Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge

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George Foster Shepley (architect).png
George Foster Shepley
Charles H. Rutan, architect.jpg
Charles Hercules Rutan
Charles Allerton Coolidge.png
Charles Allerton Coolidge

Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge was a successful American architectural firm based in Boston. As the successor to the studio of Henry Hobson Richardson, they completed his unfinished work before developing their own practice, and had extensive commissions in monumental civic, religious and collegiate architecture. The original partnership was dissolved in 1914 and continued under the names Coolidge & Shattuck, Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott and Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott. Since 2000 it has been active under the name Shepley Bulfinch .

Contents

History

The inner quad of Stanford University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and completed in 1891. Stanford University campus in 2016.jpg
The inner quad of Stanford University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and completed in 1891.
The Art Institute of Chicago Building, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Neoclassical style and completed in 1893. Art Institute of Chicago (51575570710).jpg
The Art Institute of Chicago Building, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Neoclassical style and completed in 1893.
Conant Hall of Harvard University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Colonial Revival style and completed in 1894. Conant Hall Harvard University 050227.jpg
Conant Hall of Harvard University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Colonial Revival style and completed in 1894.
The Harvard Medical School, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Neoclassical style and completed in 1906. Harvard Medical School HDR (cropped).jpg
The Harvard Medical School, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Neoclassical style and completed in 1906.
The John Hay Library of Brown University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Neoclassical style and completed in 1910. John Hay Library iso (Brown).jpg
The John Hay Library of Brown University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Neoclassical style and completed in 1910.
Dallas Hall of Southern Methodist University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Colonial Revival style and completed in 1915. Dallas Hall on the campus of Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas LCCN2015630915.jpg
Dallas Hall of Southern Methodist University, designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in the Colonial Revival style and completed in 1915.
The Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University, designed by Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott in the Colonial Revival style and completed in 1927. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University.jpg
The Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University, designed by Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott in the Colonial Revival style and completed in 1927.

The firm grew out of Henry Hobson Richardson's architectural practice. On the day of his death, Richardson left instructions that his practice should be continued by his three chief assistants: George Foster Shepley, Charles Hercules Rutan and Charles Allerton Coolidge, to whom in his declining health he had delegated greater and greater responsibility. Rutan had been a member of the office since 1869 and was the office's construction expert, while Shepley and Coolidge had worked for Ware & Van Brunt and had been educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before joining Richardson in 1882 and 1883, respectively. Shepley was then engaged to Richardson's daughter, and Coolidge soon married Shepley's sister. Following Richardson's instructions, and with the legal and financial backing of his friends and clients Edward W. Hooper and Frederick Lothrop Ames, they organized the firm of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in June in Richardson's Brookline studio. At first they were primarily engaged on the completion of Richardson's many unfinished works, including the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh and the John J. Glessner House in Chicago. [1] By 1887 they had relocated from suburban Brookline to downtown Boston and were soliciting new work. [2] The three partners quickly settled into their new roles: Shepley and Coolidge as designers and Rutan as superintendent and office manager. Coolidge also emerged as the firm's promoter and rainmaker and quickly began to win major projects for the firm. [1]

By the time of Richardson's death, the Richardsonian Romanesque style with which he is associated had become widely imitated and was seen as old-fashioned by the most progressive American architects. Richardson himself was moving away from explicitly Romanesque detail, as at the New London Union Station (1887). Shepley and Coolidge initially continued as Richardsonian imitators. Later historians such as Henry-Russell Hitchcock have found their Richardsonian work to be of a higher quality than that of other imitators, though in their hands, without Richardson's imagination, it became stale and formulaic. Their Richardsonian works included the Ames Building (1889) in Boston, the Shadyside Presbyterian Church (1890) in Pittsburgh and the new campus of Stanford University (1891) near San Francisco. [3] [1]

