Canary Islanders

Canary Islanders
Canarios

Total population
c. 1,600,000 [1]
Regions with significant populations
Canary Islands 1,553,078 (2019) [1] 72.1% of the total Canary Islands population
Significant Canary Islander diaspora in
Spain (other)	Total unknown
Venezuela	42,671 [2] [3]
Cuba	40,602 [4]
Argentina	2,390 [2]
Mexico	1,600
Dominican Republic	Unknown
Puerto Rico	Unknown
Western Sahara	Unknown
Languages
Canarian Spanish, Silbo Gomero
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic (85%) [5]
Related ethnic groups
Isleños, other Spaniards, Madeirans, Portuguese, Berbers (Guanches)

Canary Islanders, or Canarians (Spanish : canarios), are the people of the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain near the coast of Northwest Africa. The distinctive variety of the Spanish language spoken in the region is known as habla canaria (Canary speech) or the (dialecto) canario (Canarian dialect). The Canarians, and their descendants, played a major role during the conquest, colonization, and eventual independence movements of various countries in Latin America. Their ethnic and cultural presence is most palpable in the countries of Uruguay, Venezuela, Cuba and the Dominican Republic as well as the US territory of Puerto Rico.

History

Main articles: Canary Islands in pre-colonial times, Conquest of the Canary Islands, and Kingdom of the Canary Islands

The original inhabitants of the Canary Islands are commonly known as Guanches (although this term in its strict sense only refers to the original inhabitants of Tenerife). They are most probably descendants of the Berbers of North Africa. ^{[6] [7]}

The islands were conquered by Castile at the beginning of the 15th century. In 1402, they began to subdue and suppress the native Guanche population. The Guanches were initially enslaved ^{[ citation needed ]} and gradually absorbed. As a result, genetic analyses of modern Canarians show mainly a mixture of European and North African genes, and low frequencies of sub-Saharan genes, with quite a lot of variation (see Ancestry).

After subsequent settlement by Europeans, the remaining Guanches were gradually assimilated by the settlers and their culture largely vanished. Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of Tenerife and La Palma, oversaw extensive immigration to these islands during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, mostly Castile and Portugal. At subsequent judicial enquiries, Fernández de Lugo was accused of favoring Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians. ^[8]

Ancestry

The native inhabitants of the Canary Islands hold a gene pool that is predominantly European (predominantly Portuguese and Galicians, but also Normans and Flemings) ^{[9] [10]} and native Guanche. Guanche genetic markers have also been found recently in Puerto Rico and, at low frequencies, in peninsular Spain after later emigration from the Canary Islands. ^[11]

Population genetics

Canarian women singing in Gran Canaria 1972

Uniparental markers

The most frequent (maternal-descent) mtDNA haplogroup in Canary Islands is H (37.6%), followed by U6 (14.0%), T (12.7%), not-U6 U (10.3%) and J (7.0%). Two haplogroups, H and U6, alone account for more than 50% of the individuals. Significant frequencies of sub-Saharan maternal L haplogroups (6.6%) is also consistent with the historical records on introduction of sub-Saharan female slave labour in Canary Islands. However, some Sub-Saharan female lineages are also found in North African populations, and as a result, some of these L lineages could have been introduced to the Islands from North Africa. ^{[12] [13]} A 2009 study of DNA extracted from the remains of aboriginal inhabitants found that 7% of lineages were haplogroup L, which leaves open the possibility that these L lineages were part of the founding population of the Canary Islands. ^[14] Sub-Saharan female lineages have been found in frequencies of 10% or more in some islands.

A 2003 genetics research article by Nicole Maca-Meyer et al. published in the European Journal of Human Genetics compared aboriginal Guanche mtDNA (collected from Canarian archaeological sites) to that of today's Canarians and concluded that "despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonization, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA lineages constitute a considerable proportion [42–73%] of the Canarian gene pool". According to this article, both percentages are obtained using two different estimation methods; nevertheless according to the same study the percentage that could be more reliable is the one of 73%. ^[15]

Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements (e.g., the Islamic-Arabic conquest of the Berbers) have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands and the "results support, from a maternal perspective, the supposition that since the end of the 16th century, at least, two-thirds of the Canarian population had an indigenous substrate, as was previously inferred from historical and anthropological data". ^[16] mtDNA haplogroup U subclade U6b1 is Canarian-specific ^{[17] [16]}

