"Layla" is a song written by Eric Clapton and Jim Gordon, originally recorded with their band Derek and the Dominos, as the thirteenth track from their only studio album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970). Its contrasting movements were composed separately by Clapton and Gordon. The piano part has also been controversially credited to Rita Coolidge, Gordon's girlfriend at the time.
The song was inspired by a love story that originated in 7th-century Persian and later formed the basis of The Story of Layla and Majnun by the 12th-century Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi,[1] a copy of which Ian Dallas had given to Clapton. The book moved Clapton profoundly, because it was the tale of a young man who fell hopelessly in love with a beautiful young girl, went crazy and so could not marry her.[2][3][4] The song was further inspired by Clapton's secret love for Pattie Boyd, the wife of his friend and fellow musician George Harrison. After Harrison and Boyd divorced, Clapton and Boyd eventually married.
"Layla"[5] has, since its release, experienced great critical and popular acclaim, and is often hailed as being among the greatest rock songs of all time. Two versions have achieved chart success, the first in 1972 and the second 20 years later as an acoustic Unplugged performance by Clapton. In 2004, "Layla" was ranked number 27 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and the acoustic version won the 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song. In 1998, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[6]
Background
In 1966, Beatles guitarist George Harrison married Pattie Boyd, a model he met two years before during the filming of A Hard Day's Night. During the late 1960s, Clapton and Harrison became close friends. Clapton contributed uncredited (although openly acknowledged) guitar work on Harrison's song "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" on the Beatles' self-titled double album (also known as the White Album), and Harrison co-wrote and played guitar on Cream's "Badge" from Goodbye. However, between his tenures in Cream and Blind Faith, Clapton fell in love with Boyd.[7]
The title of "Layla" was inspired by the story of Layla and Majnun, which Clapton had been told by his friend Ian Dallas,[8] who was in the process of converting to Islam. Nizami's tale, about a moon princess who was married off by her father to a man she did not love, resulting in Majnun's madness, struck a deep chord with Clapton.[9]
Boyd divorced Harrison in 1977 and married Clapton in 1979 during a concert stop in Tucson, Arizona.[10] Harrison was not bitter about the divorce and attended Clapton's wedding party with his former bandmates Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney.[11] During their relationship, Clapton wrote another love ballad for Boyd, "Wonderful Tonight" (1977).[12] Clapton and Boyd divorced in 1989.[13]
Writing and recording
After the break-up of Cream, Clapton tried his hand with several groups, including Blind Faith and the husband-and-wife duo Delaney & Bonnie. In the spring of 1970, he was told that some members of Delaney & Bonnie's back-up band, including bassist Carl Radle, drummer Jim Gordon and keyboardist Bobby Whitlock, were leaving the group. Seizing the opportunity, Clapton formed a new group with Whitlock, Radle and Gordon.[14] Naming themselves Derek and the Dominos, the band "made our bones", according to Clapton, while backing Harrison on his first post-Beatles solo album, All Things Must Pass.[15]
During the recording of the Layla album, Duane Allman joined Clapton's fledgling band as a guest. Clapton and Allman, already mutual fans, were introduced by Tom Dowd at an Allman Brothers concert at the Miami Beach Convention Center on 26 August 1970.[16][17] The two hit it off well and soon became good friends. Dowd said of their guitar-playing chemistry: "There had to be some sort of telepathy going on because I've never seen spontaneous inspiration happen at that rate and level. One of them would play something, and the other reacted instantaneously. Never once did either of them have to say, 'Could you play that again, please?' It was like two hands in a glove. And they got tremendously off on playing with each other."[18] Dowd was already famous for a variety of work and had worked with Clapton in his Cream days (Clapton once called him "the ideal recording man"); his work on the album would be another achievement. For the making of his biographical film Tom Dowd & the Language of Music, he remixed the original master tapes of "Layla",[19] saying, "There are my principles, in one form or another."[16][timeneeded]