After a few years Shepley and Coolidge embraced the Neoclassical and other contemporary revival styles, following the lead of McKim, Mead & White, who after Richardson's death had taken his position as the leading American architects. [3] Their embrace of Neoclassicism first appeared in their unexecuted proposal for the Rhode Island State House (1891), a competition they lost to McKim. [4] [1] Their first built Neoclassical works included the Art Institute of Chicago (1893) and the Chicago Cultural Center (1897). During this time they also became known for their Colonial Revival work, especially that at Harvard University. Their first Harvard building was Conant Hall (1894) and would hold a near monopoly on design work at Harvard during the presidency of A. Lawrence Lowell. [5] They were very successful in Chicago, where competing local architects began to jealously refer to them as "Simply Rotten & Foolish." [1] In 1892 Coolidge consolidated all of the firm's field offices into a Chicago branch office, with himself as resident partner until 1900. [6] If this move was in part an attempt to allay the Chicagoans' concern that they were architectural carpetbaggers, it was likely unsuccessful as additional important work, including the master plan and buildings of the University of Chicago, went into their office. [1] In 1893 a second branch office was established in St. Louis, Shepley's hometown, under the management of John Lawrence Mauran. In 1900, as Coolidge returned to Boston, the firm chose to withdraw from St. Louis, and Mauran and two associates bought out the local business to form the firm of Mauran, Russell & Garden. [7]

Shepley died in 1903 and Rutan became disabled in 1912, leaving Coolidge as the only active partner. Coolidge dissolved the partnership effective December 1, 1914, followed shortly by Rutan's death. [8] By this time, Coolidge had found that the firm's two offices acted largely independently, and organized new partnerships to operate both: Coolidge & Shattuck with George C. Shattuck in Boston and Coolidge & Hodgdon with Charles Hodgdon in Chicago. Both Shattuck and Hodgdon were long-time employees. [9] [10] Though they were both directed by Coolidge, the two firms operated independently of one another. In 1923, Shattuck died, and in 1924 Coolidge formed a new Boston partnership with Henry R. Shepley, Francis V. Bulfinch and Lewis B. Abbott, known as Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott. Shepley was the son of his former partner and his own nephew, and Bulfinch was the great-grandson of Charles Bulfinch. [11] In 1930, Coolidge retired from the Chicago partnership, which was thereafter known as Charles Hodgdon & Son. [12]

Coolidge was active as the senior partner of the Boston firm until his death in 1936, leaving the younger Shepley as senior partner. The name of the firm was not changed until 1952, when, with the addition of Joseph P. Richardson, it was renamed Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott. Richardson was, like Shepley, a grandson of H. H. Richardson. Other principals were added to the partnership over the next twenty years: in 1960 by James Ford Clapp Jr., son of the former partner of Clarence H. Blackall, in 1961 by Sherman Morss, in 1963 by Jean Paul Carlhian and Hugh Shepley, son of Henry R. Shepley, and in 1969 by Otis B. Robinson.

In 1972 the firm was incorporated and the partnership was dissolved. For several years, control remained in the hands of Richardson as the head of the internal Executive Committee. Corporate officers, including president, were elected on an annual basis and had limited power. This system ended in 1978, when Richardson retired and George R. Mathey was elected the first long-term president. At this time the firm passed out of the control of the extended Richardson-Shepley-Coolidge family, which had led it since H. H. Richardson established himself independently in Brookline in 1878. [13]

In 1973 the American Institute of Architects awarded the firm their prestigious Architecture Firm Award. Over its long history the firm completed works in every major contemporary style. They made the difficult transition from traditionalism to modernism by melding Bauhaus functionalism with Beaux-Arts planning principles. This owed much to Carlhian, a French-born, Beaux-Arts-trained architect who had joined the firm in 1950. In 1999, historian Vincent Scully wrote that their work "[embodied] their own history of American architecture over more than a hundred years." [14] Since 2000 the firm has been known as Shepley Bulfinch .

