Reptile (album)

Last updated

Reptile
Eric Clapton Reptile cover.jpg
Studio album by
Eric Clapton
Released5 March 2001 [1]
Recorded2000
Studio The Town House and Olympic Studios (London)
Ocean Way Recording (Los Angeles)
Right Track Recording (New York City)
Genre Rock, blues
Length63:56
Label Reprise
Producer Eric Clapton · Simon Climie
Eric Clapton chronology
Riding with the King
(2000)		Reptile
(2001)		 One More Car, One More Rider
(2002)
Singles from Reptile
  1. "I Ain't Gonna Stand for It"
    Released: 3 April 2001
  2. "Superman Inside"
    Released: 2001
  3. "Believe in Life"
    Released: 2001

Reptile is the 14th solo studio album by Eric Clapton. The album was produced by Eric Clapton with Simon Climie and is Clapton's first album to include keyboard work by Billy Preston and background vocals by the Impressions. The album reached the Top 10 in 20 countries, topping the national album charts in three of them. In total, the album sold more than 2.5 million copies and gained several certification awards around the globe. To help promote album sales, music network VH1 streamed the album in full on TV. [2]

Contents

Clapton presented the album on his Reptile World Tour in 2001.

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
SourceRating
Metacritic 66/100 [3]
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic Star full.svgStar full.svgStar half.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [4]
Entertainment Weekly C [5]
Rolling Stone Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar half.svgStar empty.svg [6]

Rolling Stone's Anthony DeCurtis thought Clapton combines both blues and pop music very well and "blends virtually every style he's worked in during the past thirty-five years". [7] PopMatters critic Simon Warner felt the album "could have been mawkish but it's actually quite moving. Clapton, circumspect as a composer and still highly adept as a musical practitioner, has his own authentic blues to draw on now and, in many ways, they hit a truer note than when he dips into the older, existing catalogue of standards. Reptile may be an uneven collection, but its best moments stand close listening". [8] Christa L. Titus from Billboard magazine calls the album a perfect example for Clapton's typical "heritage rock format". [9] William Ruhlmann in his AllMusic review sums up Clapton's history as a rock guitar player and rock god in the early stages of his musical career, then describes the dedication and album artwork of Reptile. [10]

Track listing

Reptile track listing [11]
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Reptile"Eric Clapton3:26
2."Got You on My Mind"Joe Thomas · Howard Briggs4:30
3."Travelin' Light" J. J. Cale 4:17
4."Believe in Life"Eric Clapton5:05
5."Come Back Baby" Ray Charles 3:55
6."Broken Down"Simon Climie · Dennis Morgan 5:25
7."Find Myself"Eric Clapton5:15
8."I Ain't Gonna Stand for It" Stevie Wonder 4:49
9."I Want a Little Girl"Murray Mencher · Billy Moll2:58
10."Second Nature"Eric Clapton · Simon Climie · Dennis Morgan4:48
11."Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" James Taylor 4:47
12."Modern Girl"Eric Clapton4:49
13."Superman Inside"Eric Clapton · Doyle Bramhall II · Susannah Melvoin 5:07
14."Son & Sylvia"Eric Clapton4:43
Total length:63:56
Japanese Bonus Track
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
15."Losing Hand" Jesse Stone 4:18
Total length:68:14

Personnel

Take from the album's liner notes. [12]

Production

Commercial success

America, Asia and Oceania

In the United States, Reptile peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 top albums chart, gaining a so-called "Hot Shot Debut" recognition by the American magazine, as the album sold a total of 101,500 units in its first week. [13] In addition to its success on the main albums chart, compiled by Billboard, the 2001 release also topped the magazines top Internet albums chart for several weeks. [14] In the first quarter of 2001, Reptile sold more than 215,000 copies in the United States alone. [15] On 8 June, the rock album was certified with a Gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) to commemorate outstanding sales figures reaching more than 500,000 copies. [16] In total, the album stayed sixteen weeks on the Billboard 200 chart [17] and sold more than 700,000 copies by the end of 2001 in the United States, [18] making it that years 184th most purchased album. [18] In Canada, Clapton's 2001 release went to number 11 on Billboards top Canadian albums chart in 2001. [19] In Japan, the release was even more successful, reaching position six on Oricons album chart in 2001. [13] In New Zealand, Reptile peaked at number 15. [20] However, in Australia, the Clapton album reached number 20 on the ARIA charts in 2001, [21] and was certified Platinum for sales exceeding 70,000 copies in the country. [22]

