St. Xavier's College, Kolkata

Last updated

St. Xavier's College
St. Xavier's College, Kolkata logo.jpg
Coat of arms
Latin: Collegium S. Xaverii
MottoNihil Ultra (Latin)
Motto in English
Nothing Beyond
Type Private
Established16 January 1860;164 years ago (16 January 1860)
Founder Society of Jesus
Religious affiliation
 Roman Catholic (Jesuit)
Academic affiliation
 University of Calcutta Notable student of this university was Rudrani Dhar including others.
Rector Rev. Fr. Jeyaraj Veluswamy SJ [1]
Principal Rev. Fr.Dominic Savio SJ [1]
Location
30, Park Street
Kolkata  – 700016
CampusUrban
Colors    Green & Yellow
Nickname The Xaverians
Website www.sxccal.edu
Logoxaviers.jpg

St. Xavier's College is a private, Catholic, autonomous college in Kolkata, India. It is run by the Calcutta Province of the Society of Jesus. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1860 and named after St. Francis Xavier, a Jesuit saint of the 16th century, who travelled to India. In 2006, it became the first autonomous college in West Bengal, India. The college is affiliated to the University of Calcutta. [2]

Contents

The National Institutional Ranking Framework has ranked the college 4th in India in 2021, [3] 8th in 2022 [4] and 5th in 2023.

History

The college campus Building4sxc.JPG
The college campus
1985 Indian postage stamp dedicated to the St. Xavier's College, Kolkata. Stamp of India - 1985 - Colnect 167190 - St Xavier s College Calcutta.jpeg
1985 Indian postage stamp dedicated to the St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.

The college was founded in 1860 by the Jesuits, an all-male Catholic religious order formed by Saint Ignatius of Loyola. The college is named after Francis Xavier, the 16th century Spanish Jesuit saint. The founder of the college was Father Henri Depelchin, SJ. He oversaw most of the ground work, during the foundation years. The college's coat of arms has remained the same, since it was undertaken in 1905. [5]

Sans Souci theatre

Before 1843, the Sans Souci theatre was located at 30 Park Street (now Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata-700016). In that year a fire broke out, leaving nothing but ashes. The site was later bought by seven Jesuits, who had arrived from Belgium. It is here that the present day campus stands tall. [6]

Foundation years

The present 30, Park Street address where the college is situated, is an amalgamation of numbers 10 and 11, Park Street. Premise number 11, was bought for Rs 45,000.00, by Fr. Depelchen. These funds were made possible with the generous donations of the Anglo-Indians and with help from the home Province of Belgium. Park Street is located in the heart of Kolkata and is a landmark street in the city, a melting pot of its diverse cultural, culinary, social and intellectual milieu.

Principals
  • Verstraeten, SJ, 1959–1966
  • Jacques de Bonhome, SJ, 1966–1976
  • Joseph D' Souza, SJ, 1977–1995
  • P. C. Mathew, SJ, 1995–2008
  • J. Felix Raj, SJ, 2009–2017
  • Dominic Savio S.J. 2017–present
St. Xavier's College, Kolkata SXC 20 1.jpg
St. Xavier's College, Kolkata

The college's very first class had only forty students. In 1862, two years after its inception, the college was affiliated to the Calcutta University.

The Goethals library deserves a special mention in the history of the institution. Glibraryxaviers.JPG
The Goethals library deserves a special mention in the history of the institution.

However, there was a shortage of funds for expansion work in terms of class rooms and to accommodate the Jesuits fathers. So the Rector appealed to the public of Calcutta in newspapers for generous assistance and was responded to with magnanimity by well wishers of the city in 1864. Besides Fr Depelchin and his assistant, Br. Koppes the builder went around personally collecting funds. The present imposing five-storey building was built in an interval of six years, from 1934 to 1940, at a cost of Rs 9 lakhs, which was collected partly from the public of Calcutta, assistance from Belgium, and the huge rental received from the American army that occupied the building during the Second War. [7] [8] Expansion of the college has been a ceaseless effort, with a campus slated to come up in Salt Lake City, Kolkata and a second boys' hostel not far away from the existing one.

Goethals Library

The Goethals library, which is located above the College Chapel, houses some of the oldest periodicals, journals and books. The treasures were inherited by the Jesuit Fathers in 1908, from the then Archbishop of Calcutta, Paul Goethals, S.J. Today, the treasures are well preserved and the library has become a spot of historical significance.

