Two-point conversion

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Navy quarterback Kaipo-Noa Kaheaku-Enhada puts the ball over the goal line for a two-point conversion at the 2007 Poinsettia Bowl Kaipo-Noa Kaheaku-Enhada gets 2 pt conversion at 2007 Poinsettia Bowl 071220-N-9909C-003.jpg
Navy quarterback Kaipo-Noa Kaheaku-Enhada puts the ball over the goal line for a two-point conversion at the 2007 Poinsettia Bowl

In gridiron football, a two-point conversion or two-point convert is a play a team attempts instead of kicking a one-point conversion immediately after it scores a touchdown. In a two-point conversion attempt, the team that just scored must run a play from scrimmage close to the opponent's goal line and advance the ball across the goal line in the same manner as if they were scoring a touchdown. If the team succeeds, it earns two additional points in addition to the six points for the touchdown, for a total of eight points. If the team fails, no additional points are scored.

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Conversion attempts are untimed plays in American football, and in the Canadian game they are untimed in the final three minutes of each half. If any time remains in the half, the team that scored the touchdown will proceed to a kickoff after their conversion attempt.

To attempt the two-point conversion, the team that just scored must run a scrimmage from the 5-yard line in amateur Canadian football, 3-yard line in professional Canadian football, 3-yard line in amateur American football, or 2-yard line in professional American football. In professional American football, there is a small dash to denote the line of scrimmage for a two-point conversion; it was also, until 2014, the line of scrimmage for a point-after kick ("extra point").

Various sources estimate the success rate of a two-point conversion to be between 40% and 55%, significantly lower than that of the one-point conversion (which has a 90% to 95% success rate in the NFL), [1] although, because of the higher value, a higher expected value is achieved through the two-point conversion than the extra point. [2] [3]

Adoption of rule

The two-point conversion rule was instituted in college football in 1958, [4] [5] [6] and in 1975 in Canadian amateur football and the Canadian Football League (CFL). [7] In overtime in college football, two-point attempts are mandatory starting with double overtime, and in the CFL they are mandatory at any point in overtime.

The American Football League (AFL) used the two-point conversion during its ten-season existence from 1960 to 1969. After the NFL merged with the AFL, the rule did not immediately carry over to the merged league, though they experimented in 1968 with a compromise rule (see below). The NFL adopted the two-point conversion rule in 1994, 25 years after the merger. [8] [9] Tom Tupa scored the first two-point conversion in NFL history, running in a faked one-point attempt for the Cleveland Browns in a game against the Cincinnati Bengals in the first week of the 1994 season. He scored a total of three such conversions that season, earning him the nickname "Two-Point Tupa". That same season, the first two-point conversion in Super Bowl history came during Super Bowl XXIX when San Diego Charger Mark Seay caught a pass thrown by Stan Humphries.

The original United States Football League adopted the two-point conversion rule for its entire existence from 1983 to 1985. The NFL's developmental league, NFL Europe (and its former entity, the World League of American Football), adopted the two-point conversion rule for its entire existence from 1991 through 2007.

Six-man football reverses the extra point and the two-point conversion: because there is no offensive line in that game variant, making kick protection more difficult, plays from scrimmage are worth one point but successful kicks are worth two. It is also reversed in many high school football and youth football leagues, since there are not often skilled kickers at that level.[ citation needed ] A variant of this, especially at the youth level, is to allow one point for a running conversion, two points for a passing conversion, and two points for a successful kick.

The Arena Football League has recognized the two-point conversion for its entire existence (in both its original 1987–2008 incarnation and its 2010–2019 revival), allowing for either a play from scrimmage or a drop kick to be worth two points. (The additional extra point for a drop kick is unique to arena football.)

