Volcano: The Blast Coaster

Last updated

Volcano: The Blast Coaster
Volcano, The Blast Coaster (Kings Dominion) 02.jpg
Kings Dominion
Location Kings Dominion
Park section Safari Village
Coordinates 37°50′21.7″N77°26′24.6″W / 37.839361°N 77.440167°W / 37.839361; -77.440167
StatusRemoved
Soft opening dateAugust 1, 1998 (1998-08-01)
Opening dateAugust 3, 1998 (1998-08-03)
Closing date2018 (2018)
Cost$20 million
Replaced Smurf Mountain
General statistics
Type Steel  – Inverted  – Launched
Manufacturer Intamin
Designer Werner Stengel
ModelSuspended Catapult Coaster
Lift/launch systemLIM Launch
Height155 ft (47 m)
Drop80 ft (24 m)
Length2,757 ft (840 m)
Speed70 mph (110 km/h)
Inversions 4
Height restriction54–78 in (137–198 cm)
Trains3 trains with 4 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 16 riders per train.
Cedar Fair Fast Lane availability icon.svg Fast Lane was available
Volcano: The Blast Coaster at RCDB

Volcano: The Blast Coaster, or simply Volcano, was an inverted roller coaster located at Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia, United States. Designed by Werner Stengel, it was the first launched roller coaster manufactured by Intamin and the first of its kind in the world to be inverted. Its launch mechanism utilized linear induction motor (LIM) technology. After a series of delays, Volcano opened to the public on August 3, 1998. A portion of the ride was enclosed inside an artificial mountain, constructed in 1979, which previously housed other attractions. Following nearly two decades of operation, Volcano abruptly closed a few weeks into the 2018 season, and the closure became permanent during the following offseason.

Contents

History

An artificial mountain, originally called The Lost World, was constructed at Kings Dominion in 1979. It was located in the Safari Village section of the park and featured three rides inside – a dark ride named Land of the Dooz, a flume ride named Voyage to Atlantis, and a Rotor flat ride from Chance Rides named Time Shaft. [1] Voyage to Atlantis was renamed Haunted River for the 1980 season. In 1984, Land of the Dooz was refurbished and rethemed to The Smurfs franchise, becoming known as Smurf Mountain. As popularity declined over the years, Smurf Mountain eventually closed permanently in 1993. [2] The other two attractions were closed after the 1994 season, and the mountain's entrance was sealed off, casting uncertainty on the enclosed area's future. [2]

Kings Dominion was acquired by Paramount Parks in 1993, and under new ownership, plans were made to renovate the mountain. [3] They considered adding a new attraction based on the upcoming 1995 Paramount film Congo . Unfortunately, the theme was later abandoned due to the film's poor box office performance. [3] In 1996, the park moved in another direction hiring Intamin to design a new roller coaster. The ride manufacturer set out to develop a launch coaster, the company's first, that would be powered by a linear induction motor (LIM). Another ride manufacturer, Premier Rides, had pioneered the concept two years earlier with the design of Flight of Fear at Kings Island. A second concept for the theme was then proposed by Shane's Amusement Attic. [2] The story focused on calling guests Lava Chasers, who were on a quest to explore the remnants of an ancient city inside a volcano. [2] Although the early ride design from this concept was not used, much of the proposed theme was retained. [2] Intamin came up with two launched models: an Impulse Coaster (shuttle) and a Suspended Catapult Coaster (complete-circuit). An early track design proposed by Intamin, much of which was later modified, featured a maximum speed of 75 mph (121 km/h), a 140-foot (43 m) Immelmann inversion with a 130-foot (40 m) drop, a horseshoe, two double heartline rolls, and a helix. [4]

On July 22, 1997, Kings Dominion unveiled the name of the new ride, Volcano: The Blast Coaster, along with several ride specifications in a press release announcement. [5] At a cost of $20 million, the new ride would become the first launched roller coaster in the world to be inverted. [6] [7] Upon completion, Volcano would also become the park's tenth roller coaster and Kings Dominion began marketing its collection of coasters as the largest on the East Coast. [8] Intamin based the prototype design on their Suspended Catapult Coaster model. [9] In order to begin construction, several holes had to be sliced into the mountain to begin the process of gutting the interior. The two attractions remaining inside – Haunted River and Time Shaft – were completely removed along with the remains of Smurf Mountain that had been idle for several years. Some of the biggest challenges included the installation of the coaster's climax, a 155-foot-tall (47 m) roll out inversion where the track exits the structure, and the mountain's peak itself, which had to be modified into a wide opening that resembled a volcano. [2]

