Spanish Argentines

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Spanish Argentines
Hispano-argentinos (Spanish)
Hispano-arxentinos (Galician)
Hispano-argentinarrak (Basque)
Hispano-argentins (Catalan)
Colectividad espanola de Trelew.JPG
Spanish community from Trelew (Chubut) during a parade for May 25.
Total population
68,748 (by birth, 2023) [1]
+ 20,000,000 (by ancestry, 2015) [2]
43.4% of Argentina's population
Regions with significant populations
Throughout Argentina
(The Pampas, the New Cuyo, the Littoral, the Northwest and Patagonia)
Languages
Majority: Spanish
Minority: Galician, Catalan, and Basque
Religion
Majority: Roman Catholicism
Minority: Irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards, Galicians, Castilians, Catalans, Asturians, Cantabrians, Aragonese, Basques and Sephardic Jews

Spanish Argentines (Spanish : hispano-argentinos) are Argentine-born citizens who are predominantly or totally of Spanish descent. The arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina took place first in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish descended Criollo population gradually built up in the new cities, while some mixed with the amerindians ( Mestizos ), with the slave population sub-saharan descended ( Mulattoes ) or with other European immigrants. Currently, a large part of Argentines can be considered Criollos or Castizos.

Contents

Since a great portion of the immigrants to Argentina before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and a significant part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Argentina were Spaniards, almost all Argentines are at least partly of Spanish ancestry. Indeed, the 20 most common surnames in Argentina are Spanish. The prevalence and the numerous shared cultural aspects between Argentina and Spain (the Spanish language, Roman Catholicism, Criollo/Hispanic traditions) has been mixed with other European and Latin Mediterranean cultures with the immigration to Argentina during the 20th century. This has led to a hybrid Argentine culture which is among the most distinct from traditional Spanish culture in Latin America. Furthermore, a large proportion of Spanish immigration to Argentina during the 20th century was from the North Western region of Galicia, which has a separate language and distinct culture from other parts of Spain.

History

The interplay between Argentine and Spanish culture has a long and complex history. Spanish settlements date back to 16th century, and from then on, many Criollo Spaniards populated the area of Argentina, some of whom intermarried with non-Spaniards. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580, although initial settlement was primarily overland from Peru. The Spanish further integrated Argentina into their vast empire by establishing the Vice Royalty of Rio de la Plata in 1776, and Buenos Aires became a flourishing port. Argentina would become a crucial part of the Spanish Empire in South America.

The Argentine independence movement drastically changed earlier Argentine-Spanish relations. The Argentine movement for independence from Spain began in the powerful city of Buenos Aires on May 25, 1810, and the whole new country formally declared independence from Spain on July 9, 1816, in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán. Following the defeat of the Spanish, centralist and federalist groups engaged in a lengthy conflict to determine the future of the nation of Argentina. Prior to its independence, Spaniards in Argentina who were against the rule of the Spanish Empire and desired their independence came to be known as Argentines, and those who were opposed to independence continued to be identified as Spaniards. But a few generations after independence, and particularly after recent immigration, most Argentines began to see themselves as purely Argentine out of pride in their new developing nation.

Spanish immigration

A Spanish immigrant family in the town of Arias, Cordoba. Inmigrantes espanoles en el pueblo de Arias, provincia de Cordoba, Argentina.jpg
A Spanish immigrant family in the town of Arias, Córdoba.
Percentage of Spanish immigrants in the provinces and territories of Argentina, according to the 1914 Argentine census. Inmigrantes de Espana en Argentina (1914).svg
Percentage of Spanish immigrants in the provinces and territories of Argentina, according to the 1914 Argentine census.

In the post-colonial period (1832-1950), there would be a further influx of Spanish immigrants to Argentina from all over Spain during the Great European immigration wave to Argentina, after the creation of the modern Argentine state. Between 1857 and 1960, 2.2 million Spanish people emigrated to Argentina, mostly from Galicia, the Basque Country, Cantabria, and Catalonia in northern Spain, while significantly smaller numbers of immigrants also arrived from Extremadura in southern Spain.

Galicians make up 70% of the Spanish post-colonial immigrant population in Argentina.[ citation needed ] The city with the world's second largest number of Galician people is Buenos Aires.[ citation needed ] Immigration from Galicia was so notable that today all Spaniards, regardless of their origin within Spain, are referred to as gallegos (Galicians) in Argentina. [3] The Argentine stereotype about gallegos is that they are dull, stubborn and stingy. [4]

Roughly 10-15% of the Argentine population are descended from Basque people, both Spanish and French, and are described as Basque Argentines. They gather in several Basque cultural centers in most of the large cities in the country. A common practice among Argentines of Basque origin is to identify themselves "French-Basques". This is because of French culture being considered more "fashionable" than Spanish among the average Argentine.

In 2013, there were 92,453 Spanish citizens born in Spain living in Argentina and another 288,494 Spanish citizens born in Argentina. [5]

Many of the Argentine migrants to Spain are the descendants of Spaniards or Italians who can easily acquire European citizenship under laws of return.

Modern times

Diego Armando Maradona was a descendant of Galician immigrants. Argentina celebrando copa.jpg
Diego Armando Maradona was a descendant of Galician immigrants.
Juan Martin del Potro, the most recognized Argentine tennis player. Del Potro Washington 02.jpg
Juan Martín del Potro, the most recognized Argentine tennis player.