In 1968, leading up to the AFL–NFL merger, the leagues developed a radical "compromise" rule that reconciled the fact that the NFL did not use the two-point conversion but the AFL did: the relatively easy one-point kick would be eliminated and only a play from scrimmage could score one point called a "pressure point". The rule was used for the interleague matchups for that preseason, and was not tried again. Both the World Football League and the original XFL revived this concept, making it a point not to institute a two-point conversion rule so as to eliminate the easy kick. What would constitute a two-point conversion in other leagues counted only one point in the AFL–NFL games, WFL, or the first XFL. The WFL called it the "action point", used after touchdowns, which the WFL counted as seven points. However, the first XFL later added a rule in the playoffs that allowed the scoring team to score two (or even three) points by successfully executing a play from a point farther from the opponent's end zone (two points if the team could score from the five-yard line and three points if they could score from the ten-yard line).

During the summer of 2014, the conversion by place kick was reviewed by the NFL. The proposed format would have awarded seven points for a touchdown without an extra-point attempt, eight points with a successful conversion by running or passing, and six points with an unsuccessful attempt. This new format was proposed because of the almost certain probability of making a conversion by place kick (1,260 out of 1,265 for the 2013 season). [10] This proposal was never considered at the league owners' meeting in spring 2014. Instead, the league used the first two weeks of its preseason for an experiment that moved one-point kick attempts back to the 20-yard line, while two-point conversions remained at the 2-yard line. The league adopted a slightly modified version of this rule starting with the 2015 season, with the line of scrimmage for one-point kick attempts at the 15-yard line instead of the 20. That same year, the CFL also moved back its line of scrimmage for one-point converts to the 25-yard line (while moving the scrimmage line for a two-point convert ahead two yards to the 3-yard line), thus making the length for a one-point attempt the same in both the NFL and CFL (taking into account the NFL's goalposts on the end line, and the CFL's on the goal line).

In the Alliance of American Football (which played part of only one season, 2019), two-point conversion attempts were mandatory after touchdowns.

Defensive two-point conversion

In American college, professional, and Canadian football (as well as, for a significant period of time, the Arena Football League, where missed extra points were rebounded back into the field of play), a conversion attempt where the defense gains possession of the ball can be returned by the defense to the other end zone to give the defensive team two points. The team that scored the touchdown then kicks off as normal.

This is rare because of the infrequent use of the two-point conversion and the rarity of blocked conversion kicks, combined with the difficulty of returning the ball the full length of the field. It has proven the winning margin in some games, the first such college game occurring September 10, 1988, when St. John's defeated Iona College, 26–24. [11] Only once has a player scored two defensive two-point conversions in a game: Tony Holmes of the Texas Longhorns in a 1998 game against the Iowa State Cyclones on October 3.

The NFL originally had no provision for defensive two-point conversions, and its rules used to state that a conversion was automatically blown dead and ruled as "no good" as soon as the defense gained possession of the ball. On May 19, 2015, the NFL owners adopted a proposal to permit a defensive two-point conversion for the 2015 season. On May 20, 2016, the owners adopted a further proposal called the two-point fair-play rule: this prevents the defense from getting a turnover during a two-point conversion and then intentionally committing a foul to increase their chance at a two-point return. If the defense gains a turnover and then commits a foul, the offense will have the option to accept the penalty and attempt the try again. It has not yet been enforced in the NFL, but a similar rule has been enforced on two occasions in the CFL. [12] [13]

Stephone Anthony of the New Orleans Saints became the first NFL player to score a defensive two-point conversion, returning a blocked extra-point kick from Graham Gano of the Carolina Panthers on December 6, 2015. [14] On December 4, 2016, Eric Berry of the Kansas City Chiefs became the first NFL player to return an interception for a defensive two-point conversion, which was thrown by quarterback Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons. [15]