Europe

Reptile was a big success in Europe, topping three album charts in the continent, reaching the Top 10 in 16 countries and gaining a total of 13 certification awards for outstanding record sales. In Austria, the album peaked at number two on the albums chart in 2001. [23] In Belgium, the release peaked at number ten in Flanders [24] and number 13 in Wallonia. [25] In the Czech Republic, the release topped the nations album chart. In Denmark, the album reached position seven on the Hitlisten chart in 2001. [26] In the Netherlands, Reptile reached number nine on the MegaCharts album compilation. [27] Reptile also reached number five on Finland's Suomen virallinen lista albums chart. [28] In France, the album peaked at number nine on the album charts, compiled by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) in 2001. [29] In Germany, the album peaked at number two on the albums chart, [30] and was certified, Gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), selling more than 150,000 copies in the country. [31] In Greece, Hungary and Ireland, the album reached positions one, [13] 13 [32] and 25 in 2001. [33] Reptile was a hit album in Italy, as it peaked at number eight in the country. [34] In Norway, Reptile reached number seven on the VG-lista chart. [35] In Poland, the Clapton album reached number four on the country's albums chart in 2001. [36] In Portugal, Reptile reached number five on the nations album chart in 2001. [37] In Spain, the album reached number five on the albums chart, [37] and was certified Gold by the Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE) for outstanding sales figures, reaching 50,000 sold copies. [38] In Sweden, the album reached number nine on the Sverigetopplistan albums chart in 2001. [39] Reptile was also certified Gold in Switzerland by the local IFPI office, [40] previously peaking at number two on the Schweizer Hitparade. [41] In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number seven on the charts compiled by the Official Charts Company, where it stayed for nine weeks on chart. [42] It was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). [43] In Scotland, the album peaked at number 22. [44] Overall, the album reached number two on the European albums chart in 2001. [13]

Chart positions

Certifications

RegionCertification Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF) [51] Gold20,000^
Australia (ARIA) [22] Platinum70,000^
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) [52] Gold50,000*
Canada (Music Canada) [53] Gold50,000^
Germany (BVMI) [31] Gold150,000^
Japan (RIAJ) [54] Platinum200,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway) [55] Gold25,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE) [38] Gold50,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) [40] Gold20,000^
United Kingdom (BPI) [43] Gold100,000^
United States (RIAA) [16] Gold700,000 [18]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Related Research Articles

<i>Pilgrim</i> (Eric Clapton album) 1998 studio album by Eric Clapton

Pilgrim is the thirteenth solo studio album by the British rock musician Eric Clapton, released on 10 March 1998 for Reprise Records. The album features all-new studio-recorded material, the first to do so since Clapton's 1989 hit album Journeyman and was nominated for several music awards. Although most of the critics responded negatively to the 1998 studio effort, it was one of Clapton's most commercially successful albums, reaching the Top 10 in twenty-two countries.

<i>From the Cradle</i> 1994 studio album of cover songs by Eric Clapton

From the Cradle is the twelfth solo studio album by Eric Clapton, released on 12 September 1994 by Warner Bros. Records. A blues cover album and Clapton's follow-up to his successful 1992 live album, Unplugged, it is his only UK number-one album to date.

<i>One More Car, One More Rider</i> 2002 live album by Eric Clapton

One More Car, One More Rider is the eighth live album by Eric Clapton, released on 5 November 2002 on Duck / Reprise Records. It is also his third double live album. The album contains songs performed during Clapton's 2001 world tour. The recordings on this album are from two nights at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, 18 & 19 August 2001. Accompanying Clapton on this album are guitarist Andy Fairweather-Low, drummer Steve Gadd, bassist Nathan East and keyboardists Billy Preston, Greg Phillinganes and David Sancious. Clapton claimed that this would be his last world tour, making this album initially more valuable. However, he has since toured the world several times, both on his own and with Steve Winwood.

<i>Unplugged</i> (Eric Clapton album) 1992 live album by Eric Clapton

Unplugged is a 1992 live album by Eric Clapton, recorded at Bray Studios, England in front of an audience for the MTV Unplugged television series. It includes a version of the successful 1992 single "Tears in Heaven" and an acoustic version of "Layla". The album itself won three Grammy awards at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in 1993 and became the bestselling live album of all time, and Clapton's bestselling album, selling 26 million copies worldwide.

<i>Me and Mr. Johnson</i> 2004 studio album by Eric Clapton

Me and Mr. Johnson is the fifteenth solo studio album recorded by Eric Clapton, released in March 2004 by Reprise Records. It consists of covers of songs written and originally recorded by Robert Johnson. The album cover was painted by Sir Peter Blake, using a series of photographs of Clapton. Clapton had planned to record an album of new material, but by the time of the recording sessions there were not enough new songs written, so the band instead recorded a series of Johnson songs.