Postal stamp

A commemorative stamp was issued by the Indian Post on 12 April 1985 depicting the college campus. Thus recognizing the college's contribution to society. [7]

Courses

A computer science class Computerlabxaviers.jpg
A computer science class

The college has morning batch for boys only, that offers the Bachelor of Commerce degree. The day section of the college houses the arts and science departments which offer undergraduate (honours) degrees in various subjects like English, Bengali, political science, sociology, microbiology, computer science, animation and multimedia, mass communication and videography, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and economics. Masters programs in commerce (evening session), biotechnology (integrated five-year MSc), physics, microbiology and education are housed in the college along with the co-educational Bachelor of Commerce (evening) and Bachelor of Business Administration programs. [9] The college has also introduced post-graduate programmes in English, political science and sociology since 2019.

The college, in its first ever foreign collaboration, has entered into a tie-up with the University of Manitoba, Canada. The MOU was unveiled on 4 Feb 2008 by the principal of the college, Father PC Mathew and the dean of the faculty of food and agricultural sciences at the University of Manitoba, Professor Michael Trevan. [10]

Infrastructure

A classroom Emptybenches.JPG
A classroom
Corridor of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata SXC Kolkata Corridor.jpg
Corridor of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata
The library Xavierslibrary.jpg
The library
Socialising at the 'green benches' Greenbenchessxc.JPG
Socialising at the 'green benches'

The college classes are spread over four floors across two buildings. There are over 50 classrooms, half a dozen audio-visual rooms and three computer laboratories, each with a capacity to seat over 70 people.

The college also has well-equipped physics, chemistry and biotechnology laboratories to support the requirements of their respective departments; the Mass Communication and Videography department has a video library to assist its film students. The Central Library, spread over two floors, houses reference books from a gamut of different subjects, in addition to numerous periodicals, again from diverse fields; scientific journals and archives are also available as are books on fiction. The auditorium, equipped with state-of-the-art sound and lighting systems, has a seating capacity of over 800 people. The football, and basketball courts are located behind the main college building and are shared between the college students and the students of St. Xavier's Collegiate School, the secondary section of which is housed in an adjacent flank of the college building.

Hangouts

The canteen, the "Green Benches" - a popular, wi-fi enabled, student hangout area and Fr. Joris's Corner- an in-house stationery shop, are located parallel to the sports grounds. These are very heavily buzzing places during off periods and breaks. [11]

The "Green Benches" has become the best place in the campus for hanging out and having fun. The spot has a citywide reputation, for socializing and indulging in 'intelligent talks' with classmates.

Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra, promoting their film Barfi! on the campus Barfi.jpg
Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra, promoting their film Barfi! on the campus

The college has a culture of festivals- inter- and intra-college that span its academic calendar; that apart, the college campus and auditorium are often chosen as venues by outsider parties, in collaboration with the college, to host discussions and events. The college has also played host to numerous celebrity guests:

Mamta Banerjee, Convocation Ceremony 2011 Mamtabanerjee.jpg
Mamta Banerjee, Convocation Ceremony 2011

Convocation – keynote speakers

Community and clubs

Apart from doing service to the community in the educational sphere, St. Xavier's is also involved in the environmental issues, youth welfare, women's welfare and poverty reduction.

The college has an elected non-political student body called St. Xavier's College Student Council (SXCSC) which co-ordinates all the cultural activities on the campus.

The college also has many active clubs, which are aimed at building leadership, creativity and managerial qualities in students. A list of clubs and societies are mentioned below: [12]

Some of the societies and cells at St. Xavier's Societiesxaviers.jpg
Some of the societies and cells at St. Xavier's

Sports and festivals

Sports day Sportsdayxaviers.JPG
Sports day
Intra-college basketball Bballsxc.JPG
Intra-college basketball

The college has facilities for playing sports like: Football, Basketball, Hockey, Volleyball, Cricket, Table Tennis, Badminton, Carrom and Foosball. These games are played throughout the year at both intra-college and inter-college levels.

A sports day is organised, every year in December. Students of the college, compete in various track and field events, on this day, amidst huge audiences from all over the city.

St. Xavier's College has some of the best festivals at the Undergraduate level in the country.

St. Xavier's is the only English medium college to have separate festivals for Hindi and Bengali.