The new coaster was plagued with a variety of technical issues long before it opened. At the time, LIM technology was still fairly new to the industry and Intamin's system was initially buggy. [10] Kings Dominion understood the challenge, having faced similar obstacles with the nearby Flight of Fear. [11] Originally, Volcano only featured one LIM launch at the beginning of the ride. [2] The trains failed to exit the volcano consistently during early testing, often rolling back down to the launch area in what is typically referred to as a rollback . [2] Although Volcano's design accounted for rollbacks and allowed them to occur safely, the frequency of the problem led to multiple delays of the ride's grand opening. [2] After several months of postponing, a soft opening was eventually held on August 1, 1998. [12] Volcano: The Blast Coaster officially opened to the public two days later on August 3, 1998. [9] During its first year of operation, the park opted to run the trains at half capacity as a temporary solution, reducing the weight and the number of rollbacks. For the 1999 season, a second set of LIMs were added further along the launch track. This supplied the added boost needed to crest the 155-foot (47 m) roll out inversion on a consistent basis. [2]

In addition to being the first of its kind to use an LIM launch system, Volcano opened as the fastest inverted roller coaster in the world, reaching a maximum speed of 70 mph (110 km/h). [13] The previous record holder, Alpengeist at the nearby Busch Gardens Williamsburg, featured a top speed of 67 mph (108 km/h) and opened a year earlier in 1997. [13] [14] Volcano featured a roll out at 155 feet (47 m), making it the tallest inversion on any roller coaster. [15]

Modifications and closure

The station following 2014 modifications Volcano The Blast Coaster station.jpg
The station following 2014 modifications

In 2014, the queue line was upgraded with a new loading station to help increase the riders per hour. Guests would now climb down the former Fast Lane entrance staircase to access the new station. The new Fast Lane entrance was located in the Expedition Gear gift shop, where guests exited the ride. Several wooden logs were attached to a black gate in the switchback area to separate the entrance and exit paths. This area received some new television screens as well. Plus, the unloading side of the station had fake rockwork. [16] [17]

During the 2018 season, Volcano operated for the first few weeks before closing. [2] It remained closed for the rest of the season. [2] Nearly a year later on February 8, 2019, Kings Dominion quietly announced intentions to remove Volcano from the park, citing issues with reliability, rider capacity, and overall customer satisfaction. [18] [19] By May of the same year, the entire attraction was demolished, including the volcano structure. [20] A section of track, a ride vehicle, and signage from the retired attraction were later donated to the National Roller Coaster Museum in Plainview, Texas. [21]

Ride experience

Volcano's layout simulated the path of a volcanic eruption. Upon boarding one of three trains at the base of the mountain, riders made a slow turn left out of the station. The train then moved into its first of two launch tracks, which accelerated the train to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h). [7] During the first launch, the on-ride camera took photos of the riders. After making a sweeping 200-degree turn behind the mountain, the train entered the second launch tunnel, followed by a vertical section ending in a "roll out" element. The "roll out", similar to a sidewinder, was a vertical section of track followed by a quarter loop to bring the train completely upside down, then a loose half-corkscrew. According to Roller Coaster DataBase, the roll out element was unique to Volcano. [22]

Volcano in action Volcano, The Blast Coaster (Kings Dominion) 03.jpg
Volcano in action

The highest point of the roll out is 155 feet (47 m) above ground level, which made it the highest inversion at Kings Dominion, taller than Dominator's 135-foot (41 m) vertical loop. After the roll out, the train made a sweeping turn around the mountain followed by a heartline roll in midair. The train made another turnaround and passed through a second heartline roll, which was embedded into the side of the mountain. After another turnaround and a third heartline roll, the train made a turning 80-foot (24 m) drop into the final brake run. After a left turn, the train returned to the station. [23]