<i>Aquarium</i> (Aqua album) 1997 studio album by Aqua

Aquarium is the debut studio album by Danish band Aqua, released on 26 March 1997. The album is best known for including the globally successful single "Barbie Girl", which went on to become a widely recognizable hit around the world, as well as the popular track “Lollipop (Candyman)”. The album also featured the songs "Doctor Jones" and "Turn Back Time". In early 1997, the release of Aquarium was initially preceded by the singles "Roses Are Red" and "My Oh My", which was released a second time in 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tears in Heaven</span> 1992 single by Eric Clapton

"Tears in Heaven" is a song by English guitarist, singer, and songwriter Eric Clapton and Will Jennings, written about the death of Clapton's four-year-old son, Conor. It appeared on the 1991 Rush film soundtrack. In January 1992, Clapton performed the song in front of an audience at Bray Studios, Berkshire, England for MTV Unplugged, with the recording appearing on his Unplugged album.

<i>Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton</i> 1999 greatest hits album by Eric Clapton

Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton is a compilation album by English guitarist Eric Clapton featuring his hits from the 1980s and 1990s. The album was released on 12 October 1999 by the Duck / Reprise Records label. Two new songs are included on the disc, "Blue Eyes Blue" which was previously released as a single and "(I) Get Lost" which Clapton wrote for the soundtrack to the film The Story of Us.

<i>Crossroads</i> (Eric Clapton album) 1988 box set by Eric Clapton

Crossroads is a 1988 music collection box set of the work of Eric Clapton released by Polydor Records. The set includes his work with the Yardbirds, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, Cream, Blind Faith, Delaney & Bonnie & Friends and Derek and the Dominos, as well as his solo career.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Change the World</span> 1996 song by Wynonna Judd

"Change the World" is a song written by Tommy Sims, Gordon Kennedy, and Wayne Kirkpatrick and recorded by country music artist Wynonna Judd. A later version was recorded by English singer Eric Clapton for the soundtrack of the 1996 film Phenomenon. Clapton's version was produced by R&B record producer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds.

<i>Riding with the King</i> (B. B. King and Eric Clapton album) 2000 studio album by B.B. King and Eric Clapton

Riding with the King is a collaborative album by B.B. King and Eric Clapton that was released in 2000. It was their first collaborative album and won the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album. The album reached number one on Billboard's Top Blues Albums and was certified 2× Platinum in the United States. Riding with the King was also released on a DVD-Audio in higher resolution and with a 5.1 surround sound mix in 2000.

<i>The Cream of Clapton</i> 1995 greatest hits album by Eric Clapton

The Cream of Clapton is an Eric Clapton compilation album released in 1995. Additionally, the European and U.S.-versions have a different track listings. The European version had already been released as The Best of Eric Clapton in 1991, though without the track "I Can't Stand It".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lay Down Sally</span> 1977 single by Eric Clapton

"Lay Down Sally" is a song performed by Eric Clapton, and written by Clapton, Marcy Levy, and George Terry. It appeared on his November 1977 album Slowhand, and reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forever Man</span>

"Forever Man" is a song from Eric Clapton's 1985 album Behind the Sun, released as the first single of the album. It reached number one on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart, becoming his second single to do so. In total, the single release sold more than 500,000 copies worldwide.

<i>Jon Secada</i> (album) 1992 studio album by Jon Secada

Jon Secada is the English-language debut album by Cuban American pop singer Jon Secada, released in 1992. The album features four singles that reached the Top 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100 or the Top 10 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart, including "Just Another Day", which was also a big hit worldwide. The album was certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA. It peaked at number 15 on the Billboard 200 album chart in March 1993. At the 5th Lo Nuestro Awards, the album won the award for "Pop Album of the Year".

<i>Story</i> (Eric Clapton album) 1991 compilation album by Eric Clapton

Story is a compilation album by Eric Clapton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue Eyes Blue</span> 1999 single by Eric Clapton

"Blue Eyes Blue" is a pop song written by American songwriter Diane Warren. The tune was written for the 1999 soundtrack of Runaway Bride. The British rock musician Eric Clapton recorded the song for the soundtrack and released his performance of the song as a single on July 20, 1999, for Reprise Records.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eric Clapton videography</span>

The videography of Eric Clapton consists of 22 video albums and concert films as well as 17 music videos. His commercially most successful video releases are the DVDs of his Crossroads Guitar Festival series. His 2007 release sold over two million DVD and Blu-rays to date, making it one of the best-selling music video DVDs ever to be released. The 2004 Crossroads Guitar Festival DVD was certified 10-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Clapton's video releases are popular all over the world, especially in North and South Armerica, Europe and Oceania. Clapton's small number of music videos are similarly successful. Every music video Clapton has released, has been shown more than 30 weeks in succession on MTV, VH1, MuchMusic, MTV2 and Fuse TV – rarely has any other artist been broadcast that often on a music TV channel throughout their whole career.