Publications

College magazines Societymagazines.jpg
College magazines

A list of magazines that college students publish every year. These magazines are widely appreciated in academic circles:

Philanthropy and social activities

Prayas, a 3-day boot camp aimed at making underprivileged kids aware of the need of higher education was started in 2006 by the then principal of the college, Rev. Felix Raj, S.J. In the boot-camp, underprivileged children are brought to the college campus from nearby villages and slums for a fun filled day of activity and entertainment. The children are provided with free meals and gifts. This festival is organized by the social work department (under the National Service Scheme) of the university. [28]

Alumni association

SXCAA committee 2012-13 SXCAA.JPG
SXCAA committee 2012–13

The college has a very active alumni association known as SXCAA, whose principal is the college president. [29] The association supports the college in several projects by extending financial and managerial assistance. SXCAA is registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act. [30] It was the first alumni association in Kolkata to be granted 80G Certification from the Income Tax Department, acknowledging SXCAA's philanthropic activities.

SXCAA has been expanding its reach to ex-students by opening chapters in several cities around the world, including Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Singapore, London, Dubai, New York and Dhaka. [31]

Project 'Lakshaya' was launched by the college to invite donations from alumni to fund a new campus. [32] The West Bengal government allotted the college 16 acres (6.5 ha) of land at Rajarhat (New Town) for the new campus. The land will cost a subsidized 64 crores. [33]

Rankings

College rankings
General – India
NIRF (Colleges) (2022) [34] 8

As of 2022, the college is ranked eighth in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework. [4]

St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, all India Rankings
Department/Course2012201120102009200820072006
Commerce/B.Com second [35] second [36] 2nd [37] 2nd [38] 1st [39] 2nd [40] 3rd [40]
Science/BSc4th [41] 3rd [42] 5th [43] 3rd [44] 5th [45] 2nd [44] 8th [45]
Arts/BA5th [41] 7th [46] 5th [47] 5th [47] 9th [48] 5th [48] 6th [48]

Notable alumni


See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IIT Kharagpur</span> Public technical university in West Bengal, India

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur is a public institute of technology and research university an autonomous institute, established by the Government of India in Kharagpur, West Bengal. Established in 1951, the institute is the first of the IITs to be established and is recognised as an Institute of National Importance. In 2019 it was awarded the status of Institute of Eminence by the Government of India. IIT Kharagpur is ranked among the most prestigious academic institutions in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Calcutta</span> Public university in Kolkata, India

The University of Calcutta is a public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It has 151 affiliated undergraduate colleges and 16 institutes in Kolkata and nearby areas. It was established on 24 January 1857 and is the oldest multidisciplinary university of Indian Subcontinent and South East Asian Region. Today, the university's jurisdiction is limited to a few districts of West Bengal, but at the time of its establishment it had a catchment area ranging from Kabul to Myanmar. Within India, it is recognized as a "Five-Star University" and accredited an "A" grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loyola College, Chennai</span> College in India

Loyola College is a private Catholic higher education institution run by the Society of Jesus in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was founded in 1925 by the French Jesuit priest, Francis Bertram, along with other European Jesuits. It is an autonomous Jesuit college affiliated with the University of Madras. Loyola commerce association celebrated its 75th year in 2019. Loyola College has more than 8000 students studying as of 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Institute of Management Calcutta</span> Public Business School located in Kolkata, West Bengal

Indian Institute of Management Calcutta is a public business school located in Joka, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was the first Indian Institute of Management to be established, and has been recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India in 2017. Programmes offered by IIM Calcutta include a two-year full-time MBA, a one-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma(PGPEX-VLM), a one-year full-time MBA for experienced executives(MBAEx), Doctor of Business Administration programme, a two-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma in Business Analytics, and a one-year full-time programme in Healthcare Management. IIM Calcutta is one of only three triple accredited business schools in India, and the first to get the recognition. It is also the only business school in India which is a part of the CEMS Global Alliance in Management Education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</span> Law university in Kolkata, West Bengal, India

The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences is a National Law University (NLU) located in Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. In 2023, it was ranked 4th among law colleges in India by National Institutional Ranking Framework and 2nd by India Today. It comes under the exclusive chancellorship and purview of the [Chief Justice of India].

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Xavier's College, Mumbai</span> College affiliated with the University of Mumbai

St. Xavier's College is a private, Catholic, autonomous higher education institution run by the Bombay Province of the Society of Jesus in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by the Jesuits on January 2, 1869. The college is affiliated with the University of Mumbai offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Arts, Science, Commerce and Management. Xavier's was the first college to be granted autonomy by the University of Mumbai in 2010. In 2006, St. Xavier's was awarded the 'A+' grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcutta National Medical College</span>

The Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital (CNMCH), colloquially known as Chittaranjan Hospital, is a public medical college and hospital located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established by the amalgamation of the National Medical Institute and Calcutta Medical Institute.

