Timeline of music in the United States (1880–1919)

Last updated

Timeline of music in the United States
Music history of the United States
Colonial erato the Civil WarDuring the Civil WarLate 19th century1900–19401950s1960s1970s1980s

This is a timeline of music in the United States from 1880 to 1919.

Contents

1880

1881

1882

Mid-1880s music trends
  • The Office of Indian Affairs outlaws a wide range of Native American customs and rituals, having begun with the Sun Dance in 1880. [2]
  • Norwegian American choirs begin to form organizations, putting together festivals and other periodic gatherings to celebrate Norwegian culture and music. [21]

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

Late 1880s music trends

1889

1890

1891

1892

Early 1890s music trends

1893

Mid 1890s music trends
  • The massacres of numerous Armenians in Turkey leads to the first wave of large-scale Armenian immigration to the United States, and the beginning of Armenian American music. [94]
  • The public exhibition of motion pictures, almost always with live music played locally, begins. [102]
  • The bands of John Robichaux and Buddy Bolden in New Orleans become the top dance bands of the era, and frequently competitive, both economically and in actual performances. These bands are a significant precursor of jazz. [103]

1894

1895

1896

Late 1890s music trends
  • The first music festival celebrating Finnish American culture are organized by various Finnish temperance societies. [21]

1897

1898

1899

1900

Early 1900s music trends

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

Early 1910s music trends

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

Mid-1910s music trends

1916

1917

Alton Adams, the first black bandmaster in the United States Navy AltonAdamsPortrait1922.jpg
Alton Adams, the first black bandmaster in the United States Navy

1918

Late 1910s music trends
  • The wind ensembles that have dominated local community bands since the Civil War begin to decline in importance. [80]
  • More than 60,000 African Americans from Texas, Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas move to Chicago, especially in the city's South Side. The black population boom "ushered in the city's jazz age, widening the market for black musical entertainment", including cabarets, dance halls, and vaudeville and movie theaters. [338]
  • Tin Pan Alley songwriters capitalize on the Hawaiian music fad, creating songs with thematic elements evoking Hawaii. [37]
  • Stride piano grows popular in New York City. [339]