The NCAA has allowed defensive two-point conversions in college football since the 1988 season. In that first season, there were 20 defensive conversions scored among all NCAA divisions, with two in Division I-A. [16] [17] [18] The first defensive conversion in NCAA Division I-A was scored by Bill Stone of Rice University in a 54–11 loss to Notre Dame on November 5, 1988. [19] [lower-alpha 1] The first college player to score a defensive two-point conversion was Rod Beauchamp of Colorado School of Mines on September 3, 1988, in a 36–2 loss to Hastings College, after the Hastings center snapped the ball over the holder's head; even though the rule states the ball cannot be advanced when it hits the ground in this manner, the score stands once the referee declares the game over. [22]

The first defensive conversion following a blocked extra-point kick was scored by Springfield College in a 40–33 win over WPI on September 9, 1988. [23]

High schools that follow the rules of the National Federation of State High School Associations (all U.S. high schools except those in Texas, which use NCAA rules instead) do not allow defensive runbacks of recovered conversion attempts, and any recovery of the ball by the defense during the try is immediately blown dead and ruled as "no good."

  1. ↑ There was a defensive conversion scored in a Division I-A junior varsity (JV) game by Air Force JV in a 27-21 loss to the BYU JV on September 24, 1988. [20] BYU JV surrendered another defensive conversion on October 14, 1988. [21]

Conversion safety

Rules in high school, college and professional football dictate that when a safety occurs during a two-point conversion or point-after kick (officially known in the rulebooks as a try), it is worth one point. It can be scored by the offense in college and professional football (following an NFL rule change in 2015) if the defense obtains possession of a live ball in the field of play, propels the ball into its own end zone, and the ball is then downed there with the defense in possession. This event has only occurred four times in NCAA Division I history. Before 2015, the only scenario in which a one-point safety could have been scored in the NFL would have involved, on a conversion attempt in which the ball was not kicked by the offense, the defense kicking or batting a loose ball out the back of the end zone without taking possession of it. [24] [25] [26] [27]

A conversion safety can be earned by the defense if the offense retreats with the ball all the way back into its own end zone. Two potential scenarios include (1) an errant snap or a fumble that is bobbled repeatedly until the offensive team recovers the ball in, or bats the ball through, its own end zone (similar situations have been documented in regular play from scrimmage [28] and are more likely in arena football with its much shorter, narrower and bounded field of play), and (2) a defender attempting a defensive two-point conversion and fumbling the ball, with the offensive team recovering and establishing possession outside the end zone, then downing the ball in its own end zone. Although such a conversion safety has never been scored by the defense, this rule provides the only way in American professional football that a team could finish the game with a score of one point. (Canadian football allows another one-point play called the single or rouge). [29] Following a 2021 rule change in college football, triple overtime and thereafter involves teams attempting two-point conversions rather than running plays from the 25-yard line. The rules regarding safeties on these plays are the same as for any other conversion attempt, opening up additional ways for a team to finish the game with exactly one point (though in this scenario, a game would have to remain scoreless through double overtime to achieve this).

The high school football rulebook acknowledges the conversion safety, awarding one point for it, but also immediately ends a play if the opposing team gains possession of the ball, a rule similar to the one the NFL used before 2015. Thus, any situation that requires the defense to gain possession of the ball cannot result in a conversion safety in games where that rulebook is used.

Choice of one- or two-point attempt

The coaches' choice of whether to attempt a one- or two-point conversion depends on the game's current score, the amount of time remaining, and their assessment of their team's chance of success. [30]

Analysis of historical data finds that the two-point conversion is successful about half the time, whereas one-point kicks are almost always successful. Therefore, the expected value of both options is roughly similar, with the critical factor being whether the chance of a successful two-point conversion is more or less than half that of a successful kick. [30] [31] However, the mathematics regarding maximizing a team's chances of winning are more complicated. For example, late in a game, a team that is one point up after a touchdown would gain little benefit from a one-point attempt, because regardless of success, the team would still lose if the opposition later scored a field goal. In such a situation, the two-point conversion would be the better option. If successful, an opposition field goal would then only tie the game. [30]