Clapton originally wrote "Layla" as a ballad, with lyrics describing his unrequited love for Boyd, but the song became a "rocker" when, according to Clapton, Allman composed the song's signature riff.[18][20] With the band assembled and Dowd producing, "Layla" was recorded in its rock form. The recording of the first section consisted of sixteen tracks of which six were guitar tracks: a rhythm part by Clapton, three tracks of harmonies played by Clapton (the main power chord riff on both channels and two harmonies against that main riff, one on the left channel and one on the right channel), a track of solos by Allman (fretted solos with bent notes during the verses and a slide solo during the outro[21]), and one track with both Allman and Clapton playing duplicate solos (the 7-note "signature" riff doubled in two octaves and the 12-note "signature" riff doubled in unison).[18][22] According to Clapton, Allman played the first seven notes of the 12-note "signature" riff fretted and the last five notes on slide in standard tuning.[21] Each player used one input of the same two-input Fender Champ amplifier.[21][23]
Shortly afterwards, Clapton returned to the studio, where he heard Jim Gordon playing a piano piece he had composed separately. Impressed by the piece, Clapton convinced Gordon to allow it to be used as part of the song.[14] Though only Gordon has been credited with this part, according to Whitlock, "Jim took that piano melody from his ex-girlfriend Rita Coolidge. I know because in the D&B days I lived in John Garfield's old house in the Hollywood Hills and there was a guest house with an upright piano in it. Rita and Jim were up there in the guest house and invited me to join in on writing this song with them called 'Time' ... Her sister Priscilla wound up recording it with Booker T. Jones ... Jim took the melody from Rita's song and didn't give her credit for writing it. Her boyfriend ripped her off."[24] "Time" ended up on the 1973 album Chronicles by Booker T. and Priscilla Jones. Whitlock's story was echoed by Coolidge herself in her 2016 autobiography. The claim is also repeated in Graham Nash's 2014 autobiography Wild Tales.
"Layla"'s second movement (the "Piano Exit") was recorded roughly a week after the first, with Gordon playing his piano part, Clapton playing acoustic guitar and slide guitar, and Allman playing electric and bottleneck slide guitar.[18][22] After Dowd spliced the two movements together,[18] "Layla" was complete.
The opening five bars to the guitar part of "Layla"
Due to the circumstances of its composition, "Layla" is defined by two movements, each marked by a riff. The first movement, which was recorded in the key of D minor for choruses and C-sharp minor for verses,[25] is centred on the "signature riff", a guitar piece using hammer-ons, pull-offs and power chords. The first section contains the overdub-heavy slide guitar solo, played by Allman. By placing his slide at points beyond the end of the fretboard, Allman was able to play notes at a higher pitch than could be played with standard technique. Dowd referred to this as "notes that aren't on the instrument."[16][timeneeded]
The second movement is commonly referred to as the "Piano Exit".[26] Originally played in C major, the tape speed of the coda was increased slightly during mixing. The resulting pitch is somewhere between C and C sharp. The piano interlude at the end of the song is augmented by an acoustic guitar, and is also the accompaniment to the outro-solo. The same melody is also played on Allman's slide guitar an octave higher. Gordon does not improvise or deviate from the piano part; Clapton and Allman are the ones who improvise the melody. The song ends with Allman playing his signature high-pitched "bird call" on his slide guitar.[18] This portion is featured prominently in the film Goodfellas.
"Layla" is a difficult one, because it's a difficult song to perform live. You have to have a good complement of musicians to get all of the ingredients going, but when you've got that ... It's difficult to do as a quartet, for instance, because there are some parts you have to play and sing completely opposing lines, which is almost impossible to do. If you've got a big band, which I will have on the tour, then it will be easy to do something like "Layla" – and I'm very proud of it. I love to hear it. It's almost like it's not me. It's like I'm listening to someone that I really like. Derek and The Dominos was a band I really liked – and it's almost like I wasn't in that band. It's just a band that I'm a fan of. Sometimes, my own music can be like that. When it's served its purpose to being good music, I don't associate myself with it any more. It's like someone else. It's easy to do those songs then.