1919

References

Notes

  1. Hinkle-Turner, pg. 1
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Gooding, Erik D. (440–450). "Plains". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music.
  3. Chase, pg. 342
  4. Southern, pg. 242
  5. Hansen, pg. 223
  6. 1 2 3 Crawford, pg. 311
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Kearns, Williams. "Overview of Music in the United States". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 519–553.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cockrell, Dale and Andrew M. Zinck, "Popular Music of the Parlor and Stage", pgs. 179–201, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  9. Chase, pgs. 363–364
  10. Hansen, pg. 233
  11. 1 2 3 Crawford, pg. 383
  12. Chase, pg. 395 calls it the "first quasi-scientific treatise on North American Indian music".
  13. Levine, pg. xxxv
  14. Nicholls, pg. 28
  15. President Bush Honors Black Music Month
  16. 1 2 Seeger, Anthony and Paul Théberg, "Technology and Media", pgs. 235–249, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  17. Darden, pg. 126
  18. Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 183
  19. 1 2 Zheng, Su. "Chinese Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 957–966.
  20. Heskes, pg. 86
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Levy, Mark; Carl Rahkonen and Ain Haas. "Scandinavian and Baltic Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 866–881.
  22. 1 2 3 Crawford, pg. 525
  23. Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 229
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Blum, Stephen. "Sources, Scholarship and Historiography" in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, pgs. 21–37
  25. Perkins, C. C.; J. S. Dwight (1883). History of the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston, Massachusetts. Boston: Stone & Forell.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Levine, Victoria Lindsay; Judith A. Gray. "Musical Interactions". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 480–490.
  27. Reyes, Adelaida. "Identity, Diversity, and Interaction". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 504–518.
  28. Southern, pg. 237
  29. 1 2 Bastian, Vanessa. "Instrument Manufacture". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 526–529.
  30. Clarke, pg. 62
  31. Elson, pg. 116
  32. 1 2 3 4 Campbell, Patricia Sheehan and Rita Klinger, "Learning", pgs. 274–287, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  33. Birge, pg. 139
  34. 1 2 Asai, Susan M. "Japanese Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 967–974.
  35. Birge, pg. 133
  36. Crawford, pg. 437
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stillman, Amy Ku'uleialoha. "Polynesian Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 1047–1053.
  38. Koskoff, pg. 130
  39. Chase, pg. 415; Chase indicates that the year, 1885, is approximate.
  40. Southern, pg. 324; Southern does not refer to any ambiguity in the year of Joplin's arrival in St. Louis.
  41. Southern, pgs. 324–325
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kirk, pg. 386
  43. Laing, Dave; David Sanjek and David Horn. "Music Publishing". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music. pp. 595–599.
  44. 1 2 Romero, Brenda M. "Great Basin". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 420–427.
  45. Chase, pg. 323
  46. 1 2 Laing, Dave. "Berne Convention". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 480–481.
  47. Southern, pg. 309
  48. 1 2 Linehan, Andrew. "Soundcarrier". Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 359–366.
  49. Heskes, pg. 75
  50. Gronow, Pekka. "Phonograph". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 517–518.
  51. Crawford, pg. 604
  52. Malone and Stricklin, pg. 29
  53. Chase, pg. 383
  54. Greene, pg. 97
  55. Crawford, pg. 373
  56. Matthews, W. S. B. (1889). A Hundred Years of Music in America. Chicago: G. L. Howe.
  57. 1 2 Riis, Thomas L. "Musical Theater". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 614–623.
  58. Chase, pg. 324
  59. Chase, pg. 398
  60. Southern, pg. 288
  61. 1 2 3 Clarke, pg. 229
  62. Laing, Dave. "Jukebox". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 513–515.
  63. Laing, Dave; Paul Oliver. "Catalog". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. p. 535.
  64. 1 2 Crawford, pg. 352
  65. Crawford, pg. 389
  66. Crawford, pg. 471
  67. Oliver, Paul. "Field Recording". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 25–26.
  68. Southern, pg. 301
  69. Birge, pg. 142
  70. "Honoring George W. Johnson - At Last" (PDF). Arsc-audio.org. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  71. Crawford, pg. 449
  72. 1 2 3 Crawford, pg. 497
  73. 1 2 Bird, pg. 133
  74. 1 2 3 4 Sanjek, David and Will Straw, "The Music Industry", pgs. 256–267, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  75. 1 2 Horn, David; David Sanjek. "Sheet Music". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music. pp. 599–605.
  76. Tillman's Revival songbook for 1891, where it appears as Item 223.
