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Most languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. Within Indo-European, the three largest phyla in Europe are Romance, Germanic, and Slavic; they have more than 200 million speakers each and together account for close to 90% of Europeans. Smaller phyla of Indo-European found in Europe include Hellenic, Baltic, Albanian, Celtic, and Armenian ; Indo-Aryan, though a large subfamily of Indo-European, has a relatively small number of speakers in Europe.
The Indo-Iranian languages constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in South Asia, West Asia and parts of Central Asia.
Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognised and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language; it is known as Afghan Persian or Eastern Persian in many Western sources. As Professor Nile Green remarks, "the impulses behind renaming of Afghan Persian as Dari were more nationalistic than linguistic" in order to create an Afghan state narrative. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and Iran; the languages are mutually intelligible. The term "Dari" is officially used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan, but is best restricted to formal spoken registers. Afghanistan's Persian-speaking population still prefer to call their language "Farsi", asserting that the term "Dari" has been imposed upon them by the dominant Pashtun ethnic group as an effort to detach Afghanistan from its deep-rooted cultural, linguistic, and historical connections with the wider Persian-speaking world, encompassing Iran, Tajikistan, and parts of Uzbekistan. It serves as the lingua franca for interethnic communications in Afghanistan.
Pakistan is a multilingual country with dozens of languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.
The Pamir languages are an areal group of the Eastern Iranian languages, spoken by numerous people in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and its tributaries.
Sivand is a village in Khafrak-e Olya, Marvdasht County, Fars Province, Iran. It is located in the Sivand valley and is mostly known for the nearby Sivand Dam. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,130, in 861 families.
The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian and Median.
Sangsari or Sangisari is an Iranian language spoken mainly in the Semnan and Tehran provinces of Iran, especially in the Sangesar town and in several surrounding villages. Sangsari is included in the Semnani group of Northwestern Iranian languages that also includes Lasgerdi, Semnani, and Sorkhei. There are around 50,000 Sangsari speakers.
Koroshi, is a Balochi dialect. The speakers of Koroshi live in scattered pockets in Southern Iranian Fars province. The number of speakers was estimated to be 1000 in 2006. According to Ethnologue the dialect has 180 speakers within 40 to 50 families. Entirely isolated from the main body of the Baloch habitat, Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties.
Asuri is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Asur people, part of the Munda branch. Asuri has many Dravidian loanwords due to contact with Kurukh.
Brao is a Mon–Khmer language of Cambodia and Laos.
Kenzi, also known as Kenuzi, Kunuz, or Mattokki, is a Nubian language of Egypt. It is spoken north of Mahas in Egypt. It is closely related to Dongolawi or Andaandi, a Nubian Language of Sudan. The two have historically been considered two varieties of one language. More recent research recognizes them as distinct languages without a "particularly close genetic relationship." With population displacement due to the Aswan High Dam there are communities of speakers in Lower Egypt. Recent linguistic research on the Kenzi language has been conducted by Ahmed Sokarno Abdel-Hafiz.
Jaḍgālī or Zadjali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Jadgal, an ethno-linguistic group of Pakistan and Iran also spoken by few hundreds in Oman. It is one of only two Indo-Aryan languages found on the Iranian plateau. It is a dialect of Sindhi language most closely related to Lasi.
Gazi is one of the Central Iranian varieties of Iran, one of five listed in Ethnologue that together have 35,000 speakers.
Nayini (Na'ini), or Biyabanak, is one of the Central Iranian varieties of Iran, one of five listed in Ethnologue that together have 35,000 speakers.
Soi (Sohi) is one of the Central Iranian language varieties of Iran, one of five listed in Ethnologue that together have 35,000 speakers. It is closely related to Natanzi.
Natanzi is one of the Central Iranian varieties of Iran, one of five listed in Ethnologue that together have 35,000 speakers. Dialects are Natanzi, Farizandi, Yarandi/Yarani. It is closely related to Sohi.
Itneg is a South-Central Cordilleran dialect continuum found in the island of Luzon, Philippines. This language and Ilocano are spoken by the Itneg people in Abra.
Ache is a Loloish language spoken by the Yi people of south-central Yunnan, China. Ethnologue lists Azhe as an alternate name.
References
- ↑ Ethnologue gives a figure of 7,030. However, this is a guestimate based on 35,000 speakers divided among five recognized languages.
- ↑ Sivandi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