Pattie Boyd later reflected: "I think that he was amazingly raw at the time ... He's such an incredible musician that he's able to put his emotions into music in such a way that the audience can feel it instinctively. It goes right through you."[28]
Personnel
Musicianship:
Eric Clapton– lead vocals, rhythm guitar, lead guitar, acoustic guitar
Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs opened to lacklustre sales as the Derek and the Dominos album never actually reached the music charts in the United Kingdom, possibly in part because Clapton's name was found only on the back cover. In addition, the song's length proved prohibitive for radio airplay.[5] As a result, a shortened version of the song, consisting of the first 2:43 of Part I, was released as a single in March 1971 by Atco Records in the United States. The version peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. When "Layla" was re-released on the 1972 compilations The History of Eric Clapton and Duane Allman's An Anthology and then released the full 7:10 version (including the "Piano Exit" that formed Part II) as a single, it charted at number seven in the United Kingdom and reached number 10 in the United States. With good sales figures, the Billboard magazine was able to rank the Rock single as the 60th best-selling song in 1972.
In 1982, "Layla" was re-released as a single in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number four. This time the whole seven-minute single charted, containing the trailing two-thirds which is instrumental only. Critical opinion since has been overwhelmingly positive. Dave Marsh, in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll, wrote that "there are few moments in the repertoire of recorded rock where a singer or writer has reached so deeply into himself that the effect of hearing them is akin to witnessing a murder or a suicide... to me 'Layla' is the greatest of them."[5] Marsh listed "Layla" at number 156 in his The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made.[29]
In 2003, the Allman Brothers Band began playing the song in concert. Warren Haynes sang the vocal, Gregg Allman played the piano part, and Derek Trucks played Duane Allman's guitar parts during the coda. The performances were seen as a tribute not only to Allman, but also to producer Tom Dowd, who had died the previous year.[34] Eric Clapton recorded yet a third version. "Layla" appears as track seven on Play the Blues: Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center.[35] Personnel on this version include Wynton Marsalis (vocals, trumpet), Eric Clapton (vocals, guitar), Victor Goines (clarinet), Marcus Printup (trumpet), Chris Crenshaw (trombone, vocals), Don Vappie (banjo), Chris Stainton (keyboards), Dan Nimmer (piano), Carlos Henriquez (bass), and Ali Jackson (drums).
In 1992,Clapton was invited to play for the MTV Unplugged series. On 16 January 1992,he recorded an acoustic album,accompanied by a concert film,at the Bray Studios in Bray,Berkshire.[58] Although the production team and Clapton's staff liked the recordings,Clapton did not want to release either the album or the concert film. Finally,Clapton agreed to release the album in a limited edition. When Unplugged sold out,Clapton gave Warner Bros. and Reprise Records the permission to delete the limited album production. For the album,Clapton decided to record both new material like "Lonely Stranger" and old songs he grew up with such as "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" or enjoyed listening to or had written as an adult,like "San Francisco Bay Blues" and "Layla".[59] Clapton,who plays acoustic guitar and sings on the live track,was backed by Andy Fairweather Low who played acoustic rhythm guitar,Nathan East on acoustic bass guitar and background vocals,Ray Cooper on percussion,Steve Ferrone on drums,Katie Kissoon and Tessa Niles on background vocals as well as Chuck Leavell on piano.[60] Pianist Chuck Leavell recalled that recording the acoustic version of "Layla" felt natural to him and liked that the band was given some space to play during the body of the song and not just during the reprise like it is on the original recording. "It gave us a chance to interpret the song in our way and it did work out well and it gave it a rebirth I think",Leavell said.[61] The acoustic version of "Layla" was produced by Russ Titelman.[62]