  77. Southern, pg. 267
  78. Hardie, pg. 175; Hardie notes some doubt about Laine's claims, but acknowledges that Laine is a key figure in the transition to white jazz.
  79. Bird, pg. 24
  80. 1 2 Crawford, pg. 455
  81. Crawford, pg. 479
  82. Chase, pg, 337
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wright, Jacqueline R. B. "Concert Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 603–613.
  84. Crawford, pg. 484
  85. Gates and Appiah, pg. 560
  86. Crawford, pg. 396
  87. Chase, pg. 396
  88. Clarke, pg. 58
  89. Southern, pg. 329
  90. Crawford, pg. 539
  91. 1 2 Southern, pg. 283
  92. Caldwell Titcomb (Spring 1990). "Black String Musicians: Ascending the Scale". Black Music Research Journal. 10 (1): 107–112. doi:10.2307/779543. JSTOR   779543.
  93. Diamond, Beverly; Barbara Benary. "Indonesian Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 1011–1023.
  94. 1 2 Rasmussen, Anne K. "Middle Eastern Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 1028–1041.
  95. Clarke, pg. 16
  96. Darden, pg. 7
  97. Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 284
  98. Burnim and Maultsby, pg. 11
  99. Maultsby, Portia K.; Mellonee V. Burnin and Susan Oehler. "Overview". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 572–591.
  100. Erbsen, pg. 134
  101. 1 2 3 Chase, pg. 384
  102. 1 2 Steiner, Fred; Martin Marks. "Film music". New Grove Dictionary of Music, Volume II: E - K.
  103. 1 2 3 Southern, pg. 343
  104. Darden, pg. 148
  105. Darden, pg. 156
  106. Chase, pg. 352
  107. 1 2 Malone and Stricklin, pg. 10
  108. Southern, pg. 344
  109. Marks, Edward B.; A.J. Liebling (1934). They All Sang: from Tony Pastor to Rudy Vallee. The Viking Press. p. 321.
  110. "Music Video 1900 Style". PBS. 2004. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
  111. Sanjek, David. "E. B. Marks". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music. pp. 588–589. Sanjek specifically names Bob Cole, James Weldon Johnson and J. Rosamond Johnson
  112. Darden, pg. 128
  113. 1 2 Chase, pg. 397
  114. Chase, pg. 370
  115. Hilts, Janet; David Buckley and John Shepherd. "Crime". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 189–196.
  116. Chase, pg. 371
  117. 1 2 3 Southern, pg. 221
  118. Schrader, Barry. Electroacoustic music. pp. 30–35.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  119. Laing, Dave. "Musicians' Unions". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 785–787.
  120. Crawford, pgs. 381–382
  121. Chase, pg. 345
  122. Crawford, pg. 476
  123. Crawford, pgs. 540–541
  124. Clarke, pg. 59
  125. Miller, Terry, "Religion", pgs. 116–128, in the Garland Encyclopedia of Music
  126. Southern, pg. 317
  127. 1 2 3 4 Monson, Ingrid. "Jazz". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 650–666.
  128. Southern, pg. 320
  129. Erbsen, pg. 124
  130. Struble, pg. 36
  131. Chase, pg. 392
  132. 1 2 3 4 Moore, pg. xii
  133. Hansen, pg. 240
  134. 1 2 Hansen, pg. 241
  135. 1 2 Bergey, Barry, "Government and Politics", pgs. 288–303, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  136. 1 2 Peretti, pg. 50
  137. Bird, pg. 28
  138. Malone and Stricklin, pg. 52
  139. Jones, pgs. 144–145
  140. Chase, pg. 337
  141. Klitz, pg. 56
  142. Southern, pg. 320; Southern specifies Jasen and Tichenor, pg. 17 as among the scholars referred to.
  143. Clarke, pgs. 59, 66
  144. Komara, pg. 767
  145. Fabbri, Franco; John Shepherd. "Genre". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 401–404.
  146. Clarke, pg. 72
  147. Bird, pg. 84
  148. Crawford, pg. 541
  149. Chase, pg. 368
  150. Southern, pg. 303; Southern notes that A Trip to Coontown was actually off Broadway at a "rather obscure theater on Third Avenue".
  151. Clarke, pg. 103
  152. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Colwell, Richard; James W. Pruett and Pamela Bristah. "Education". New Grove Dictionary of Music. pp. 11–21.
  153. Sheehy, Daniel; Steven Loza. "Overview". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 718–733.
  154. Southern, pg. 82
  155. Southern, pg. 269
  156. Laing, Dave. "Agent". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 532–533.
  157. Crawford, pg. 543
  158. 1 2 Chase, pg. 416
  159. Southern, pg. 322
  160. Malone and Stricklin, pg. 41
  161. Chase, pg. 424
  162. 1 2 Southern, pg. 295
  163. Southern, pg. 300
  164. Heskes, pg. 84
  165. Bird, pg. 47
  166. Crawford, pgs. 465–466
  167. 1 2 Crawford, pg. 478
  168. Chase, pg. 338
  169. Southern, pg. 299
  170. Southern, pg. 319
  171. 1 2 3 4 5 Paul C. Echols. "Early-music revival". The New Grove Dictionary of American Music, Volume II: E-K. pp. 2–6.
  172. Birge, pg. 145
  173. Clarke, pg. 103-104
  174. 1 2 Crawford, pg. 438
  175. Southern, pg. 268
  176. Struble, pg. 71
  177. Darden, pgs. 162–163
  178. 1 2 3 Burnim, Mellonee V. "Religious Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music.
  179. 1 2 Southern, pg. 282
  180. Laing, Dave. "Bootleg". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. p. 481.