A 2019 genetics research article confirms that most lineages observed in the ancient samples have a Mediterranean distribution, and belong to lineages associated with the Neolithic expansion in the Near East and Europe (T,J,X…). This phylogeographic analysis of Canarian ancient mitogenomes, the first of its kind, shows that some lineages are restricted to Central North Africa (H1cf, J2a2d and T2c1d3), while others have a wider distribution, including both West and Central North Africa, and, Europe and the Near East. ^[18]

Y-DNA, or Y-chromosomal, (direct paternal) lineages were not analysed in this study; however, an earlier^{[ which? ]} study giving the aboriginal y-DNA contribution at 6% was cited by Maca-Meyer et al., but the results were criticized as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1b, which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y-DNA lineages in the Canaries. Regardless, Maca-Meyer et al. state that historical evidence does support the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry...as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between European males and aboriginal females, and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the Conquest". ^[19]

Indeed, according to a recent study by Fregel et al. 2009, in spite of the geographic nearness between the Canary Islands and Morocco the genetic ancestry of the Canary islands males is mainly of European origin. Nearly 67% of the haplogroups resulting from are Euro–Eurasian (R1a (2.76%), R1b (50.62%), J (14%), I (9.66%) and G (3.99%)). Unsurprisingly the Castillian conquest brought the genetic base of the current male population of the Canary Islands. Nevertheless, the second most important haplogroup origin is Northern Africa. E1b1b (14% including 8.30% of the typical berber haplogroup E-M81), E1b1a and E1a (1.50%), and T (3%) haplogroups are present at a rate of 33%. ^{[20] [21]} According to the same study, the presence of autochthonous North African E-M81 lineages, and also other relatively abundant markers (E-M78 and J-M267) from the same region in the indigenous Guanche population, "strongly points to that area [North Africa] as the most probable origin of the Guanche ancestors". In this study, Fregel et al. estimated that, based on Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the relative female and male indigenous Guanche contributions to the present-day Canary Islands populations were respectively of 41.8% and 16.1%. ^[20]

Mitochondrial DNA

The maternal lineages of mitochondrial DNA in Canary Islanders show the prevalence of European ancestry in all islands except La Gomera, in which the Northwest African lineage is stronger:

Island/NW African mtDNA	Sample size	% U6	% L	Total
La Gomera	46	50.01 %	10.86 %	60.87 %
El Hierro	32	21.88 %	12.49 %	34.37 %
Lanzarote	49	20.40 %	8.16 %	28.56 %
Gran Canaria	80	11.25 %	10 %	21.25 %
Tenerife	174	12.09 %	7.45 %	19.54 %
La Palma	68	17.65 %	1.47 %	19.12 %
Fuerteventura	42	16.66 %	2.38 %	19.04 %

Study: Fregel 2009 ^[22]

A 2002 study analyzing the mitochondrial DNA from the teeth of the 18th-century Canarian population, found that the 18th-century Canary Islanders had a bit more of North African heritage than European, with minor sub-Saharan roots, which the author links to the former trade of black slaves.

	North-African	European	Sub-Saharan
Canary Islands [23]	50.2%	43.2%	6.6%

Autosomal DNA

An autosomal study in 2011 found an average Northwest African influence of about 17% in Canary Islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0% to 96%. According to the authors, the substantial Northwest African ancestry found for Canary Islanders supports that, despite the aggressive conquest by Castile in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration, genetic footprints of the first settlers of the Canary Islands persist in the current inhabitants. Paralleling mtDNA findings, the largest average Northwest African contribution was found for the samples from La Gomera. ^[24]

Island	N	Average NW African ancestry
La Gomera	7	42.50 %
Fuerteventura	10	21.60 %
La Palma	7	21.00 %
El Hierro	7	19.80 %
Lanzarote	13	16.40 %
Tenerife	30	14.30 %
Gran Canaria	30	12.40 %
Total Canary Islanders	104	17.40 %

Triangle plot of individual genomic admixture proportions in Canary Islanders by Guillen-Guio et al. 2018. EUR: European, NAF: North African, SSA: sub-Saharan African. Each dots represent individuals. The different colors represent the different software used for the estimation.

