Viola tricolor

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Viola tricolor
Violatricolorarvensis.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae
Genus: Viola
Species:
V. tricolor
Binomial name
Viola tricolor
L.

Viola tricolor is a common European wild flower, growing as an annual or short-lived perennial. The species is also known as wild pansy, Johnny Jump up (though this name is also applied to similar species such as the yellow pansy), heartsease, heart's ease, heart's delight, tickle-my-fancy, Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me, come-and-cuddle-me, three faces in a hood, love-in-idleness, and pink of my john.

It has been introduced into North America, where it has spread. It is the progenitor of the cultivated pansy, and is therefore sometimes called wild pansy; before the cultivated pansies were developed, "pansy" was an alternative name for the wild form. It can produce up to 50 seeds at a time. The flowers can be purple, blue, yellow or white.

Description

Flowers of Viola tricolor Viola tricolor LC0041.jpg
Flowers of Viola tricolor

Viola tricolor is a small plant of creeping and ramping [lower-alpha 1] habit, reaching at most 15 cm (6 ins) in height, with flowers about 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) in diameter. It grows in short grassland on farms and wasteland, chiefly on acid or neutral soils. It is usually found in partial shade. Its root is of the rhizome type with fine rootlets. The stem (acoli stem: which remains flush with the soil and from which leave the leaves and the flowering stalk) is hairless, sometimes downy and is branched. The plant has no leaf rosette at the base, unlike some other violets, such as Viola hirta. Leaves are, on the contrary, alternate. They are stalked at limbus oval, oblong or lanceolate and more or less serrated margins. The stipules are often quite developed, at least those of the upper leaves. These stipules are palm-lined or palmatised.

The flowers are solitary and lateral, hoisted on long peduncles. They appear on aerial stems with more or less long internodes. The sepals are never larger than the corolla. It is 10 to 25 mm (3/8" to 1") long. This corolla can be purple, blue, yellow or white. It can most often be two-tone, yellow and purple. The tricolor shape, yellow, white and purple, is the most sought after.

It flowers from April to September (in the Northern Hemisphere). The plants are hermaphrodite and self-fertile, pollinated by bees. [1]

Habitat

It is common almost everywhere on the Eurasian continent, near the sea or inland, at altitudes ranging from 0 to 2,700 metres (to 9,000'). It grows in open grasslands, wastelands, mainly on acidic or neutral soils. It is also found on the banks and in the alluviums.

Ecology

In Iceland, Viola tricolor is known to be a host for at least two species of plant pathogenic fungi, Pleospora herbarum and Ramularia agrestis. [2]

Traditional and medicinal uses

As an ornamental and medicinal plant, the wild pansy has been cultivated since the Middle Ages and bred in Britain since 1810. As some of its names imply, V. tricolor and other plants in the Viola genus (such as V. odorata, or sweet violet), have a long history of use in herbalism and folk medicine, particularly Iranian, Greco-Arab, Ayurvedic and Unani traditional health systems. [3] Traditionally, it has been used to treat cardiovascular conditions, epilepsy, skin diseases, burns and eczema, and as an expectorant for respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and cold symptoms, [4] [5] [6] and modern research has begun to corroborate these traditionally held knowledges and uses.

Studies have shown V. tricolor extract has antinociceptive, [7] immunosuppressant [8] and anti inflammatory [9] properties, making it a potential treatment for autoimmune disorders. The extract is known to be anti microbial, [10] sedative,[ citation needed ] anti epileptic, [11] and diuretic, [5] [12] [13] as well as potentially antiviral [14] and antiprotozoal. [15] V. tricolor L extract has shown vasorelaxant, cardio-relaxant, hypotensive, and cardio protective effects. [16] Some studies have discovered potential anti-cancer properties, where the extract (primarily the ethyl acetate component) has been attributed to induced apoptosis and inhibited angiogenesis in cancer cells. [17] [18] [19] [20] The seeds and roots, and to a lesser extent the flowers and stems, are also a known emetic and purgative/laxative, [6] and should be used with caution.

The flowers have also been used to make yellow, green and blue-green dyes, [21] while the leaves can be used to indicate acidity. [12] [22]

Biochemistry

Flower Viola tricolor.jpg
Flower

The plant, especially the flowers, contains antioxidants, has low toxicity, and is edible. [23]

V tricolor leaves, stems, roots and flowers have been found to contain antioxidants and flavonoids (including violanthin, violaquercitrin, quercetin, luteolin, and rutin), [24] [23] [25] [26] [7] amino acids, [27] [20] chlorogenic acids, [7] salicylates, [7] [18] as well as alkaloids, volatile oils, mucilage gums, resin, saponins, and vitamins A and C. [6] [28] [9] [5] Various carotenoids have also been isolated from the drug, including violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-Carotene. [29]

The fresh plant Viola declinata and V. tricolor contains approximately:

Its 10 percent mucilages consist of glucose, galactose, arabinose and rhamnose, as well as tannins, salicylic acid, and its derivatives.