A more complicated scenario is when a team is trailing by 14 points. The team could choose to go for two, because, if successful, the team could then kick an extra point following the next score to secure a win. On the other hand, if the two-point conversion fails, the team still has a chance to succeed on the next two-point conversion to get to fourteen. Mathematically, therefore, the minimum probability of converting a two-point try either on the first attempt (securing a win) or the second (securing a tie in regulation time) must be higher than the maximum probability of missing both (securing a loss). This occurs when the probability of missing both is 0.618 × 0.618, or 38.2%. [32] As long as the probability of converting any individual two-point attempt is higher than 38.2% percent, it is optimal to adopt this strategy. [33] [34] Notably, Texas Longhorns coach Darrell Royal successfully used this strategy to defeat Arkansas in 1969's Game of the Century.

An analysis can be done for all situations, resulting in a table that can be consulted when a decision is needed. [30] A chart made by UCLA offensive coordinator Dick Vermeil in the early 1970s is one of the most well-known. [35] [36]

In practice, two-point conversion attempts are rare, being done only after less than 1-in-10 touchdowns in the NFL. [31] This proportion rose after the one-point kick was moved back to the 15-yard line, which increased the difficulty and decreased the success rate of scoring the extra point. [31] [37]

Arena and other indoor football

In indoor versions of the sport, a two-point conversion is scored after a touchdown by running a play from scrimmage from the two-yard line in which the ball carrier succeeds in crossing the goal line while in possession of the ball, or the receiver makes a valid reception in the end zone or crosses the goal line in possession of the ball after having caught it in the field of play. In Arena football only, a successful drop kicked conversion also counts as a two-point conversion.

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interception</span> American football play in which a defensive player catches a pass, resulting in a turnover

In ball-playing competitive team sports, an interception or pick is a move by a player involving a pass of the ball—whether by foot or hand, depending on the rules of the sport—in which the ball is intended for a player of the same team but caught by a player of the team on defense, who thereby usually gains possession of the ball for their team. It is commonly seen in football, including American and Canadian football, as well as association football, rugby league, rugby union, Australian rules football and Gaelic football, as well as any sport by which a loose object is passed between players toward a goal. In basketball, this is called a steal.

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Gridiron football, also known as North American football, or in North America as simply football, is a family of football team sports primarily played in the United States and Canada. American football, which uses 11 players, is the form played in the United States and the best known form of gridiron football worldwide, while Canadian football, which uses 12 players, predominates in Canada. Other derivative varieties include arena football, flag football and amateur games such as touch and street football. Football is played at professional, collegiate, high school, semi-professional, and amateur levels.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onside kick</span> Short kickoff in gridiron football to try to keep possession of the ball

In gridiron football, an onside kick is a kickoff deliberately kicked short in an attempt by the kicking team to regain possession of the ball. This is in contrast with a typical kickoff, in which the kicking team kicks the ball far downfield in order to maximize the distance the receiving team has to advance the ball in order to score. The risk to the team attempting an onside kick is that if it is unsuccessful the receiving team gets the ball and usually has a much better field position than with a normal kickoff.

This is a glossary of terms used in Canadian football. The Glossary of American football article also covers many terms that are also used in the Canadian version of the game.

  1. Legally positioned at the kick-off or the snap. On kick-offs, members of the kicking team must be behind the kick-off line; members of the receiving team must be at least 10 yards from the kick-off line. On scrimmages, at the snap the offence must be behind the line of scrimmage; the defence must be at least one yard beyond the line of scrimmage.
  2. A player of the kicking team who can legally recover the kick. The kicker and any teammates behind the ball at the time of the kick are onside. Thus on kick-offs all players of the kicking team are onside, but on other kicks usually only the kicker is. The holder on a place kick is not considered onside.
  1. A defensive position on scrimmages, also called free safety. Typical formations include a single safety, whose main duty is to cover wide receivers. See also defensive back.
  2. A two-point score. The defence scores a safety when the offence carries or passes the ball into its own goal area and then fails to run, pass, or kick the ball back into the field of play; when this term is used in this sense, it is also referred to as a safety touch.
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparison of American and Canadian football</span> Differences between the two most common types of gridiron football