Another recent study by Guillen-Guio et al. 2018 sequenced the entire genomes of a sample of 400 adult men and women from all the islands except La Graciosa to determine the relationship of Canarian genetic diversity to the more frequent complex pathologies in the archipelago. The study indicated that Canarian DNA shows distinctive genetic markers, the result of a combination of factors such as the geographic isolation of the islands, the adaption to the environment of its inhabitants and the historic admixture of the Pre-Hispanic population of the archipelago (coming from North Africa), with European and from Sub-Saharan area individuals. Drawing on these data, it was estimated that the Canarian population is, on average at an autosomal level, 75% European, 22% North African and 3% Sub-saharan. ^[26] According to the authors "the proportion of SSA ancestry we observed in Canary Islanders likely originated in the postconquest importation of enslaved African people.". This study reported the below Genomic Ancestry Proportions in Canary Islanders. ^[25]

Genomic ancestry proportions in Canary Islanders

Island	North African			Sub-Saharan African
	Min.	Mean	Max.	Min.	Mean	Max.
Fuerteventura	0.218	0.255	0.296	0.011	0.027	0.046
Lanzarote	0.214	0.254	0.296	0.014	0.032	0.057
Gran Canaria	0.155	0.200	0.264	0.005	0.032	0.082
Tenerife	0.149	0.208	0.255	0.002	0.015	0.057
La Gomera	0.160	0.221	0.289	0.013	0.048	0.092
La Palma	0.170	0.200	0.245	0.000	0.013	0.032
El Hierro	0.192	0.246	0.299	0.005	0.020	0.032

Source: Genomic Ancestry Proportions (from ADMIXTURE, K-4) in Canary Islanders (Guillen-Guio et al. 2018) ^[25]

Ancient Canarians

Main article: Guanches

The Guanches are related to the indigenous Berbers. In 2017, the first genome-wide data from the Guanches confirmed a North African origin and that they were genetically most similar to ancient North African Berber peoples of the nearby North African mainland. It also showed that modern inhabitants of Gran Canaria carry an estimated 16%–31% Guanche autosomal ancestry. ^[27]

Culture

See also: Canarian cuisine and Music of the Canary Islands

Shepherd's leap

Silbo Gomero demonstration at a restaurant in La Gomera

Modern-day Canarian culture is Spanish, with some Guanche influences. Some of the Canarian traditional sports such as lucha canaria ("Canarian fight"), juego del palo ("stick game") or salto del pastor ("shepherd's jump"), among others, have their roots in Guanche culture. Additionally, other traditions include Canarian pottery, words of Guanche origin in the Canarian speech and the rural consumption of guarapo gomero and gofio . The inhabitants of La Gomera also retain an ancient way of communicating across deep ravines by means of a whistled speech called Silbo Gomero, which can be heard up to 3 km (2 miles) away. ^[28] This indigenous whistled language was invented by the Guanches, and was then adopted by the Spanish settlers in the 16th century after the Guanches were culturally assimilated into the population. The language was also formerly spoken on El Hierro, Tenerife and Gran Canaria ^{[29] [28]}

The holidays celebrated in the Canary Islands are of international, national and regional or insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on 30 May. The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands, based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, held on 30 May 1983, is commemorated with this day. The most famous festival of the Canary Islands is the carnival. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest being those of the two Canarian capitals; the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tourist Festival of International Interest) and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. It is celebrated on the streets between the months of February and March. But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out: The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro, the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote, Los Indianos de La Palma, the Carnival of San Sebastián de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura.

The strong influence of Latin America in Canarian culture is due to the constant emigration and return over the centuries of Canarians to that continent, chiefly to Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela. To a lesser extent, they also went to the US states of Louisiana (mostly the southern portion) and Texas (mostly in and around San Antonio), and some areas in eastern Mexico including Nuevo León and Veracruz. ^[30]

Canarian Spanish

Main article: Canarian Spanish

The Spanish language variety that is typical and conventional in the Canary Islands is usually called the Canarian Spanish, Canarian dialect or Canarian speech, and is used by the approximately two million Spanish speakers who live in the Canary Islands. It is a dialect variety that falls within what has been called the "Atlantic variety", similar to those of Spanish-speaking America, and also to those of the south of the Iberian Peninsula, especially western Andalusia.

The dialect most similar to the Canarian dialect, given the historical link between both areas, is the Caribbean dialect, spoken in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), and the coast of the Caribbean Sea (Venezuela, northern Colombia, and Panama). In addition, lexically, the Canarian dialect is widely influenced by the Portuguese language, from which a certain part of its lexicon is derived.

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Canary Islands, Religion in Spain, and Catholic Church in Spain

Catholic Church

Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur, the first Canarian catholic saint

The majority of native Canary Islanders are Catholic with various smaller foreign-born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants from northern Europe.