Employees

Richardson's studio was known as a training ground for young architects, many of whom would become notable in their own right. This continued under the leadership of Shepley and Coolidge. Their employees included:

Work

ImageBuildingLocationYearNotesRef
Franklin MacVeagh Residence Chicago, Illinois 1885–1887Completed work started by Richardson. Razed in 1922.
Stanford University Main Quad - 7 June 2009.jpg Stanford University Main Quad Stanford, California 1887–1906Also designed Encina Hall and the Leland Stanford Residence.
Bell Telephone Building in 1889 (St. Louis, Missouri).jpg Bell Telephone Building St. Louis, Missouri 1889
Hartford Union Station 1913 postcard.jpg Hartford Union Station Hartford, Connecticut Executed a design by George Keller [20]
New London Public Library, December 2018.JPG New London Public Library New London, Connecticut 1889
ShadysidePresbyterianChurchPHLF.jpg Shadyside Presbyterian Church Shadyside, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1890
Williams Memorial Institute, New London CT.jpg Williams Memorial Institute New London, Connecticut 1891
Chicago Cultural Center (51574888388).jpg Chicago Public Library Chicago, Illinois 1892Now the Chicago Cultural Center
2017 Flour and Grain Exchange Building.jpg Flour and Grain Exchange Building Boston, Massachusetts 1892
LS&MRR SANDUSKY.jpg Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Station Sandusky, Ohio 1892 [20]
Medfield State Hospital, buildings (cropped).jpg Medfield State Hospital Medfield, Massachusetts 1892
Montreal Board of Trade Building Montreal, Quebec 1892Destroyed in 1902.
"Ames Building" (13623776063).jpg Ames Building Boston, Massachusetts 1893
Art Institute of Chicago from south.jpg Art Institute of Chicago Built as the "World's Congress Auxiliary Building" for the World's Columbian Exposition.
North Union Station, 1897.png North Union Station 1893Razed in 1927.
Conant Hall, Harvard University.jpg Conant Hall Cambridge, Massachusetts 1894Built on the Harvard University campus
Trinity Church, Boston, Massachusetts LCCN2011630431.jpg Trinity Church Boston, Massachusetts 1894–1897Completed work started by Richardson.
Tilden-Thurber building, Providence, Rhode Island.jpg Tilden-Thurber Building Providence, Rhode Island 1895
Train-Station-Post-Card-early20th.jpg Coraopolis Station Coraopolis, Pennsylvania 1896 [20]
Euclid Avenue, the North Side, Looking West Toward E. 6th Street - DPLA - fc8f53ab4a9c3bdd7be39ce9ba6800d4.jpg Guardian Bank Building Cleveland, Ohio 1896
Glassport P&LE Railroad Station Glassport, Pennsylvania c. 1896
Medill/McCormick Residence Cantigny Park, Illinois 1896
New Castle Junction P&LE Railroad Station New Castle, Pennsylvania c. 1896Destroyed
South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg Third St. Joseph County Courthouse South Bend, Indiana 1897
14 Beacon Street (Fish, Cage, & McBeal) (7183315650).jpg Congregational Library & Archives Boston, Massachusetts 1898
South Station from Dewey Square, September 2011.jpg South Station Boston, Massachusetts 1898 [20]
Albany Union Station Postcard.png Albany Union Station Albany, New York 1899 [20] [21]
Chestnut Hill Pump Station Boston, Massachusetts 1900Built for the Metropolitan Water Board.
CarnegiePublicLibrarySedaliaMissouri.jpg Sedalia Public Library Sedalia, Missouri 1900
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building and Agriculture Building Buffalo, New York 1901For the Pan-American Exposition,
University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 1901–1915Master plan and designs for more than fifteen buildings.
Bartlett Gymnasium.jpg Bartlett Gymnasium Chicago, Illinois 1904Built for the University of Chicago.
Brown university john carter brown lib.JPG John Carter Brown Library Providence, Rhode Island 1904Built for Brown University.
AllSaintsChurchAppletonLeStreet(StephenHorncastle)May2006.jpg All Saints Episcopal Church Appleton, Wisconsin 1905
Hildene manchester vermont 2006.jpg Hildene Manchester Center, Vermont 1905Mansion built for Robert Todd Lincoln.
Harvard Medical School HDR (cropped).jpg Harvard Medical School 1906
Langdell Hall, Harvard Law School.jpg Langdell Hall 1907Commissioned by James Barr Ames of the Harvard Law School.
Corn Exchange Bank Building Chicago, Illinois 1908Also known as National Republican Bank. Razed c. 1985.
Boston Safe Deposit Building Boston, Massachusetts 1908–1911
Hampden County Courthouse MA.jpg Hampden County Courthouse Springfield, Massachusetts 1908–1912Additions to building designed by Richardson.
John Hay Library (Brown).jpg John Hay Library Providence, Rhode Island 1910 Brown University library. [22]
Union Station, Springfield, Mass. - 1.jpg Union Station Springfield, Massachusetts 1910
Harper Memorial Library, University of Chicago (NBY 2946).jpg Harper Memorial Library Chicago, Illinois 1910–1912 University of Chicago library.
YMCABoshq.JPG YMCA Boston Boston, Massachusetts 1911
First Congregational Church, Fall River, Mass (61471).jpg First Congregational Church of Fall River Fall River, Massachusetts 1912
Dallas Hall on the campus of Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas LCCN2015630915.jpg Dallas Hall University Park, Texas 1915On the campus of Southern Methodist University.
Ida Noyes Hall Courtyard.JPG Ida Noyes Hall Chicago, Illinois 1916Located on the University of Chicago campus.
Rockland Railroad Station.jpg Rockland Station Rockland, Maine 1917As Coolidge and Shattuck. [20]
Freemason's Hall Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Destroyed
Washington Building - Washington, D.C.jpg Washington Building Washington, D.C. 1927Contributing property to the Financial Historic District

