Zig-zag eel

Last updated

Zig-zag eel
Tire Track Eel.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Synbranchiformes
Family: Mastacembelidae
Genus: Mastacembelus
Species:
M. armatus
Binomial name
Mastacembelus armatus
(Lacepède, 1800)
Synonyms [2]
  • Macrognathus armatusLacepède, 1800
  • Mastacembelus ponticerianus Cuvier, 1832
  • Mastacembelus marmoratusCuvier, 1832
  • Macrognathus caudatus McClelland, 1842
  • Macrognathus hamiltoniiMcClelland, 1844
  • Mastacembelus manipurensis Hora, 1921

The zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatusScopoli, 1777 [3] ), also known as the Baim [4] ,tire-track, tire-track spiny-eel, freshwater spiny eel, or marbled spiny eel, [2] is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Mastacembelidae. It is native to the riverine systems of the Indian Subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal), Sri Lanka, South China, Malaysia,Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia. The species was initially described as Macrognathus armature (Lacepède, 1800). [5] Other common names for this popular captive species include the leopard spiny eel [6] and white-spotted spiny eel.

Contents

This eel has remained fairly popular as an aquarium fish for years, owing to its unique appearance and behaviors. Additionally, like other species of eels throughout the world, the zig-zag eel serves as a viable protein and food source for humans, aquatic reptiles, birds and other, larger fishes throughout much of its range. [7] [2] As a food source, zig-zag eels are consumed locally along the rivers they inhabit and are prepared in various ways including, smoked, barbecued, fried, curried, pickled, and dried. In traditional medicinal practices in Punjab, the oral ingestion of the meat and topical application of the skin and oil of the fish is used as a treatment for muscle soreness. [8]

Description

Mastacembulus armatus Swaine.jpg

Mastacembelus armatus is a large elongated fish that has a snake-like body without pelvic fins. Its anal and dorsal fins are elongated and are connected to the caudal fin. The dorsal fin is preceded by numerous spines. [9] . A pattern of black dots is located on either side of the dorsal fin mimicking the pattern of the sandy and rocky substrates it dwells among to hide from predatory fishes looking down from above. The back is dark beige in color while the head is silver-beige. The body's color is dull brown and the belly is a lighter shade of brown. The brown tones of the zig-zag eel’s coloration grant an advantage in concealing itself from both predators and prey in the turbid water environments that it inhabits. The body may also be marked with brown circular patterns. The body also has one to three darker longitudinal zigzag lines that connect to form a distinct reticulated pattern that is restricted to the dorsal two-thirds of the body. The eyes have brown stripes running laterally through them. [7] [2] Zig-zag eels lack gill rackers as they are adapted to a predatory diet.

Mastacembelus armatus can reach up to 36" (91 cm) in its natural habitat but does not usually exceed 20" (51 cm) in captivity. [7] [2] Typically adult males range from 37-49cm in the wild and females range from 40-52cm while juveniles tend to range from14-27cm in length.

Mastacembelus armatus also have unique variations in its internal physiology that indicate adaptation to its environmental niche. This species has two pairs of nostrils that help it detect changes in its turbid water surroundings and detect chemical cues associated with food making it an excellent ambush predator. Its elongated snout has tube shaped anterior nostrils and oval shaped posterior nostrils located near the eye. Mastacembelus armatus exhibit interspecific variation in the number of olfactory lamellae, structures that aid the fish in scent recognition. Individuals possess various numbers ranging from 60-76 lamellae. [10]

The presence of 4 distinct growth rings on the scale of this fish indicates 4 years of age. Depiction of growth annuli on the cycloid scale of a zig-zag eel.png
The presence of 4 distinct growth rings on the scale of this fish indicates 4 years of age.

The age of a zig-zag eel can be determined by the length of the fish and the radius of its scales which have a linear relationship. As these fish age they develop growth ring on their scales called annuli. These rings form during the annual monsoon season and the fish faces changes in food availability and spawning pressures that limit growth during this season. Zig-zag eels sampled from their natural habitat average about 4 annuli maximum on their scales suggesting a longevity of 4 years in the wild. [11]

Despite its eel-like appearance, Mastacembelus armatus is not considered a true eel as it belongs to the order synbranchiformes rather than anguiliformes. [9]

Habitat and Distribution

As these eels migrate to spawn in specific streams 2 distinct genetic clusters have formed in the Beibi gulf. Genetic distribution of Mastacembelus artmatus in the Beibi Gulf.jpg
As these eels migrate to spawn in specific streams 2 distinct genetic clusters have formed in the Beibi gulf.