  181. Laing, Dave. "Label". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music. p. 620.
  182. Wisconsin Hometown Stories: Janesville. Wisconsin Public Television. WPNE-TV. 2008-01-17. 45 minutes in. See also reference to "A Perfect Day" published by Bond in 1910 infra.
  183. Crawford, pg. 502
  184. Brooks, David, cited in Chase, pg. 434
  185. Bowers, Jane, Zoe C. Sherinian and Susan Fast, "Snapshot: Gendering Music", pgs. 103–115, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  186. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Southern, pg. 222
  187. Laing, Dave. "Record Industry". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music. pp. 637–641.
  188. Clarke, pg. 100
  189. Crawford, pg. 534; Crawford calls it the "first black-produced show to run at a regular Broadway theater"
  190. Peretti, pg. 51
  191. Southern, pg. 304
  192. Clarke, pg. 63
  193. Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 231
  194. 1 2 Horn, David; David Sanjek. "Victor". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 768–769.
  195. Pruter, Robert; Paul Oliver and The Editors. "Chicago". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World . Retrieved July 9, 2008.{{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  196. Southern, pg. 308
  197. 1 2 Southern, pg. 310
  198. Buckley, David; John Shepherd and Berndt Ostendorf. "Death". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 200–204.
  199. Bird, pgs. 80-81
  200. Abel, pgs. 50–51; William Lewis Cabell, the United Confederate Veterans' Vice-President denounced it as sacrilegious onstage at the convention, while others voiced similar sentiments to the newsmagazine Confederate Veteran
  201. 1 2 Loza, Steven. "Hispanic California". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 734–753.
  202. 1 2 3 4 Southern, pg. 284
  203. Théberge, Paul. "Amplifier". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 505–506.
  204. Evans, David. "Blues". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 637–649.
  205. Trimillos, Ricardo D. "Filipino Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 1024–1027.
  206. Chase, pg. 355
  207. Southern, pg. 296
  208. Southern, pg. 302
  209. Southern, pg. 345–346
  210. 1 2 Southern, pg. 349
  211. Crawford, pg. 469
  212. Chase, pg. 506, 508
  213. Southern, pg. 291
  214. 1 2 Barnard, Stephen; Donna Halper and Dave Laing. "Radio". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 451–461.
  215. Millard, Andre. "Gramophone". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. p. 512.
  216. Laing, Dave. "Advertising of Popular Music". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 530–532.
  217. Clarke, pg. 228
  218. 1 2 Crawford, pg. 526
  219. Gedutis, pg. 42
  220. Crawford, pgs. 541–542
  221. Abel, pg. 47
  222. Chase, pg. 373
  223. Clarke, pg. 47
  224. Struble, pg. 11
  225. Bird, pg. 253
  226. Crawford, pg. 583
  227. U.S. Army Bands
  228. 1 2 Oliver, Paul. "Song Collecting". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 43–46.
  229. 1 2 Crawford, pg. 527
  230. Laing, Dave. "Copyright". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 481–485.
  231. Sanjek, David and Will Straw, "The Music Industry", pgs. 256–267, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Sanjek and Straw claim that this was the "first time in the country's history (that a) price for the use of a piece of private property was codified by federal law"
  232. Clarke, pg. 229; Clarke says that this was the "first time in history that the government intervened directly between supplier and user of a product".
  233. Southern, pg. 306
  234. Oliver, Paul. "Circuit". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 541–542.
  235. 1 2 3 Clarke, pg. 68; Clarke cites this to the Oxford English Dictionary
  236. Crawford, pg. 552
  237. 1 2 Peretti, pg. 65
  238. Chase, pg. 332
  239. Elson, pg. 23
  240. Sonneborn, D. Atesh. "Snapshot: Sufi Music and Dance". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 1042–1046.
  241. Clarke, pg. 40
  242. Cusic, pg. 70
  243. Lankford, pg. 6
  244. Crawford, pg. 609
  245. Chase, pg. 543
  246. Leger, James K. "Música Nuevomexicana". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 754–769.
  247. 1 2 Livingston, Tamara E. and Katherine K. Preston, "Snapshot: Two Views of Music and Class", pgs. 55–62, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  248. Koskoff, pg. 70
  249. Southern, pg. 453
  250. Moore, pg. 170
  251. Wisconsin Hometown Stories: Janesville. Wisconsin Public Television. WPNE-TV. 2008-01-17. 0:45 minutes in. See also reference to Bond's "I Love You Truly" first published in 1901 supra.
  252. Crawford, pg. 564
  253. Crawford, pg. 399
  254. Crawford, pg. 546
  255. Chase, pg. 421
  256. Southern, pg. 330
  257. Crawford, pgs. 555–556
  258. 1 2 Crawford, pg. 581
  259. 1 2 Darden, pg. 135
  260. Chase, pg. 457
  261. Chase, pg. 544
  262. 1 2 U.S. Army Bands
  263. 1 2 Hansen, pg. 247
  264. 1 2 Spotlight Biography: William Christian Handy Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