Boston & Albany Railroad stations

Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge also designed 23 stations for the Boston & Albany Railroad (1886 through 1894): [23]

Sources

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jay Wickersham and Christopher Milford, "Richardson's death, Ames's money, and the birth of the modern architectural firm" in Perspecta 47 (2014): 114-127.
  2. ↑ "Shepley, George F." in Boston of To-day: A Glance at its History and Characteristics , ed. Richard Herndon (Boston: Post Publishing Company, 1892): 389.
  3. 1 2 Henry-Russell Hitchcock, The Architecture of H. H. Richardson and his Times (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1961): 287-289.
  4. ↑ "Shepley, George Foster" in The National Cyclopedia of American Biography 22 (New York: James T. White & Company, 1932): 99.
  5. ↑ Bainbridge Bunting, Harvard: An Architectural History, ed. Margaret Henderson Floyd (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1985): 124.
  6. ↑ "Personal" in Inland Architect and Building News 18, no. 6 (January 1892): 79.
  7. ↑ "Architects' Removals, etc." in American Architect and Building News 69, no. 1281 (July 14, 1900): x.
  8. ↑ "Sarah E. Rutan, executrix, vs. Charles A. Coolidge" in Massachusetts Reports 241 (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1923): 584-600.
  9. ↑ Economist 53, no. 6 (February 6, 1915): 239.
  10. ↑ "Personals" in American Architect 108, no. 2066 (July 28, 1915): 62.
  11. ↑ "Coolidge, Charles Allerton" in The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography C (New York: James T. White & Company, 1930): 521.
  12. ↑ Architectural Record 67, no. 5 (November 1930): 200.
  13. ↑ Julia Heskel. Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott: Past to Present (Boston: Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott Inc., 1999): 85 and 95-99.
  14. ↑ Vincent Scully, "Foreword" in Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott: Past to Present (Boston: Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott Inc., 1999): 5.
  15. ↑ Cambridge Tribune, July 9, 1904, 5.
  16. ↑ Sally B. Woodbridge, John Galen Howard and the University of California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002)
  17. ↑ "Keene, Arthur Simpson" in American Architects Directory (New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1956): 290.
  18. ↑ "Noyes, Eliot Fette" in American Architects Directory (New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1956): 408.
  19. ↑ "Stone, Edward Durell" in American Architects Directory (New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1956): 540.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Potter, Janet Greenstein (1996). Great American Railroad Stations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 66, 81, 85, 92, 97, 190, 396. ISBN   9780471143895.
  21. ↑ Liebs, Chester H. (July 1970). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Albany Union Station". Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2009. and Accompanying two photos, exterior, from 1905 and undated
  22. ↑ Lovecraft, H. P. (October 1, 2013). The Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories. Penguin. ISBN   9781101663035.
  23. ↑ Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (June 1988). "Architecture for the Boston & Albany Railroad: 1881-1894". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 47 (2): 109–131. doi:10.2307/990324. JSTOR   990324.
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