Education in West Bengal is provided by both the public sector as well as the private sector. The modern education system was developed by the British missionaries and the Indian social reformists. West Bengal has many institutes of higher education like –Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Jadavpur University, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani, Indian Statistical Institute, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, University of North Bengal and University of Calcutta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vidyasagar College</span> College in Kolkata, India

Vidyasagar College is a state government-aided public college, affiliated to the University of Calcutta, located in North Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The college offers both post-graduate and under-graduate courses in a number of subjects of arts and science. Founded in 1872, it was the first private college in India which was purely run, maintained and financed by Indians. Formerly known as Metropolitan Institution, it was named after its founder Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Xavier's Collegiate School</span> Private school in Kolkata, West Bengal, India

St. Xavier's Collegiate School is a private Catholic primary and secondary school for boys, located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The school was founded in 1860 by the Jesuits under the supervision of Fr. Henri Depelchin S.J., and it is named after St. Francis Xavier, a 16th-century Jesuit missionary to India. The school caters to approximately 2,300 students.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Xavier's College, Maitighar</span>

St. Xavier's College, Maitighar is a private, Jesuit, co-educational secondary and tertiary educational institution run by the Nepal Region of the Society of Jesus in Kathmandu, Nepal. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1988 AD. Since its very inception the college has been offering quality education and has contributed to the development of the nation through the production of highly qualified human resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity in West Bengal</span> Overview of the history of Christianity in the Indian state of West Bengal

Christianity in West Bengal, India, is a minority religion. According to the 2011 census of India, there were 658,618 Christians in West Bengal, or 0.72% of the population. Although Mother Teresa worked in Kolkata (Calcutta), Christianity is a minority religion in Kolkata as well. West Bengal has the highest number of Bengali Christians. Bengali Christians have been established since the 16th century with the advent of the Portuguese in Bengal. Later in the 19th and 20th centuries, many upper-class Bengalis converted to Christianity during the Bengali Renaissance under British rule, including Krishna Mohan Banerjee, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Anil Kumar Gain, and Gnanendramohan Tagore. Aurobindo Nath Mukherjee was the first Indian to be Anglican Bishop of Calcutta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shri Shikshayatan College</span>

Shri Shikshayatan College is an undergraduate women's liberal arts college in Kolkata, India. It was founded on 8 July 1955. It is affiliated with the University of Calcutta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Bengal St. Xavier's College</span> College in West Bengal

North Bengal St. Xavier's College, Jalpaiguri, is the third Jesuit college established in the northern area of West Bengal, India. Founded in 2007, it offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences and is affiliated to the University of North Bengal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henri Depelchin</span>

Henri Joseph Depelchin, SJ, was a Belgian Jesuit priest and missionary in India and Africa. As a missionary, he was the first superior of the failed Zambesi Mission in Africa and the founder and first superior of the West Bengal Mission in India. As an educator, he was the founder and first director of three major colleges in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Xavier's College, Patna</span> College in Bihar, India

St. Xavier's College of Management and technology, Patna is an undergraduate college of Arts, IT and Commerce under Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna in Patna, Bihar, India. Founded in 2009, it is named after St. Francis Xavier, a Spanish Jesuit saint of the 16th century and missionary to India. It is a co-educational, self-financed, Catholic minority institution, operated by the Patna Province of the Society of Jesus. On November 9, 2022 NACC acceredited with CGPA of 2.90 on four point scale at B++ Grade in first cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Xavier's College, Burdwan</span>

St. Xavier's College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India, is a graduate and undergraduate college opened in 2014 by the Calcutta Province of the Society of Jesus, the body which also administers St. Xavier's College, Kolkata and other institutes throughout India and abroad.

Kolkata Christmas Festival, held every December in on Park Street, Kolkata, is one of the largest dedicated Christmas carnivals in India. The themed lighting starts from St Xavier's College and ends at Jawaharlal Nehru Road. This has been extended in recent years at both ends: up to the Mullick Bazar crossing on Park Street, and up to St Paul's Cathedral on Cathedral Road, an offshoot of Jawaharlal Nehru Road. Another offshoot of celebrations and lighting has been extended to Vardaan Market on Camac Street. This themed lighting is designed by artisans from the nearby town of Chandannagar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Xavier's University, Kolkata</span> Jesuit university in India

St. Xavier's University Kolkata is a Jesuit university located in New Town, Kolkata, India. It was established in February 2017 and inaugurated in July of the same year.