The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands) ^{[31] [32]} was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity. In this sense, it is also important to highlight the figure of Saint Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur, a missionary in Guatemala in the 17th century, who is the first saint of Canarian origin. ^[33] Another saint venerated by the Catholic Church with this ethnic origin is Saint Joseph of Anchieta, also a missionary, in this case in 16th century Brazil. ^[34]

The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop:

• Diócesis Canariense: Includes the islands of the Eastern Province: Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Its capital was San Marcial El Rubicón (1404) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1483–present). There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde, but it was later abolished.
• Diócesis Nivariense: Includes the islands of the western province: Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, and El Hierro. Its capital is San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1819–present).

Other religions

Around 5 percent of Canarians belong to a minority religion. Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of Muslims who are usually foreign-born. ^[35] At present, there are in the Canary Islands a figure of approximately 70,000 Muslims and 40 mosques and places of worship throughout the archipelago. ^[36]

Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community. ^[37] For its part, there is also the Evangelical Council of the Canary Islands in the archipelago.

Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as Hinduism. ^[2] Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche People which is classified as a neo-pagan native religion. ^[2] Also present are Buddhism, ^[2] Judaism, ^[2] Baháʼí, ^[2] African religion, ^[2] and Chinese religions. ^[2]

Isleño trapper and sons, Delacroix Island, 1941

Statistics

The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows: ^[38]

• Catholic 84.9%
• Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
• Other religions 1.7%

Among the believers 38.7% attend religious services frequently.

Canarian diaspora

Main article: Isleño

Historically, the Canary Islands have served as a hub between Spain and the Americas; favoured by that circumstance, large groups of Canary islanders have emigrated and settled all over the New World as early as the 15th century, mainly in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Uruguay.

Demographics

The Canarian population includes long-tenured and new waves of mainland Spanish immigrants, old settlers of Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, British, and French origin, as well as recent foreign-born arrivals. ^[39] In 2019 the total population was 2,153,389, of which 72.1% were native Canary Islanders. ^[40] A total of 80.6%, or 1,735,457, were born in Spain and 19.4%, or 417,932, were born outside the country. Of these, the majority are from the Americas, mainly from Venezuela (66,573) and Cuba (41,792) and Colombia (31,368). There are 38,768 people from Africa, the majority from Morocco (24,268). ^{[39] [41]}

Population history [42]
Year	Population
1768	155,763
1787	168,928
1797	173,865
1842	241,266
1860	237,036
1887	301,983
1900	364,408
1920	488,483
1940	687,937
1960	966,177
1981	1,367,646
1990	1,589,403
2000	1,716,276
2010	2,118,519
2011	2,082,655 [43]
2019	2,152,590 [1]

Population of the Canary Islands 2019

Birthplace		Population	Percent
Canary Islands		1,553,517	72.1
Other regions (Spain)		176,302	8.2
Total, Spain		1,735,457	80.6
Foreign-born		417,932	19.4
Americas		201,257	9.3
Venezuela		66,573	-
Cuba		41,792	-
Colombia		31,361	-
Argentina		17.429	-
Uruguay		8,687	-
Rest of Europe		154,511	7.2
Italy		39,469	-
Germany		25,921	-
United Kingdom		25,339	-
Africa		38,768	1.8
Morocco		24,268	-
Asia		23,082	1.1
China		9,848	-
Oceania		314	0.0
Total		2,153,389	100.0%
Source [41] [40]

Canarian identity

According to a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, when asked about national identity, the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands (49.3%) consider themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures, followed by 37.1% who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish. Only 6.1% of the respondents consider themselves only Canarian. ^[44]

National Sentiment in the Canary Islands ^[44]

Only Spanish	3.5%
More Spanish than Canarian	2.0%
Equally Spanish and Canarian	49.3%
More Canarian than Spanish	37.1%
Only Canarian	6.1%
Did not answer	2.0%