  265. Malone and Stricklin, pg. 45
  266. Street, John. "Politics". Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 299–294.
  267. 1 2 Southern, pg. 338
  268. Southern, pg. 339
  269. Some authors, like Upkopodu, pg. 75, call "The Memphis Blues" the first published blues composition.
  270. Bird, pg. 45, Bird says that Handy began publishing the "first commercial blues"
  271. Crawford, pg. 546; Crawford points out that this leads to dancing becoming an integral part of popular music in the United States, and that more than 100 new dances were introduced between 1912 and 1914.
  272. Crawford, pg. 585
  273. Walton, Lester A.; White, L. H.; A. W. K; White, Lucien H. (1978). "Black Music Concerts in Carnegie Hall, 1912–1915". The Black Perspective in Music. 6 (1): 71–88. doi:10.2307/1214304. JSTOR   1214304.
  274. Darden, pg. 71
  275. Darden, pg. 143
  276. Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 280
  277. Chase, pg. 390
  278. 1 2 Chase, pg. 423
  279. Southern, pgs. 288–289
  280. Southern, pg. 292
  281. Crawford, pg. 566
  282. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Southern, pg. 366
  283. Romero, Brenda M. "Great Lakes". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 451–460.
  284. 1 2 Clarke, pg. 126
  285. 1 2 Jones, pg. 111
  286. Chase, pg. 449
  287. Chase, pg. 450
  288. Southern, pg. 298
  289. Southern, pg. 278
  290. Southern, pg. 345
  291. Millard, Andre. "Cylinders". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 508–509.
  292. Bird, pgs.106-107
  293. Bird, pg. 127
  294. Darden, pg. 199
  295. 1 2 3 Garofalo, Reebee. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 705–715.
  296. Crawford, pg. 538
  297. Crawford, pg. 547
  298. Chase, pg. 333
  299. Southern, pg. 347
  300. Crawford, pg. 569; Crawford notes that the event was so controversial that it was still a topic of conversation among the Harvard University faculty in 1919, when Virgil Thomson began studying there.
  301. Darden, pgs. 134–135
  302. Clarke, pgs. 72-73
  303. Slobin, Mark. "Jewish Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 933–945.
  304. Souchon, pg. 43
  305. Crawford, pg. 568; Crawford notes that this process was complete by the mid-1920s.
  306. Crawford, pg. 759
  307. Cowdery, James R. and Anne Lederman, "Blurring the Boundaries of Social and Musical Identities", pgs. 322–333, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  308. Chase, pg. 375
  309. Jones, pg. 146
  310. Southern, pg. 382
  311. Southern, pg. 286
  312. Bird, pg. 223
  313. Bird, pg. 234
  314. 1 2 Southern, pg. 367
  315. Darden, pg. 163
  316. Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 268
  317. Erbsen, pg. 13, quote cited to Sharp's diary
  318. Rahkonen, Carl. "Overview". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 820–830.
  319. Levy, Mark. "Eastern European Music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 908–918.
  320. Gedutis, pg. 149
  321. Chase, pg. 472
  322. Southern, pg. 458
  323. Southern, pgs. 289–290; Southern lists Stanley Lee Henderson (Sumner High School), Walter Dyett (Wendell Phillips High School) and Lincoln High's Alonzo Lewis and William Levi Dawson, as those who followed in Smith's footsteps.
  324. Southern, pg. 331
  325. Bird, pgs. 24-25
  326. Crawford, pg. 466
  327. Southern, pg. 307
  328. 1 2 Hansen, pg. 249
  329. Jones, pg. 143
  330. 1 2 Bird, pg. 17-19
  331. Crawford, pgs. 566–567
  332. Chase, pg. 507
  333. Malone and Stricklin, pg. 31
  334. Crawford, pgs. 600–601
  335. Chase, pg. 374
  336. Clarke, pg. 72; Clarke says that Marable sole recording "is said to be terrible".
  337. Clarke, pg. 123
  338. Crawford, pg. 627
  339. Bird, pg. 116
  340. Clarke, pgs. 185-186
  341. Haskins, Rob, "Orchestral and Chamber Music in the Twentieth Century", pgs. 173–178, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
  342. "A Moment in Time". Kansas Historical Society. February 1997. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
  343. Gates and Appiah, pg. 918
  344. Chase, pg. 350–351
  345. Chase, pg. 545
  346. Southern, pg. 353
  347. Laing, Dave; John Shepherd. "Tour". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 567–568.
  348. Clarke, pg.100; Clarke notes that this music was called jazz, though it was not.
  349. Peretti, pg. 66
  350. 1 2 Hansen, pg. 251
  351. U.S. Army Bands
  352. Smith, Jeff. "The Film Industry and Popular Music". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 499–504.
  353. Crawford, pg. 554
  354. Crawford, pg. 562
  355. Crawford, pg. 567
  356. Preston, Katherine K.; Susan Key, Judith Tick, Frank J. Cipolla and Raoul F. Camus. "Snapshot: Four Views of Music in the United States". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. pp. 554–569.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  357. Buckley, David; Dave Laing. "Alcohol". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 149–152.
  358. Chase, pg. 419, citing William Bolcom
  359. Chase, pg. 475
  360. Southern, pg. 312
  361. Bird, pg. 176

Further reading