St. Xavier's College, Lengpui, Mizoram, India, is an undergraduate college opened in 2017. It is named after St. Francis Xavier, a Navarre Jesuit of the 16th century, who ministered in India. It is the first catholic college in Mizoram, India.

References

  1. 1 2 "Administration – St. Xavier's College". sxccal.edu. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  2. ↑ "St Xavier's rides high on autonomy | Kolkata News". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  3. ↑ "MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)". www.nirfindia.org. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  4. 1 2 "MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)". www.nirfindia.org. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  5. ↑ "Vision and Mission – St. Xavier's College" . Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  6. ↑ "History of the institution". Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  7. 1 2 indianpost.com commemorative stamp Retrieved on 4 February 2008
  8. ↑ sxccal.edu history Retrieved on 6 February 2008 Archived 19 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "List of Courses". Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  10. ↑ economictimes.indiatimes.com tie-up with The University of Manitoba Retrieved on 6 February 2008
  11. ↑ "Pictures and description of infrastructure". Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  12. ↑ "List of clubs and societies". Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  13. ↑ https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/enthusia-2022-a-corporate-simulation-event-for-the-youth-at-sxc-kolkata/cid/1897545
  14. ↑ https://www.f6s.com/company/enactusst.xavierscollegekolkata#about
  15. ↑ https://m.facebook.com/pages/category/Community/XCEL2016/about/ [ user-generated source ]
  16. ↑ Leadership Training Service (LTS) Official Website
  17. ↑ SXC Placement Cell Official Blog
  18. ↑ Xavier's Consulting Club (XCC) Official Website
  19. ↑ "Xavotsav". Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  20. ↑ "Inertia". Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  21. ↑ "Insignia reference". Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  22. ↑ "Xavier's Management Convention(XMC)". Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  23. ↑ "Vividha". Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  24. ↑ "Xaverian Magazine". Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  25. ↑ Youthink Journal
  26. ↑ https://website.sxccal.edu/campus-life/socities-and-clubs/xaviers-sociological-society
  27. ↑ Eco Echoes Journal
  28. ↑ "Camps for a cause at St. Xavier's College". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  29. ↑ "SXCAA". Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  30. ↑ "SXCAA Official Site". Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  31. ↑ "SXCAA Chapters". Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  32. ↑ "Project Lakshaya". Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  33. ↑ "New campus cost". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  34. ↑ "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Colleges)". National Institutional Ranking Framework . Ministry of Education. 15 July 2022.
  35. ↑ "2012 India Today Rankings". Indiatoday.intoday.in.
  36. ↑ "Lady Shri Ram College for Women Best Arts Colleges 2011 India Today Survey". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  37. ↑ "2012 India Today Rankings". Indiatoday.intoday.in.
  38. ↑ "Lady Shri Ram College for Women Best Arts Colleges 2011 India Today Survey". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  39. ↑ SXC, the best Commerce college
  40. 1 2 "15-year toppers in Commerce colleges : Best Colleges: India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  41. 1 2 "2012 India Today Rankings". Indiatoday.intoday.in.
  42. ↑ "Lady Shri Ram College for Women Best Arts Colleges 2011 India Today Survey". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  43. ↑ http://media2.intoday.in/microsites/bestcolleges/Science_2010.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  44. 1 2 "15-year toppers in Science colleges : Best Colleges: India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  45. 1 2 "India Today". Specials.indiatoday.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  46. ↑ "Lady Shri Ram College for Women Best Arts Colleges 2011 India Today Survey". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  47. 1 2 http://media2.intoday.in/microsites/bestcolleges/Arts_2010.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  48. 1 2 3 "India Today". Specials.indiatoday.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  49. ↑ "Obituary: Utpal Dutt". The Independent. 22 October 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  50. ↑ "The mentality of "winner takes all" does not bring democracy". The Daily Star. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 "Old boys". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  52. ↑ "A Citizen Soldier". Star Weekend Magazine. The Daily Star. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  53. ↑ Pakistan News Digest. Principal Information Officer, Press Information Department. 1968.
  54. ↑ Varma, Meenal Thakur,Gyan (18 May 2016). "What makes Amar Singh so sought after?". mint. Retrieved 19 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.