<i>Play the Blues: Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center</i> 2011 live album , from Jazz at Lincoln Center by , Wynton Marsalis and Eric Clapton

Play the Blues: Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center is a 2011 live album by Eric Clapton and Wynton Marsalis. Released on September 13, it contains live recordings of the 2011 collaboration at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts between the British blues guitarist and the American jazz trumpeter. A video release accompanies the audio recordings. The live album reached various national charts and was certified in several territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">(I) Get Lost</span> 1999 single by Eric Clapton

"(I) Get Lost" is a pop song written and recorded by the British rock musician Eric Clapton. The title was released as both a single on 23 November 1999 for Reprise Records and is featured as part of the compilation album Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton, which was released on 12 October 1999. It was written for the movie The Story of Us.

References

  1. ↑ "BRIT Certified". Bpi.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  2. ↑ Garrity, Brian (21 April 2001). "PIuq.In Attendees Discuss Progress Of European E- Commerce" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (16). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 33. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  3. ↑ [ dead link ]
  4. ↑ Ruhlmann, William. "Reptile – Eric Clapton Reptile – Eric Clapton | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic . Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  5. ↑ Hermes, Will. "Reptile". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  6. ↑ DeCurtis, Anthony (5 March 2001). "Eric Clapton Reptile Album Review | Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  7. ↑ DeCurtis, Anthony (5 March 2001). "Eric Clapton Reptile Album Review | Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  8. ↑ Warner, Simon (12 March 2001). "Eric Clapton: Reptile | PopMatters". PopMatters Magazine. PopMatters Media, Inc. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  9. ↑ Titus, Christa L. (23 June 2001). "Reviews & Previews – Singles" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (25). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 24. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  10. ↑ Ruhlmann, William. "Reptile – Eric Clapton Reptile – Eric Clapton | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  11. ↑ "Eric Clapton – Reptile (CD, Album) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  12. ↑ Reptile (CD liner notes). Eric Clapton. United States: Reprise Records. 2001. pp. 6–7, 9. 947966-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mayfield, Geoff (31 March 2001). "Hits of the World > Europe/Greece/Japan / Between the Bullets" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (13). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 42, 43, 92. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  14. 1 2 Ruhlmann, William. "Reptile – Eric Clapton | Awards | AllMusic". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  15. ↑ "Brits On The Charts" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (20). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 82 19 May 2001. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  16. 1 2 "American album certifications – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  17. 1 2 "Eric Clapton Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 "The Year In Music 2001 / We Thank You!" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (52). Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 29 December 2001. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  19. 1 2 "Canadian Albums Chart | Eric Clapton – Chart history | Billboard". Billboard Magazine. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  20. 1 2 "Charts.nz – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  21. 1 2 "Australiancharts.com – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  22. 1 2 "Living It Down Under". Billboard Magazine. 118 (38). Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 23 September 2006. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  23. 1 2 "Austriancharts.at – Eric Clapton – Reptile" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  24. 1 2 "Ultratop.be – Eric Clapton – Reptile" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  25. 1 2 "Ultratop.be – Eric Clapton – Reptile" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  26. 1 2 "Danishcharts.dk – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  27. 1 2 "Dutchcharts.nl – Eric Clapton – Reptile" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  28. 1 2 "Eric Clapton: Reptile" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  29. 1 2 "Lescharts.com – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  30. 1 2 "Longplay-Chartverfolgung at Musicline" (in German). Musicline.de. Phononet GmbH. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  31. 1 2 "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Eric Clapton; 'Reptile')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  32. 1 2 "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2001. 14. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  33. 1 2 "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 11, 2001". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  34. 1 2 "Italiancharts.com – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  35. 1 2 "Norwegiancharts.com – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  36. 1 2 "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "Hits of the World > Spain/Portugal" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (14). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 73 7 April 2001. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  38. 1 2 "Spanish album certifications – Eric Clapton – Reptile" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  39. 1 2 "Swedishcharts.com – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  40. 1 2 "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Reptile')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  41. 1 2 "Swisscharts.com – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  42. 1 2 "Eric Clapton | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  43. 1 2 "British album certifications – Eric Clapton – Reptile". British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 December 2015.Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type Reptile in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
  44. 1 2 "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  45. ↑ "Top National Sellers – Czech Republic" (PDF). Music and Media. 7 April 2001. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  46. ↑ "Jahreshitparade Alben 2001". austriancharts.at. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  47. ↑ "European Top 100 Albums 2001" (PDF). Music and Media. 22 December 2001. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  48. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  49. ↑ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2001". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  50. ↑ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2001". Billboard. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  51. ↑ "CAPIF Gold Sales Award – "Reptile"". Equipboard, Inc. 10 March 2024.
  52. ↑ "Brazilian album certifications – Eric Clapton – Reptile" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  53. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Music Canada . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  54. ↑ "Japanese album certifications – エリック・クラプトン – レプタイル" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan.Select 2001年3月 on the drop-down menu
  55. ↑ "IFPI Norway Gold Sales Award – "Reptile"". Equipboard, Inc. 10 March 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.