Clapton recorded the acoustic version of "Layla" on a C.F. Martin &Co. steel-string acoustic guitar in OOO-42 style from 1939 which was hand built in Nazareth,Pennsylvania (No. OOO-42/73234). Clapton called this guitar one of the finest instruments he has ever used and called its sound "incredible". The auction house Christie's noted,"the guitar became one of the most enduring images of recent music history" being a part of the Unplugged album cover.[63] Christie's expert for the musical department Kerry Keane called the instrument "in the hands of Eric Clapton singly responsible for the repolarization of playing acoustic guitar today". When Keane played the guitar,he also remarked an "amazing" sound as the acoustic guitar seems to have a "wonderfully balanced tone [which is] loud and sweet at the same time with an incredible bass note."[64] The vintage instrument was estimated to sell for between $60,000 and $80,000 but was in the end sold for $791,500.[65]
Arrangement
Rhythm acoustic guitar player Andy Fairweather Low was invited by Clapton to his flat in Chelsea,London,to work out the songs to be recorded for the Unplugged album in January 1992. During the process,Clapton suggested that it would be a good idea to do another version of "Layla". Fairweather Low agreed because he had wanted to release one himself as a big Derek and the Dominos fan. Clapton thought that the perfect arrangement for the rock anthem would be a shuffle because he always liked changing the tempo of a song and looking at something from a different angle.[61]
When Clapton was asked about the acoustic version of the song by the MTV Network,he replied:"'Layla' sort of mystified me. I have done it the same all these years and never ever considered trying to revamp it. And a lot of artists do that,you know? Bob Dylan for instance changes everything everytime he plays it and I thought this was another great opportunity to just take it off on a different path,to put it to a shuffle and for a start,making it acoustic denied all the riffs,really. They would have sounded a bit weak,I think,on the acoustic guitar,so it just seemed to become Jazzier somehow. And of course,I'm singing it a whole octave down. So it gives it a nice kind of atmosphere."[66]
The song was written in the key of D minor which Clapton recalled pushed him to the top of his singing range. When Clapton slowed it down,Fairweather Low suggested Clapton should sing the track a whole octave down. Clapton was pleased with the result as it sounded "nice" and "sort of Jazzy" to him.[61] The new arrangement slowed down and reworked the original riff and dispensed with the piano coda. Because Clapton changed the arrangement so much,he decided to introduce this version to the unsuspecting live audience by stating:"See if you can spot this one."[67]
Reception
AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that "Layla" seemed to be the Unplugged album's hit;he describes it as a "slow crawl through Derek &the Dominos' version,turning that anguished howl of pain into a cozy shuffle and the whole album proceeds at a similar amiable gait,taking its time and enjoying detours into old blues standards."[68] Journalist Steve Hochman called the acoustic version a "low-key but seductive recasting".[69] Music broadcaster VH1 thinks the Unplugged version revealed Clapton's guitar skills in the acoustic setting,which was particularly obvious on the reworking of "Layla" that "stressed Clapton's tender side without forfeitting intensity".[70]Entertainment Weekly journalists picked the tune as the mega hit off the Unplugged album. The critics especially liked Leavell's piano work on the song,saying that it "adds a smoky-jazz-joint torch-song ambience that's both expectation shattering and emotionally compelling to the tune".[71]
With its reworking in 1992 for the Unplugged album,"Layla" became an all-time hit song,as it won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 1993,[115] and was broadcast nonstop in 1992 and 1993 on the radio,in stores,and on television around the globe.[116] In 1992,"Layla" was the most performed song of the year,[117] and won a BMI Broadcasting Award for radio and television appearances of the 1992 "Layla" for more than two million times in summer of 1994.[118] As of 2011,"Layla" had attained more than six million broadcasts on television and the radio or performances on other records and during live concerts.[119]
"Layla" was used in Goodfellas during the scene portraying the aftermath of the 1978 Lufthansa heist. Director Martin Scorsese planned out the sequence with the song specifically in mind,playing it on set to synchronise with the staging and camera movement.[120] The song also plays during the film's ending credits,after a cover of "My Way" by Sid Vicious.
Eric Patrick Clapton is an English rock and blues guitarist,singer,and songwriter. He is regarded as one of the most successful and influential guitarists in rock music. He ranked second in Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibson's "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time". He was named number five in Time magazine's list of "The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players" in 2009. In 2023,Rolling Stone named Clapton the 35th best guitarist of all time.