Anthocyanidins and coumarins, such as umbelliferone, were also detected in Viola tricolor.

Extracts from the plant are anti-microbial. [30]

Heartsease contains compounds, including colorless crystalline compounds,[ clarification needed ] [31] proven to be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of some medical conditions (see Traditional and Medicinal Uses section), such as cardiovascular problems, complications of diabetes, inflammations, [9] [7] immune disorders, and liver problems, among other indications.

Heartsease plants contain aglycones [ clarification needed ] apigenin, chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol. V. tricolor is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise[ clarification needed ] to[ clarification needed ] high stability. Many cyclotides found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic. [32] This feature means it could be used to treat cancers. [33] [32] [18] [17] [19]

Mythology

According to Roman mythology, the wild pansy turned into the Love-in-idleness as Cupid shot one of his arrows at the imperial votaress, but missed and instead struck it. As Cupid is the god of desire, affection and erotic love, the flower's juice received the trait, to act as a love potion. Its name relates to the use of the flower, as it is often used for idleness or vileness acts.

According to Greek mythology, Zeus fell in love with a young woman named Io and provoked jealousy to his wife Hera. He transformed the girl into a heifer and kept her grazing at his feet. For pity on the diet of herbs to which he submitted the beloved, he caused the earth to produce beautiful flowers that he called Io. Another Greek legend has it that the delicate white flowers were worshiped by Eros. To inhibit this worship, Aphrodite colored them, which resulted in tricolor coloration.

The ancient Greeks and Chinese used the vials as medicine, and the Celts and Romans made perfumes of them.

Literature

On a dry grassland. Viola tricolor maritima kz3.jpg
On a dry grassland.

Long before cultivated pansies were released into the trade in 1839, V. tricolor was associated with thought in the "language of flowers", often by its alternative name of pansy (from the French pensée, "thought"[ citation needed ]): hence Ophelia's often quoted line in Shakespeare's Hamlet , "There's pansies, that's for thoughts". (What Shakespeare had in mind was V. tricolor, the wild pansy, not a modern garden pansy.)

A Midsummer Night's Dream

Shakespeare makes a more direct reference, probably to V. tricolor [lower-alpha 2] in A Midsummer Night's Dream . Oberon sends Puck to gather "a little western flower that maidens call love-in-idleness". Oberon's account is that he diverted an arrow from Cupid's bow aimed at "a fair vestal, throned by the west" (supposedly Queen Elizabeth I) to fall upon the plant "before milk-white, now purple with love's wound". The "imperial vot'ress" passes on "fancy-free", destined never to fall in love.

In Act II and III, Oberon's and Puck's intervention with the magic love potion of the flower, they can control the fates of various characters, but also speed up the process of falling in and out of love, so that the actual romances of the lovers and their love itself appears to become very comical. Shakespeare uses the flower to provide the essential dramatic and comical features for his play. Besides that the love potion gained from the flower, does not only interfere with the lovers' fates, but also gives the play structure as it affects the lovers' romances drastically, as it at first upsets the balance of love and creates asymmetrical love among the four Athenian lovers. The fact that this flower introduces magical love to this play creates the potential for many possible outcomes for this play.

The juice of the heartsease now, claims Oberon, "on sleeping eyelids laid, Will make or man or woman madly dote Upon the next live creature that it sees." Equipped with such powers, Oberon and Puck control the fates of various characters in the play to provide Shakespeare's essential dramatic and comic structure for the play.

Yet mark'd I where the bolt of Cupid fell:
It fell upon a little western flower,
Before, milk-white, now purple with love's wound,
And maidens call it love-in-idleness.

A Midsummer Night's Dream (Act 2, Scene 1)

The love-in-idleness was originally a white flower, struck by one of Cupid's arrows, which turned it purple and gave it its magic love potion. When dripped onto someone's eyelids this love potion causes an individual to fall madly in love with the next person they see. In A Midsummer Night's Dream , William Shakespeare uses this flower as a plot device to introduce the comical disturbance and chaos of love, but also to highlight the irrationality of romantic love. Here love is depicted as a sort of benevolent affliction. Shakespeare presents love to be something contradicting to one's normal feelings and ideas. However he also depicts the fact that those can lead to foolish and hurtful things and present the idea that love can also end in tragedy. The play shows that love can be a source of comedy as easily as of tragedy and therefore show that the power that the love potion from the Love-in-idleness inherits is beyond the comprehension of the fairies and mortals. In the end, the love-in-idleness nectar is used to restore all romances in the play to their original states (including Demetrius's prior affections for Helena before he turned to Hermia.)