Notable Canarians

Engineer and General Augustin de Betancourt

Realist novelist Benito Pérez Galdós

• Agoney, singer
• Amaro Pargo, one of the most famous corsairs of the golden age of piracy
• José de Anchieta, Jesuit priest, saint and missionary in Brazil
• Rosana Arbelo, singer
• Rafael Arozarena, writer
• Javier Bardem, actor
• Carolina Bang, actress
• Bencomo, pre-Hispanic king
• Beneharo, pre-Hispanic king
• Wenceslao Benítez Inglott, navy officer, scientist and engineer
• Agustín de Betancourt y Molina, engineer, Russian General
• Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur, saint and missionary in Guatemala
• Manolo Blahnik, fashion designer
• José Comas Quesada, painter
• Óscar Domínguez, painter
• Doramas, pre-Hispanic warrior
• José Doreste, sailor, yacht racer and Olympic champion
• Luis Doreste, sailor, yacht racer and world champion and Olympic champion
• Ruslan Ela, soccer player
• Nicolás Estévanez, politician
• Juan Carlos Fresnadillo, filmmaker
• Pedro García Cabrera, poet
• Antonio González y González, scientist and chemist
• Fernando Guanarteme, pre-Hispanic king
• Ana Guerra, singer
• Pedro Guerra, music composer and singer
• Ángel Guimerá, writer
• Emeterio Gutiérrez Albelo, poet
• Nancy Fabiola Herrera, mezzo-soprano opera singer
• K-Narias, reggaeton pop duo
• Alfredo Kraus, opera singer
• Fernando León y Castillo, politician
• Juan Fernando López Aguilar, politician and jurist, former Minister of Justice
• Domingo López Torres, painter, writer, poet and Marxist revolutionary
• Maninidra, pre-Hispanic warrior
• César Manrique, artist
• Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Dominican lay Sister and mystic
• Cristo Marrero Henríquez, professional footballer
• Manolo Millares, painter
• Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan general, politician and precursor of South America independence
• Manuel Mora Morales, writer and filmmaker
• Juan Negrín, politician
• Leopoldo O'Donnell, General and statesman
• Frances Ondiviela, telenovela actress, former Miss Spain and model
• María Orán, soprano
• Pedri, FC Barcelona footballer
• Benito Pérez Galdós, writer
• Domingo Pérez Minik, writer
• Narciso Rodriguez, American fashion designer born to Cuban parents with Canarian origins ^[45]
• Sergio Rodríguez, NBA basketball player
• Pedro, professional footballer
• Aythami Ruano, judoka
• Jerónimo Saavedra, politician, mayor of Las Palmas and two times president of Canaries
• Victoria Sanchez, actress in American and Canadian movies and TV series
• David Silva, football player
• Carla Suárez Navarro, tennis player
• Tanausu, pre-Hispanic King of Aceró
• Tinguaro, pre-Hispanic warrior General
• Goya Toledo, actress and model
• Juan Carlos Valerón, football player
• Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa, writer
• José Vélez, singer
• Juan Verde Suárez, politician
• José Viera y Clavijo, historian
• Eduardo Westerdahl, painter, art critic and writer, member of the Surrealist movement

See also

• Berberism
• Canarian dialect
• Cubans
• Guanche language
• Isleños
• Nationalities in Spain
• White Puerto Ricans
• White Dominicans (Dominican Republic)