Derek and the Dominos was an English–American blues rock band formed in the spring of 1970 by singer-guitarist Eric Clapton,keyboardist-singer Bobby Whitlock,bassist Carl Radle and drummer Jim Gordon. All four members had previously played together in Delaney &Bonnie and Friends,during and after Clapton's brief tenure with Blind Faith. Dave Mason supplied additional lead guitar on early studio sessions and played at their first live gig. Another participant at their first session as a band was George Harrison,the recording for whose album All Things Must Pass marked the formation of Derek and the Dominos.
Howard Duane Allman was an American rock and blues guitarist and the founder and original leader of the Allman Brothers Band,for which he was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995.
Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs is the only studio album by the English–American rock band Derek and the Dominos,released on 9 November 1970 as a double album by Polydor Records and Atco Records. It is best known for its title track,"Layla",which is often regarded as Eric Clapton's greatest musical achievement. The other band members were Bobby Whitlock,Jim Gordon,and Carl Radle (bass). Duane Allman played lead and slide guitar on 11 of the 14 songs.
Unplugged is a 1992 live album by Eric Clapton,recorded at Bray Studios,England in front of an audience for the MTV Unplugged television series. It includes a version of the successful 1992 single "Tears in Heaven" and an acoustic version of "Layla". The album itself won three Grammy awards at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in 1993 and became the bestselling live album of all time,and Clapton's bestselling album,selling 26 million copies worldwide.
The singles discography of Eric Clapton consists of 24 early career singles that Clapton recorded with various groups and singers including The Yardbirds,John Mayall &the Blues Breakers,Cream,John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band as well as Derek and the Dominos. As a solo performer,Clapton released 91 singles and various promotional formats from 1970 to date. His most commercially successful singles are "Lay Down Sally","Wonderful Tonight","Change the World","Tears in Heaven" and Bob Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",released in 1974,charting substantially better than Marley's own earlier release had,becoming a Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit.
"Bell Bottom Blues" is a song written by Eric Clapton and Bobby Whitlock,and performed by Derek and the Dominos. It dealt with Clapton's unrequited love for Pattie Boyd,the wife of his friend George Harrison,and appeared on the 1970 double album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. Issued as a single,backed with "Keep on Growing",the song reached number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971. A re-release backed with "Little Wing" peaked at number 78 on the same chart.
Robert Stanley Whitlock is an American singer,songwriter and musician. He is best known as a member of the blues-rock band Derek and the Dominos,with Eric Clapton,in 1970–71. Whitlock's musical career began with Memphis soul acts such as Sam &Dave and Booker T. &the M.G.'s before he joined Delaney &Bonnie and Friends in 1968. His association with Delaney &Bonnie bandmate Clapton led to Whitlock's participation in sessions for George Harrison's 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass,in London,and the formation of Derek and the Dominos that year. On the band's sole studio album,the critically acclaimed Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs,Whitlock wrote or co-wrote seven of the album's fourteen tracks,including "Tell the Truth","Bell Bottom Blues" and "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?".
Delaney &Bonnie was an American duo of singer-songwriters Delaney Bramlett and Bonnie Bramlett. In 1969 and 1970,they fronted a rock/soul ensemble,Delaney &Bonnie and Friends,whose members at different times included Duane Allman,Gregg Allman,Eric Clapton,George Harrison,Leon Russell,Bobby Whitlock,Dave Mason,Steve Howe,Rita Coolidge,and King Curtis.
Crossroads is a 1988 music collection box set of the work of Eric Clapton released by Polydor Records. The set includes his work with the Yardbirds,John Mayall &the Bluesbreakers,Cream,Blind Faith,Delaney &Bonnie &Friends and Derek and the Dominos,as well as his solo career.
Idlewild South is the second studio album by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band. Produced by Tom Dowd,the album was released on September 23,1970 in the United States,by Atco Records and Capricorn Records. Following the release of their 1969 debut,the Allman Brothers Band toured the United States extensively to promote the album,which had little commercial success. Their performances,however,did create positive word of mouth exposure that extended to more famous musicians,such as Eric Clapton,who invited group leader Duane Allman to contribute to his 1970 album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs.
Blues is a blues rock compilation album by Eric Clapton released in 1999. The release features songs from Clapton's 1970s RSO albums,as well as some unreleased material from the same era. The second disc features live recordings.