The effects of the love-in-idleness can be very dramatic and tragic, no matter if the intentions were right. The play reaches its point at which Demetrius and Lysander are trying to kill one another. Although Hermia and Helena are not trying to kill one another, they are suffering from the rejection of their lovers and from considerable verbal abuse. However, this still happens at a very comical level, for the lovers are not aware of their situation. The more they try to present the dramatic side of love, the hate, jealousy and anger, the less they become serious, and so their anger turns unreal. In the end, love is not denied and the lovers are reunited. Nevertheless, Shakespeare ends the lovers' story as a comedy, with the inclusion of several tragic and dramatic moments. This is supposed to show that love can be a source of comedy as easily as of tragedy, and therefore show that the power that the love potion from the love-in-idleness inherits is beyond the comprehension of fairies and mortals alike.

The Taming of the Shrew

Shakespeare mentions it in his play The Taming of the Shrew where Luciento claims he found the effect of love-in-idleness - alluding to its qualities to simulate the effects of love.

O Tranio! till I found it to be true,
I never thought it possible or likely;
But see, while idly I stood looking on,
I found the effect of love in idleness;
And now in plainness do confess to thee,
That art to me as secret and as dear
As Anna to the Queen of Carthage was,
Tranio, I burn, I pine, I perish, Tranio,
If I achieve not this young modest girl.

—  The Taming of the Shrew (Act 1, Scene 1)
Purple flower. Viola tricolor (flower).jpg
Purple flower.

Balm in Gilead

In her poem Balm in Gilead, Christina Georgina Rossetti uses heartsease as a metaphor of growing older as her confidence and her vision increases. The heartsease is known as love-lies-bleeding which is a type of the inseparability of the pain of living and the love of Christ. The garden was adorned with the flower which served as the speaker's life. The "weed" represents the sins of the speaker's life. However at the end, the speaker pleads her pain and waits her judgment.

Heartsease I found, where Love-lies-bleeding

 Empurpled all the ground:

Whatever flowers I missed unheeding,

 Heartsease I found.

 Yet still my garden mound

Stood sore in need of watering, weeding,

 And binding growths unbound.

Ah, when shades fell to light succeeding

 I scarcely dared look round:

'Love-lies-bleeding' was all my pleading,

 Heartsease I found. [35]

Music

No. 1 of 3 Lyrics, H. 161, written for piano in 1921 by British composer Frank Bridge, is called "Heart's Ease".

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ It can hoist itself as much as a meter (3 ft) into a dense tangle of other growth.
  2. ↑ The other candidate is "Love-in-a-Mist" or Nigella , a common garden plant of Shakespeare's day, varying in colour from white through pinks to an almost true blue. [34]