Incidents

The fire effects Volcano The Blast Coaster fire effects.jpg
The fire effects

On June 23, 2006, the roller coaster experienced a launch failure when a train carrying 15 passengers stalled and rolled back slightly. Some were stranded for more than two hours. One rider reported hearing a loud pop and getting hit in the chin with flying debris. [24] [25] [26]

Records

When it opened in 1998, Volcano: The Blast Coaster set a world record for having the highest inversion on a roller coaster at 155 feet (47 m). The record was held until GateKeeper opened at Cedar Point in 2013, featuring an inversion at a height of 170 feet (52 m). [27] Volcano also opened as the fastest inverted coaster in the world, reaching a maximum speed of 70 mph (110 km/h). [13] The speed was matched by Superman: Ultimate Escape at Geauga Lake in 2000 and also by The Flash: Vertical Velocity at Six Flags Great America in 2001. [28] [29] Wicked Twister broke the record when it opened at Cedar Point in 2002, featuring a top speed of 72 mph (116 km/h). [30]

Rankings

Golden Ticket Awards: Top steel Roller Coasters
Year20012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
Ranking25 [31] 28 [32] 28 [33] 23 [34] 23 [35] 25 [36] 28 [37] 33 [38] 41 [39] 35 [40] 29 (tie) [41] 40 [42] 39 [43] 49 (tie) [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kings Dominion</span> Amusement park in Virginia

Kings Dominion is an amusement park located in Doswell, Virginia, 20 miles (30 km) north of Richmond and 75 miles (120 km) south of Washington, D.C. Owned and operated by Cedar Fair, the 280-acre (1.1 km2) park opened to the public on May 3, 1975, and features more than 60 rides, shows and attractions including 13 roller coasters and a 20-acre (81,000 m2) water park. Its name is derived from the name of its sister park, Kings Island, and the nickname for the state of Virginia, "Old Dominion."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wooden roller coaster</span> Type of roller coaster

A wooden roller coaster is a type of roller coaster classified by its wooden track, which consists of running rails made of flat steel strips mounted on laminated wood. The support structure is also typically made of wood, but may also be made of steel lattice or truss, which has no bearing on a wooden coaster's classification. The type of wood often selected in the construction of wooden coasters worldwide is southern yellow pine, which grows abundantly in the southern United States, due to its density and adherence to different forms of pressure treatment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Incredicoaster</span> Roller coaster in California

Incredicoaster is a steel launched roller coaster located at Disney California Adventure in Anaheim, California, United States. Manufactured by Intamin, the ride originally opened to the public as California Screamin' in early 2001. It is the only roller coaster with an inversion at the Disneyland Resort and is the fastest, reaching a maximum speed of 55 mph (89 km/h). With a track length of 6,072 feet (1,851 m), Incredicoaster is the sixth-longest steel roller coaster in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Millennium Force</span> Steel roller coaster at Cedar Point

Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. Manufactured by Intamin, it was the park's fourteenth roller coaster when it opened in 2000, dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964. Upon completion, Millennium Force broke five world records and was the world's first giga coaster, a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent roller coasters that exceed 300 feet (91 m) in height. It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year. The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypercoaster</span> Height class for roller coasters

A hypercoaster can mean one of two things:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpengeist</span> Roller coaster

Alpengeist is an inverted roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, Alpengeist has an Alpine mountain region theme and opened in 1997 as the tallest inverted coaster in the world. The name "Alpengeist" is German for "Ghost of the Alps" or "Alpine Spirit", and the ride is themed to a runaway ski lift. It has the records for the tallest complete circuit inverted coaster in the world, tallest inverted roller coaster in the United States, and the longest complete circuit coaster drop in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Riddler's Revenge</span> Stand-up roller coaster

The Riddler's Revenge is a steel stand-up roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride opened as the park's eleventh roller coaster on April 4, 1998, setting multiple world records among stand-up coasters. Originally located in the Movie District section of the park, which later became Metropolis in 2017, The Riddler's Revenge was also the park's single biggest investment at a cost of $14 million. It features a height of 156 feet (48 m), a maximum speed of 65 mph (105 km/h), six inversions, and a track length of 4,370 feet (1,330 m).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumba (roller coaster)</span> Ride at Busch Gardens Tampa