Eric Clapton at His Best is a two-LP compilation of Eric Clapton's work after he left his earlier band Cream,released in September 1972. It was concurrently released with a two-LP compilation of Cream tracks,Heavy Cream,along with "at His Best" solo retrospectives by Cream's other members Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker.
Backtrackin' is a two-disc compilation album by Eric Clapton spanning the years 1966 to 1980. It was released in 1984. The compilation contains all of Clapton's best known songs with Cream,Blind Faith,Derek and the Dominos,and his solo 1970s work through his 1980 live album Just One Night. This compilation album is made in Germany and is only available in the United States as an import. It was originally released by Starblend Records,and has since been reissued by Polydor Records. This 2 CD compilation is currently out of print in some markets while still available in some form in others.
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" is a blues standard written by pianist Jimmie Cox in 1923 and originally performed in a Vaudeville-blues style in the aftermath of the 1920–1921 U.S. economic depression. A later 1929 recording by Bessie Smith became popular during the early years of the Great Depression due to the lyrics highlighting the fleeting nature of material wealth and the friendships that come and go with it. Since Smith's 1929 recording,the song has been interpreted by numerous musicians in a variety of styles.
"Key to the Highway" is a blues standard that has been performed and recorded by several blues and other artists. Blues pianist Charlie Segar first recorded the song in 1940. Jazz Gillum and Big Bill Broonzy followed with recordings in 1940 and 1941,using an arrangement that has become the standard.
Bobby Whitlock is the debut solo album by American songwriter and rock musician Bobby Whitlock,released in early 1972. The album features all of the former members of Derek and the Dominos –Whitlock,Eric Clapton,Carl Radle and Jim Gordon –although never all together. Other contributors include George Harrison,the sessions for whose 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass had led to the formation of the Dominos;Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett;and ex-Manfred Mann bassist Klaus Voormann.
"Tell the Truth" is a song by the English–American band Derek and the Dominos,released in 1970 as the eighth track on their album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. The song was composed primarily by keyboardist Bobby Whitlock,with guitarist Eric Clapton adding the last verse. The band recorded the track at Criteria Studios in Miami,Florida in August 1970,with Tom Dowd as their producer.
20th Century Masters –The Millennium Collection:The Best of Eric Clapton is a compilation album by the British rock musician Eric Clapton. It was released on 15 June 2004,by Polydor Records and is part of Universal's 20th Century Masters –The Millennium Collection series.
"Anyday" is a song written by British rock guitarist and singer Eric Clapton and American singer-songwriter Bobby Whitlock for the Derek and the Dominos album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs which was released in 1970. It was written at Clapton’s home when the two of them were playing guitar in different tunings. Open D was the one they chose. Over the years,the tune was newly interpreted by both Clapton and Whitlock who also released their takes on the song on both studio and live albums in 2003 and 2016.
References
↑ Seyed-Gohrab, A. A. (15 July 2009). "Leyli o Majnun". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
↑ "Wynton Marsalis & Eric Clapton play the blues" [sic] (LIVE FROM JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER). (2011, Rhino Entertainment Company, a Warner Music Group Company).
↑ Kohler, Steve. "NZ Listener Chart Summary". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. New Zealand: Flavour of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
↑ "Eric Clapton Unplugged EPK". Eric Clapton. YouTube.com. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
1 2 "ARIA End Of Year Singles 1993". Top 50 Australian Singles Chart. Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.()
Fuld, William J. (1998). The New Zealand Charts – A Red Chart? (2nded.). Fuld Pressings.
Gambaccini, Paul (1987). The Top 100 Rock "n" Roll Albums of All Time. Harmony Books. ISBN978-0-517-56561-2.
Keane, Kerry (2004). Crossroads Guitar Auction – Eric Clapton and Friends for the Crossroads Centre – Thursday 24 June 2004. Christie's New York. ASINB000UVFW6G.
Perrin, Jeff; Clapton, Eric (1996). The Best of Eric Clapton: A Step-by-Step Breakdown of His Playing Technique. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard. ISBN978-0-7935-5801-8.
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