaineidae. Sometimes called 'broad-headed tapeworm', it infects the small intestine of chicken and occasionally other birds, such as guinea fowl and turkey, which are generally in close proximity to backyard poultry. It is a relatively harmless species among intestinal cestodes in spite of a high prevalence. In fact it probably is the most common parasitic platyhelminth in modern poultry facilities throughout the world.

Bertiella mucronata is a species of Bertiella, a type of cestode tapeworms known to cause Bertielliasis. It belongs to the genus Bertiella, family Anoplocephalidae. This is one of two species of Bertiella that can cause the condition in humans.

Flamingolepis liguloides is a parasitic tapeworm of the Cestoda class. There are several tapeworms that are found to infect Artemia; however, F. liguloides is the most prevalent species of infectious tapeworm among Artemia. F. liguloides infects brine shrimp (Artemia) as the intermediate host and flamingos as the definitive host. Effects of the tapeworm in flamingos is unclear, though researchers hypothesize that a high parasitemia could potentially be deadly to the host. The parasite appears to affect the Artemia spp. as it alters the behavior and color of its host.

Anoplocephala manubriata is a host-specific tapeworm, or cestode, that parasitizes African and Asian elephants. These parasites require intermediate and definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. A. manubriata causes gastrointestinal inflammation in elephants. When ingested in the elephant, the cestode is attached to the intestinal mucosae. The life cycle of A. manubriata have not been completely elucidated, however studies have shown through examining oribatid mites from a dung pile near an elephant site that an immature stage exists. The study concluded at least five species were contained at least one immature life stage of the cestode.

References

  1. ↑ "Raillietina" (HTML). NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  2. ↑ "BioLib - Raillietina". Biolib.cz. 2005-06-05. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
  3. ↑ "Raillietina - definition from". Biology-Online.org. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
  4. ↑ Cheng TC (1986). General Parasitology (2 ed.). Academic Press, Division of Hardcourt Brace & Company, USA. pp. 402–416. ISBN   9780121707552.
  5. ↑ McDougald LR (2011). "Cestodes and trematodes". In YM Saif; AM Fadly; JR Glisson; LR McDougald; LK Nolan; DE Swayne (eds.). Diseases of Poultry (12 ed.). Iowa (US): Blackwell Publishing Company. pp. 961–972. ISBN   9781119949503.
  6. ↑ Li, M., Li, H, & Yan, B. (2009). Comparative study on morphology and development of two species of Raillietina from chicken. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 27(3) 232-236.
  7. ↑ Lalchhandama K (2009). "On the structure of Raillietina echinobothrida, the tapeworm of domestic fowl" (PDF). Science Vision. 9 (4): 174–182. ISSN   0975-6175.
  8. 1 2 3 Kaufmann H (1996). Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals: A Diagnostic Manual. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. pp. 353–354. ISBN   978-3764351151.
  9. ↑ Hambridge G (2011). Diseases and Parasites of Poultry. Daya Publishing House. pp. 148–149. ISBN   978-8176220880.
  10. ↑ Su XLY (1985). "The life history of chicken cestode, Raillietina (Skrjabinia) cesticillus Molin,1858 in Fujian (Cestoda:Davaineidae)". Wuyi Science Journal. 05: epub. ISSN   1001-4276.
  11. ↑ Radha T, Satyaprema VA, Ramalingam K, Indumathi SP, Venkatesh C (2006). "Ultrastructure of polymorphic microtriches in the tegument of Raillietina echinobothrida that infects Gallus domesticus (fowl)" (PDF). Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 30 (2): 153–162.
  12. ↑ Sawada, I. (1954). Morphological studies on the chicken tapeworm Raillietina (Raillietina) echinobothrida.Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zoological Magazine) 63(5) 200-203.
  13. ↑ Olsen OW (1974). Animal Parasites: Their Life Cycles and Ecology (3 ed.). University Park Press, Baltimore, US. pp. 362–364. ISBN   978-0486651262.
  14. 1 2 3 Baker DG (2008). Flynn's Parasites of Laboratory Animals (2 ed.). Blackwell Publishers. pp. 236–237. ISBN   978-0470344170.
  15. ↑ O'Callaghan MG, Davies M, Andrews RH (2003). "Cysticercoids of five species of Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) in ants, Pheidole sp., from emu farms in Australia". Systematic Parasitology. 55 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1023/a:1023985224249. PMID   12815212. S2CID   30796015.
  16. ↑ Su XLY (1985). "The life history of chicken cestode, Raillietina (Skrjabinia) cesticillus Molin,1858 in Fujian (Cestoda:Davaineidae)". Wuyi Science Journal. 05: epub. ISSN   1001-4276.
  17. ↑ Horsfall MW (1938). "Observations on the life history of Raillietina echinobothrida and of R. tetragona (Cestoda)". The Journal of Parasitology. 24 (5): 409–421. doi:10.2307/3272117. JSTOR   3272117.
  18. ↑ Isamu S (1953). "On the life history of the poultry cestode, Raillietina (Raillietina) echinobothrida". Doubutsugaku Zasshi. 62 (6): 202–205.
  19. ↑ Bhowmik MK, Sinha PK, Chakraborty AK (1985). "Studies on the pathobiology of chicks experimentally infected with Raillietina cesticillus (Cestoda)". Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 7 (3): 207–214. ISSN   0019-5529.
  20. ↑ Yazwinski TA, Johnson Z, Norton RA (1992). "Efficacy of fenbendazole against naturally acquired Raillietina cesticillus infections of chickens". Avian Pathology. 21 (2): 327–331. doi: 10.1080/03079459208418848 . PMID   18670945.
  21. ↑ Tucker CA, Yazwinski TA, Reynolds L, Johnson Z, Keating M (2007). "Determination of the Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in the treatment of chickens naturally infected with gastrointestinal helminths". The Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 16 (3): 392–396. doi: 10.1093/japr/16.3.392 . ISSN   1056-6171.
  22. ↑ Nurelhuda IE, Elowni EE, Hassan T (1989). "Anthelmintic activity of praziquantel on Raillietina tetragona in chickens". Parasitology Research. 75 (8): 655–656. doi:10.1007/bf00930965. PMID   2771931. S2CID   19747057.
  23. ↑ Nurelhuda IE, Elowni EE, Hassan T (1989). "Anticestodal action of oxfendazole on Raillietina tetragona in experimentally infected chickens". The British Veterinary Journal. 145 (5): 458–461. doi:10.1016/0007-1935(89)90054-7. PMID   2790437.
  24. ↑ Nurelhuda IE, Elowni EE, Hassan T (1989). "The effect of niclosamide on Raillietina tetragona". Veterinary Research Communications. 13 (6): 451–453. doi:10.1007/bf00402568. PMID   2631382. S2CID   3150801.
  25. ↑ Lalchhandama K (2010). "In vitro effects of albendazole on Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of chicken, Gallus domesticus". Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2 (4): 374–378. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.71630 . PMC   3019376 . PMID   21264097.
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