While there continues to be strong interest among the population in European affairs and their European heritage, the Argentine culture today varies considerably from the Spanish much like the American or Australian cultures vary from the British.

Spanish culture has left a great mark on modern Argentine culture. Bilateral relations have always been of a privileged strategic nature. Meanwhile, prospective and all-round cooperation also experienced periods of acute disagreement. In recent years, Madrid diplomacy has been trying to regain its shaken prestige and influence over Argentina and its closest neighbors. The most significant preparations for this were made during the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America. However, despite some "warming" in relations between the countries, the former level of trust and contacts is not observed. Attempts at cultural cooperation face two significant obstacles. Firstly, Spain does not have a sufficient amount of free funds that must be invested in lending to the Argentine economy, and secondly, the “syndrome of betrayal” that Argentines feel in relation to Spain is not likely to be easily overcome. [6]

Figures

Yale university report states that 2,080,000 Spanish immigrants entered Argentina between 1857 and 1940. Spain provided 31.4% (Italy 44.9%) of all immigrants in that period. [7] Nevertheless, due to prior Spanish immigration occurring throughout the colonial period, around 20 million Argentines are descendants of Spanish to some degree, with the 20 most common surnames in the country being all from Spain. [2]

Another report gives net migration data as follows:[ citation needed ]

Spanish net migration to Argentina from 1857 to 1976
Year periodSpanish immigrants
1857–18601,819
1861–187015,567
1871–188024,706
1881–1890134,492
1891–190073,551
1901–1910488,174
1911–1920181,478
1921–1930232,637
1931–194011,286
1941–1950110,899
1951–196098,801
1961–19709,514
1971–1976-2,784
Total1,380,140

Spanish-born in Argentina in 2010

Percentage of Spanish-born in Argentina by province according to the 2010 census. Espanoles en Argentina por provincia - 2010.png
Percentage of Spanish-born in Argentina by province according to the 2010 census.

The 2010 Argentine census recorded 94,030 people born in Spain. The following table shows the distribution in the 23 provinces and the capital: [8]

RankProvinceBorn in Spain %
1Bandera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.svg Buenos Aires Province 48,01951.06 %
2Bandera de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg Buenos Aires (CABA) 26,28228.00 %
3Bandera de la Provincia de Mendoza.svg Mendoza 4,1304.39 %
4Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Fe.svg Santa Fe 3,2923.50 %
5Bandera de la Provincia de Cordoba 2014.svg Córdoba 3,2563.46 %
6Flag of Rio Negro Province.svg Río Negro (Argentina) 1,2471.32 %
7Flag of the San Juan Province.svg San Juan 1,1871.26 %
8Flag of chubut province in argentina - bandera de chubut.svg Chubut 1,0521.12 %
9Bandera de la Provincia de Tucuman.svg Tucumán 7360.78 %
10Bandera de la Provincia de Salta.svg Salta 7320.77 %
11Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Cruz.svg Santa Cruz 6950.74 %
12Bandera de la Provincia del Neuquen.svg Neuquén 5550.59 %
13Flag of Entre Rios.svg Entre Ríos 4370.46 %
14Bandera de la Provincia de Misiones.svg Misiones 3270.35 %
15Flag of Chaco province in Argentina 2007.svg Chaco 3260.34 %
16Flag of San Luis Province.svg San Luis 3040.32 %
17Bandera de la Provincia de La Pampa.svg La Pampa 2830.30 %
18Flag of Santiago del Estero.svg Santiago del Estero 2490.26 %
19Flag of the Civil Freedom of Argentina.svg Jujuy 2320.24 %
20Bandera de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego.svg Tierra del Fuego 2270.24 %
21Bandera de la Provincia de Corrientes.svg Corrientes 2040.21 %
22Bandera de la Provincia de Catamarca.svg Catamarca 970.10 %
23Flag of La Rioja province in Argentina.svg La Rioja (Argentina) 940.10 %
24Flag of Formosa.svg Formosa 710.07 %
TOTALFlag of Argentina.svg Argentina 94,030100 %

See also

References

  1. "Datos sociodemográficos por país de nacimiento". RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  2. 1 2 Clarin.com (12 November 2015). "Cuáles son los 200 apellidos más populares en la Argentina". clarin.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  3. "gallego, gallega". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (electrónica 23.7 ed.). RAE-ASALE. 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  4. "El estereotipo "gallego", un invento bien piola y argentino" (in Spanish). Clarín. 4 February 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. El gallego es, de acuerdo al estereotipo cristalizado en la cultura argentina, bruto, tozudo, tacaño, torpe, franco, ingenuo. Puede ser el portero o el almacenero pero nunca un artista, pensador o intelectual. Y claro, se llamará indefectiblemente José o Manuel.
  5. (in Spanish) Archived 15 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  6. "Argentina, en el mundo: Macri muestra en España un proyecto serio para la recuperación de su país". El País. 2017.
  7. "90.01.06: South American Immigration: Argentina". www.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  8. National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina (2010). "2010 Census - Total population born abroad by place of birth, according to sex and age group (see by province)". Archived from the original (.xls) on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2016.