References

1. "Estadística del Padrón Continuo. Datos provisionales a 1 de enero de 2019". January 1, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
2. "How many Canarians in other countries". Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
3. "Canarians in Venezuela". Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
4. LA EMIGRACIÓN CANARIA A AMÉRICA A TRAVÉS DE LA HISTORIA. Manuel Hernández González
5. Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España
6. Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M. (February 2004). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 . ISSN   1476-5438.
7. Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Günther, Torsten; Krzewińska, Maja; Storå, Jan; Gillingwater, Thomas H.; MacCallum, Malcolm; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Dobney, Keith; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders; Girdland-Flink, Linus (November 2017). "Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans". Current Biology. 27 (21): 3396. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059. hdl: 2164/13526 .
8. History of La Palma
9. García-Olivares, Víctor; Rubio-Rodríguez, Luis A.; Muñoz-Barrera, Adrián; Díaz-de Usera, Ana; Jáspez, David; Iñigo-Campos, Antonio; Rodríguez Pérez, María Del Cristo; Cabrera de León, Antonio; Lorenzo-Salazar, José M.; González-Montelongo, Rafaela; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Flores, Carlos (January 20, 2023). "Digging into the admixture strata of current-day Canary Islanders based on mitogenomes". iScience. 26 (1). doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105907. hdl: 10261/362940 .
10. Román-Busto, Jorge; Fuster, Vicente; Colantonio, Sonoa (2012). "Portuguese migration to the Canary Islands: an analysis based on surnames". Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht uber die biologisch-anthropologische Literatur. 69 (2): 243–53. doi:10.1127/0003-5548/2012/0117. hdl: 11336/135636 .
11. Maca-Meyer N, Villar J, Pérez-Méndez L, Cabrera de León A, Flores C (November 2004). "A tale of aborigines, conquerors and slaves: Alu insertion polymorphisms and the peopling of Canary Islands". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 6): 600–5. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00125.x. PMID   15598218. S2CID   14372404.
12. Rando JC, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, et al. (September 1999). "Phylogeographic patterns of mtDNA reflecting the colonization of the Canary Islands". Annals of Human Genetics. 63 (Pt 5): 413–28. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6350413.x. PMID   10735583. S2CID   25089862.
13. Brehm A, Pereira L, Kivisild T, Amorim A (December 2003). "Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers". Human Genetics. 114 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3. hdl: 10400.13/3046 . PMID   14513360. S2CID   8870699.
14. Fregel R, Pestano J, Arnay M, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, González AM (October 2009). "The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands)". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (10): 1314–24. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46. PMC   2986650 . PMID   19337312.
15. Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches
16. Maca-Meyer N, Arnay M, Rando JC, et al. (February 2004). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155–62. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 . PMID   14508507.
17. Pereira, L; MacAulay, V; Prata, M.J; Amorim, A (2003). "Phylogeny of the mtDNA haplogroup U6. Analysis of the sequences observed in North Africa and Iberia". International Congress Series. 1239: 491–3. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00553-8.
18. Rosa Fregel et al.: Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands
19. Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Larruga, José M (2003). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155–62. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 . PMID   14508507.
20. Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: Replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 181. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 . PMC   2728732 . PMID   19650893.
21. Zurita AI, Hernandez A, Sanchez JJ, Cuellas JA (March 2005). "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in the Canary Islands population (Spain)". Forensic Science International. 148 (2–3): 233–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.004. PMID   15639620.
22. Fregel, Rosa; Pestano, Jose; Arnay, Matilde; Cabrera, Vicente M; Larruga, Jose M; González, Ana M (2009). "The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands)". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (10): 1314–24. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46. PMC   2986650 . PMID   19337312.
23. Nicole Maca Meyer. 2002, Composición genética de poblaciones históricas y prehistóricas humanas de las Islas Canarias
24. Pino-Yanes, María; Corrales, Almudena; Basaldúa, Santiago; Hernández, Alexis; Guerra, Luisa; Villar, Jesús; Flores, Carlos (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis (ed.). "North African Influences and Potential Bias in Case-Control Association Studies in the Spanish Population". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e18389. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...618389P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018389 . PMC   3068190 . PMID   21479138.
25. Guillen-Guio B, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, González-Montelongo R, Díaz-de Usera A, Marcelino-Rodríguez I, Corrales A; et al. (2018). "Genomic Analyses of Human European Diversity at the Southwestern Edge: Isolation, African Influence and Disease Associations in the Canary Islands". Mol Biol Evol. 35 (12): 3010–3026. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy190. PMC   6278859 . PMID   30289472.
26. Cuatro apellidos canarios, un bisabuelo peninsular y otro africano
27. Ricardo Rodríguez-Varel et al. 2017, Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans
28. Laura Plitt (January 11, 2013). "Silbo gomero: A whistling language revived". BBC News. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
29. "Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the Silbo Gomero". Fourth Session of the Intergovernmental Committee 2009 (4.COM). Retrieved October 10, 2014.
30. "El Porvenir | Opinión | Bernabé de las Casas". Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2009.^{[ full citation needed ]}
31. "Programa de las Fiestas de la Virgen de Candelaria. Agosto de 2017" (PDF). Webtenerfife.ru. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
32. "Candelaria se prepara para recibir en agosto a 150.000 devotos de la Virgen". Diariodeavisos.elespanol.com. July 20, 2017. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
33. "Pedro de San José Betancurt, Santo". Es.catholic.net. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
34. "José de Anchieta, Santo". Es.catholic.net. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
35. Un 5% de canarios profesa una religión minoritaria
36. "Entrevista al Señor Tijani El Bouji Presidente de FIDC". Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
37. Los musulmanes de la Isla constituyen la primera Federación Islámica de Canarias
38. Barometro Autonómico del CIS Canarias (2012); preguntas 47 y 48
39. Suárez, Borja (June 25, 2018). "El 91% de los nuevos habitantes de Canarias viene del extranjero". www.canarias7.es.
40. "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia (Canarias)" . Retrieved February 20, 2020.
41. "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia" . Retrieved February 20, 2020.
42. "Official census statistics of the Canary Islands population". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
43. Censos de Población y Viviendas 2011.
44. "Barómetro Autonómico (III), (Comunidad autónoma de Canarias)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
45. "Narciso Rodríguez. Noticias, fotos y biografía de Narciso Rodríguez".