Kumba is a steel roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride opened in 1993. It stands 143 feet (44 m) tall and has a top speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). Kumba features a total of seven inversions across the 3-minute ride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montu (roller coaster)</span> Inverted roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa

Montu is an inverted roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. Designed by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard, it is the park's second roller coaster designed by that company following the success of Kumba, which opened 3 years prior. When the ride opened on May 16, 1996, it was the world's tallest and fastest inverted roller coaster, a title it has since conceded to Alpengeist at sister park Busch Gardens Williamsburg. The ride stands 150 feet (46 m) tall and reaches speeds of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poltergeist (roller coaster)</span> Roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas

Poltergeist is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas. Designed by Werner Stengel and manufactured by Premier Rides, the roller coaster opened to the public on May 28, 1999. Its track was fabricated by Dynamic Structures and Intermountain Lift, Inc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maverick (roller coaster)</span> Launched roller coaster at Cedar Point

Maverick is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. Manufactured by Intamin at a cost of $21 million, it was the 500th roller coaster designed by German engineer Werner Stengel and the first to feature a twisted horseshoe roll element. There are two launch points along the 4,450-foot (1,360 m) track that utilize linear synchronous motors (LSM). Maverick features a beyond-vertical drop of 95 degrees and reaches a maximum speed of 70 mph (110 km/h).

Afterburn (roller coaster) Inverted roller coaster at Carowinds

Afterburn is an inverted roller coaster located at Carowinds amusement park in Charlotte, North Carolina. After more than two years of planning and construction, the roller coaster opened on March 20, 1999. The ride previously operated as Top Gun: The Jet Coaster, before it was renamed following Cedar Fair's purchase of Paramount Parks in 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intimidator 305</span> Steel roller coaster at Kings Dominion

Intimidator 305 is a steel roller coaster located at Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia, United States. Manufactured by Intamin, Intimidator 305 opened to the public on April 2, 2010, as the park's fourteenth roller coaster. It is located in the Jungle X-Pedition section of the park near Anaconda on the former site of the Safari Monorail ride. Standing at 305 feet (93 m) tall and reaching speeds up to 90 mph (145 km/h), it is the second Giga Coaster to be built in North America, following Millennium Force at Cedar Point. The $25-million investment was the largest of any ride in park history. Themed to racing, the coaster is named after the late NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, who was commonly known as "The Intimidator".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impulse roller coaster</span>

An Impulse roller coaster is a form of a launched inverted roller coaster manufactured by Intamin. The first Impulse roller coaster appeared in Japan, and the ride type has since evolved to include four specific layouts, three of these varieties being built in the United States. It uses LIMs to launch a train out of the station and up a vertical spiral. The train then falls backward, is powered again through the station, and heads up a back tower. The train then falls forward, and continues in this fashion for a total of 2½ cycles per ride. On the final forward launch, with a slightly reduced speed, the train is sent up the front tower, and brakes then deploy on the launch track. The train then slows down and heads back into the station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mr. Freeze (roller coaster)</span> Roller coasters at two Six Flags parks

Mr. Freeze is a launched shuttle roller coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas, with another installation known as Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast at Six Flags St. Louis in Eureka, Missouri. The steel coasters feature a linear induction motor (LIM) launch system that accelerate riders from 0–70 mph (0–113 km/h) in 3.8 seconds. The two installations are mirror images of one another and are themed to the famous Batman villain Mr. Freeze. Originally, they were themed after the 1997 film Batman & Robin prior to a conversion in 2012 to operate backward. The Over Texas version returned to forward operation in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BuzzSaw (roller coaster)</span> Steel roller coaster in Australia

BuzzSaw was a Maurer AG SkyLoop roller coaster located within the Gold Rush Country section of the Dreamworld amusement park on the Gold Coast of Australia. The ride began operation on 17 September 2011 as part of Dreamworld's 30th birthday celebrations. The ride was permanently closed on 31 August 2021, due to Dreamworld prioritising future development plans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outlaw Run</span> Roller coaster at Silver Dollar City