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">American football rules</span>

Gameplay in American football consists of a series of downs, individual plays of short duration, outside of which the ball is or is not in play. These can be plays from scrimmage – passes, runs, punts or field goal attempts – or free kicks such as kickoffs and fair catch kicks. Substitutions can be made between downs, which allows for a great deal of specialization as coaches choose the players best suited for each particular situation. During a play, each team should have no more than 12 players on the field, and each of them has specific tasks assigned for that specific play.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safety (gridiron football score)</span> Scoring play in gridiron football

In gridiron football, the safety or safety touch is a scoring play that results in two points being awarded to the scoring team. Safeties can be scored in a number of ways, such as when a ball carrier is tackled in his own end zone or when a foul is committed by the offense in its own end zone. After a safety is scored in American football, the ball is kicked off to the team that scored the safety from the 20-yard line; in Canadian football, the scoring team also has the options of taking control of the ball at its own 35-yard line or kicking off the ball, also at its own 35-yard line. The ability of the scoring team to receive the ball through a kickoff differs from the touchdown and field goal, which require the scoring team to kick the ball off to the scored-upon team. Despite being of relatively low point value, safeties can have a significant impact on the result of games, and Brian Burke of Advanced NFL Stats estimated that safeties have a greater abstract value than field goals, despite being worth a point less, due to the field position and reclaimed possession gained off the safety kick.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparison of American football and rugby union</span>

A comparison of American football and rugby union is possible because of the games' shared origins, despite their dissimilarities.

A comparison between American football and rugby league is possible because of their shared origins and similar game concepts. Rugby league is arguably the most similar sport to American football after Canadian football: both sports involve the concept of a limited number of downs/tackles and scoring touchdowns/tries takes clear precedence over goal-kicking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Field goal</span> Means of scoring in gridiron football

A field goal (FG) is a means of scoring in gridiron football. To score a field goal, the team in possession of the ball must place kick, or drop kick, the ball through the goal, i.e., between the uprights and over the crossbar. The entire ball must pass through the vertical plane of the goal, which is the area above the crossbar and between the uprights or, if above the uprights, between their outside edges. American football requires that a field goal must only come during a play from scrimmage while Canadian football retains open field kicks and thus field goals may be scored at any time from anywhere on the field and by any player. The vast majority of field goals, in both codes, are placekicked. Drop-kicked field goals were common in the early days of gridiron football but are almost never attempted in modern times. A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick, but this is also extremely rare. In most leagues, a successful field goal awards three points.

The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football; for a list of terms unique to that code, see Glossary of Canadian football.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punt (gridiron football)</span> Kick downfield to the opposing team in gridiron football

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conversion (gridiron football)</span> Football scoring play

The conversion, try, also known as a point(s) after touchdown, PAT, extra point, two-point conversion, or convert is a gridiron football play that occurs immediately after a touchdown. The scoring team attempts to score one extra point by kicking the ball through the uprights in the manner of a field goal, or two points by passing or running the ball into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown.