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References

  1. ↑ "Viola tricolor & Apis mellifera". December 2016.
  2. ↑ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
  3. ↑ Mahboubi, Mohaddese; Taghizadeh Kashani, Leila Mohammad (2018-12-01). "A Narrative study about the role of Viola odorata as traditional medicinal plant in management of respiratory problems". Advances in Integrative Medicine. 5 (3): 112–118. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2017.12.003. ISSN   2212-9588. S2CID   80368847.
  4. ↑ Rimkiene, S.; Ragazinskiene, O.; Savickiene, N. (2003). "The cumulation of Wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.) accessions: The possibility of species preservation and usage in medicine". Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 39 (4): 411–416. PMID   12738912.
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  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Piana, Mariana; Silva, Mariane Arnoldi; Trevisan, Gabriela; Brum, Thiele Faccim de; Silva, Cássia Regina; Boligon, Aline Augusti; Oliveira, Sara Marchesan; Zadra, Marina; Hoffmeister, Carin; Rossato, Mateus Fortes; Tonello, Raquel; Laporta, Luciane Varini; Freitas, Robson Borba de; Belke, Bianca Vargas; Jesus, Roberta da Silva (2013-11-25). "Antiinflammatory effects of Viola tricolor gel in a model of sunburn in rats and the gel stability study". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 150 (2): 458–465. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.040. ISSN   0378-8741. PMID   24008111.
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  12. 1 2 T.K. Lim (2014). Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers. Springer. p. 815. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2. ISBN   978-94-017-8747-5. LCCN   2014936737. S2CID   10703425.
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  14. ↑ Conzelmann, Carina; Muratspahić, Edin; Tomašević, Nataša; Münch, Jan; Gruber, Christian W. (2022). "In vitro Inhibition of HIV-1 by Cyclotide-Enriched Extracts of Viola tricolor". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 13: 888961. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888961 . ISSN   1663-9812. PMC   9196940 . PMID   35712712.
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  18. 1 2 3 Mortazavian, Seyed Mohsen; Ghorbani, Ahmad; Ghorbani Hesari, Taghi (2012-09-22). "Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts of Viola Tricolor and its Fractions on Proliferation of Cervix Carcinoma Cells". The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 15 (22): 9–16. doi:10.22038/ijogi.2012.5657. ISSN   1680-2993.
  19. 1 2 Mortazavian, Seyed Mohsen; Ghorbani, Ahmad (2020-08-20). "Antiproliferative effect of Viola tricolor on neuroblastoma cells in vitro". Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine. 24 (3): 93–96.
  20. 1 2 Tang, Jun; Wang, Conan K.; Pan, Xulin; Yan, He; Zeng, Guangzhi; Xu, Wenyan; He, Wenjun; Daly, Norelle L.; Craik, David J.; Tan, Ninghua (2010-08-01). "Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor". Peptides. 31 (8): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.004. ISSN   0196-9781. PMID   20580652. S2CID   33157266.
  21. ↑ Terry Breverton (2011). Breverton's Complete Herbal. Quercus. p. 332. ISBN   978-1-62365-350-7.
  22. ↑ CN103865517A,胡健&杨子涛,"Preparation method of viola tricolor L indicator",issued 2014-06-18
  23. 1 2 Vukics V. Kery A. Guttman A."Analysis of polar antioxidants in Heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) and Garden pansy (Viola x wittrockiana Gams.)". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 46(9):823-7, 2008 Oct.
  24. ↑ Koike, Amanda; Barreira, João C. M.; Barros, Lillian; Santos-Buelga, Celestino; Villavicencio, Anna L. C. H.; Ferreira, Isabel C. F. R. (2015-07-15). "Edible flowers of Viola tricolor L. as a new functional food: Antioxidant activity, individual phenolics and effects of gamma and electron-beam irradiation". Food Chemistry. 179: 6–14. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.123. hdl: 10198/12654 . ISSN   0308-8146. PMID   25722133.
  25. ↑ Vukics V., Toth B.H., Ringer T., Ludanyi K., Kery A., Bonn G.K., Guttman A., "Quantitative and qualitative investigation of the main flavonoids in heartsease (Viola tricolor L.)". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 46(2):97-101, 2008 Feb.
  26. ↑ Vukics V., Ringer T., Kery A., Bonn G.K., Guttman A., "Analysis of heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) flavonoid glycosides by micro-liquid chromatography coupled to multistage mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A. 1206(1):11-20, 2008 Oct 3.
  27. ↑ Dziągwa-Becker, Magdalena; Weber, Ryszard; Zajączkowska, Olga; Oleszek, Wiesław (2018-01-01). "Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions". Open Chemistry. 16 (1): 833–841. doi: 10.1515/chem-2018-0098 . ISSN   2391-5420. S2CID   105302257.
  28. ↑ Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Margaret (2011-01-01), Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Margaret (eds.), "CHAPTER 32 - Viola odorata, sweet violet; Viola tricolor, heartsease", Medical Herbs, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 337–348, doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10344-5.00037-9, ISBN   978-0-443-10344-5 , retrieved 2023-08-11
  29. 1 2 Toiu A., Muntean E., Oniga I., Tǎmaş M. "Pharmacognostic research on Viola declinata Waldst. et Kit. (Violaceae)" Farmacia 2009 57:2 (219-222)
  30. ↑ Witkowska-Banaszczak E, Bylka W, Matławska I, Goślińska O, Muszyński Z, "Antimicrobial activity of Viola tricolor herb". Fitoterapia 76(5):458-461, 2005 Jul.
  31. ↑ Hine and Martin, Robert and Elizabeth (2016). A Dictionary of Biology (7 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780198714378.
  32. 1 2 Tang J., Wang C.K., Pan X., Yan H., Zeng G., Xu W., He W., Daly N.L., Craik D.J., Tan N. "Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor", Peptides 2010 31:8 (1434-1440)
  33. ↑ Erika Svangård, Ulf Göransson, Zozan Hocaoglu, Joachim Gullbo, Rolf Larsson,, Per Claeson and Lars Bohlin, 2004. "Cytotoxic Cyclotides from Viola tricolor" Journal of Natural Products67 (2), 144-147
  34. ↑ Bull, Henry. (1890). Love in Idleness (Nigella). Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club 1883–1885, pp. 61 ff.
  35. ↑ Frith, Richard (1 March 2014). Literature and Theology. pp. 29–44.
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