Outlaw Run is a wooden roller coaster located at Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri. Designed by Alan Schilke, Outlaw Run is the first wooden roller coaster manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) and became the first wooden coaster with multiple inversions. It features a 162-foot (49 m) drop, three inversions, and a maximum speed of 68 mph (109 km/h), making Outlaw Run the sixth-fastest wooden coaster in the world. Its 81-degree first drop is also the fourth steepest in the world among wooden roller coasters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twisted Timbers</span> Steel roller coaster at Kings Dominion

Twisted Timbers is a steel roller coaster located at Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia. It originally opened as a wooden coaster named Hurler in 1994, designed and manufactured by International Coasters, Inc., with a name and layout that matched an identical installation at Carowinds. The ride closed for extensive maintenance in 2015 according to the park, which later teased in 2016 that Hurler was being replaced.

References

  1. ↑ "Kings Dominion: A Doozy on the Loose - The Washington Post". The Washington Post .
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "VOLCANO: An Expedition Into the Explosive Story of "The Blast Coaster"". June 16, 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Volcano Blast Coaster - COASTER-net".
  4. ↑ "Original Designs of Volcano: The Blast Coaster Rediscovered". Coasternation.
  5. ↑ "Paramounts Kings Dominion to introduce its tenth roller coaster in 1998". Paramount's Kings Dominion. July 22, 1997. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  6. ↑ Macdonald, Brady (July 1, 2015). "Top 10 roller coasters at Virginia's Kings Dominion". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  7. 1 2 Kraft, Randy (August 30, 1998). "Kings Dominion's New 'Volcano' Coaster a Real Blast". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Visit Virginia's Only Active Volcano". The Charlotte Observer. April 19, 1998. Retrieved December 15, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  9. 1 2 Marden, Duane. "Volcano, The Blast Coaster  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Coaster: Still out in the cold". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. June 29, 1997. Retrieved October 5, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "Square D solves a Roller Coaster's Voltage Sag Problem". Schnieder Electric. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  12. ↑ "VOLCANO OPENS WITH RAVE REVIEWS". Ultimate Rollercoaster.
  13. 1 2 3 Curran, Colleen (February 10, 2019). "Kings Dominion Will Remove Volcano: The Blast Coaster". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  14. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Alpengeist  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Volcano: The Blast Coaster to be removed from Kings Dominion".
  16. ↑ "Exclusive #KD40 Celebration Preview Day". March 31, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Opening Day Photo Update". April 6, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Park Update". Kings Dominion.
  19. ↑ Tyree, Elizabeth (February 9, 2019). "Kings Dominion announces decision to remove Volcano: The Blast Coaster". WSET . Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  20. ↑ "Kings Dominion's "Volcano" is Almost Completely Gone!".
  21. ↑ "Volcano Arrives at National Roller Coaster Museum and Archives". September 18, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Roller Coaster Search Results". Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
  23. ↑ "Volcano: The Blast Coaster Pivothead POV Kings Dominion". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Launch failure on Kings Dominion's Volcano strands 15, hurts 2". June 24, 2006. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Two injured on Volcano Ride". The Free Lance Star. June 24, 2006. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  26. ↑ Dennen, Rusty (December 30, 2007). "Fredericksburg.com - Two injured on Volcano ride". fredericksburg.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  27. ↑ "GateKeeper is breaking more records". Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
  28. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Possessed  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  29. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vertical Velocity  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  30. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wicked Twister  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 7B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 7B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 14–15B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  34. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 18–19B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  35. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 26–27B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  36. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 26–27B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  37. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 11 (6.2): 36–37. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  38. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 12 (6.2): 36–37. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 13 (6.2): 32–33. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 14 (6.2): 34–35. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  41. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 15 (6.2): 38–39. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 16 (6.2): 36–37. September 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  43. ↑ "2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 17 (6.2): 34–35. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  44. ↑ "2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 18 (6.2): 46–47. September 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
Preceded by World's fastest inverted roller coaster
August 1998–May 2002		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.