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References

  1. ↑ Baker, Kendall (2021-12-10). "No more gimmes: NFL extra point success rate plunges to 92.4%, lowest since 1979". Axios. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  2. ↑ 412sportsanalytics "Two-Point Conversion: My two-data-cents,", 2016.
  3. ↑ K. Pelechrinis "Decision Making in American Football: Evidence from 7 Years of NFL Data, in Machine Learning and Data Mining for Sports Analytics", 2016.
  4. ↑ "WSC coach Sutherland favors new rule on point-after scores". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). January 13, 1958. p. 17.
  5. ↑ Fullerton, Hugh Jr. (December 18, 1958). "Two-point conversion rule gets approval in AP poll". Ludington Daily News. (Michigan). Associated Press. p. 10.
  6. ↑ "The Two-Point Conversion". Time. 1958-10-06. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.
  7. ↑ "CFL History 1970s". Canadian Football League. Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  8. ↑ Goldberg, Dave (March 23, 1994). "Owners OK two-point conversion". Gadsden Times. (Alabama). Associated Press. p. D1.
  9. ↑ WiseGeek.com Definition.
  10. ↑ "NFL Will examine eliminating the extra point". NBC Sports. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  11. ↑ "Block that kick". The Daily Oklahoman. Oklahoma City. September 11, 1988. p. B6.
  12. ↑ Patra, Kevin (May 19, 2015). "NFL moves extra point to 15-yard line for 2015 season". National Football League. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  13. ↑ Wilner, Barry (May 19, 2015). "NFL to change extra-point kicks to longer distance". Yahoo! Sports. Associated Press. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  14. ↑ Dubin, Jared (6 December 2015). "Saints first-ever team to run back a blocked extra point for two points". CBS Sports. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  15. ↑ Teicher, Adam (December 4, 2016). "Eric Berry has pick 6, 'pick 2' in emotional homecoming victory". ESPN. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  16. ↑ Florence, Mal (November 10, 1989). "By the book, defense always goes for two". Los Angeles Times. p. C6.
  17. ↑ Bilinski, Bill (November 6, 1988). "No. 1 Irish 'Rocket' past Rice". South Bend Tribune. p. B4.
  18. ↑ Climer, David (November 13, 1988). "In storm, with disbelief, Vols get 3rd straight win". The Tennessean (Nashville). p. 1C.
  19. ↑ D'Angelo, Tom (November 23, 1988). "Add college coach to endangered species list". The Palm Beach Post. p. 24.
  20. ↑ "Jayvee gridders edge Air Force". The Herald. Provo, Utah. September 25, 1988. p. 19.
  21. ↑ Bennion, Jeff (October 19, 1988). "Badgers blast Cougar Kittens". The Pyramid. Mount Pleasant, Utah. p. 6.
  22. ↑ Munns, Roger (September 20, 1988). "He's in the recordbook but shouldn't be". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. p. C5.
  23. ↑ "Yesterday's summary Springfield, 40-33". The Boston Globe. September 10, 1988. p. 24. S — Herman Rice 85 return of blocked extra point
  24. ↑ Bialik, Carl (January 3, 2013). "In Praise of the One-Point Safety". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  25. ↑ Smith, Michael David (May 22, 2015). "NFL may see its first one-point safety". Profootballtalk.com. NBC Universal. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  26. ↑ Nogle, Kevin (March 3, 2018). "Football 101: The one-point safety". Thephinsider.com. Vox Media LLC. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  27. ↑ Snyder, Jeremy (January 4, 2013). "One-point safety". Quirky Research. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  28. ↑ "WATCH: Louisiana Tech loses 87 yards on one play in the most comical fashion". cbssports.com.
  29. ↑ Victor Mather (September 10, 2015). "N.F.L. Team Scoring Just 1 Point? Now It's Possible". New York Times.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Morris, Benjamin (2017-02-03). "When To Go For 2, For Real". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  31. 1 2 3 Stuart, Chase (2016-11-15). "More NFL Teams Are Going For Two — Just As They Should Be". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  32. ↑ The probability of failure to convert is "1 minus the probability of converting the two-point try", (1 − 0.382), or 0.618.
  33. ↑ "Down Late in the Game? Go for Two". wordpress.com. 18 April 2013.
  34. ↑ "The Game Designer: Go For Two!". thegamedesigner.blogspot.com. 16 January 2011.
  35. ↑ "Two Point Conversion Chart". theredzone.org.
  36. ↑ "Four downs: Parcells deals with second-guessing - USATODAY.com". www.usatoday.com.
  37. ↑ Baker, Kendall (2021-12-10). "No more gimmes: NFL extra point success rate plunges to 92.4%, lowest since 1979". Axios. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
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