Mastacembelus armatus are nocturnal fish that thrive in highland streams, lowland wetlands, still waters, coastal marshes and rivers with sandy or rocky riverbeds and heavy vegetation. These potadromous fish migrate throughout rivers and streams. Their migratory behavior results in genetic variation between populations that are not connected through river systems or do not interact along their migratory routes. [12] Most zig-zag eels best tolerate a pH range of 6.5-7.5 and prefer tropical water temperatures between 22-28℃. However, Some populations live in rivers at higher elevation where the water is supplied by snow melt from the Himalayas and can withstand much cooler water temperatures. They are common during the tropical summer months and will dwell in canals, lakes and other floodplain areas during the flood season. [7] [2]

Feeding

Being nocturnal carnivores, zig-zag eels forage on benthic insect larvae, earthworms, blackworms and some submerged plant material. Zig-zag eels mainly feed on small teleosts making up 30-40% of their diet. Teleosts consumed include Barilus, Aspidoparia, Salmophasia, Gudusia, Gonialosa, Chela, and Sicamugil. The second largest part of their diet is insects making up ~25% of their food intake and mostly consisting of dipteran larvae. This is followed by mollusks that make up ~17% of their diet and is largely made up of Bellamya and Corbicula. Crustaceans and Annelids formed a smaller portion of the diet with the presence of shrimps and crabs indicating bottom feeding behavior. The majority of the diet being made of teleosts suggests majority of feeding takes place suspended in water column. Prey is swallowed whole by this species as it lacks the jaw structures to chew. [13]

Their diet changes depending on seasonal availability of food sources and they consume more small fishes in the summer and freshwater prawns in winter months. Feeding intensity changes with physiological changes in growth reproductive development as well as seasonal environmental changes. Juvenile feeding intensity peaks in early winter while male and female adult feeding intensity is peaks in early summer and late winter respectively. [14] Mastacembelus armatus fulfils the role of an intermediate predator in the freshwater ecosystem. Reduction in populations of this species poses a risk of trophic cascade. In an aquarium setting, they require live foods in their diet such as live fish, tubifex worms, brine shrimps, mosquito larvae, frozen bloodworms, cyclops, krill and ocean plankton. [7] [2] [9]

Reproduction

Male and female zig-zag eels are only distinguishable when mature. Females are normally plumper than males. The relatively low fecundity of zig-zag eels leaves them vulnerable to exploitation through overfishing and population decline from pollutants. In their natural habitat, these fishes spawn underneath rocky substrates during the monsoon season. there are no known successful breeding programs in captivity but there are efforts being made to expand knowledge of successful captive breeding in order to expand the use of this species in aquaculture. [7] [2] [15]

Conservation Status

Globally categorized as least concern yet endangered in Bangladesh as of 2000. Considered vulnerable in Telangana and Tamil Nadu but least concern in Pakistan. Threats to the population of zig-zag eels includes habitat loss, pollution and overfishing. Heavy metal and metalloid pollutants in the rivers Mastacembelus armatus inhabits results in depletion of tissue glutathione content, increase in liver peroxidation, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity. [16]  These three conditions are direct impacts of oxidative stress caused by chemical pollutants and raise concern for bioaccumulation of toxins. Consumption of fish exposed to these pollutants can have adverse health effects and efforts to reduce river pollution to benefit human health supports the health of this species as well.

In the aquarium

Tire track eel hiding in a decorative car TireTrackEels2.jpg
Tire track eel hiding in a decorative car

Aquarium maintenance

Mastacembelus armatus are bottom dwellers and occasional substrate diggers [9] and burrowers. Those that are 6" (15 cm) long do well in tanks measuring 36" (91 cm) with a capacity of 35 gallons (132 liters). However, larger M. armatus necessitate aquariums measuring at least 48" (122 cm) with 55 gallons (209 liters) capacity. Zig-zag eels do well in freshwater or slightly brackish aquatic environments (produced by adding two teaspoons of sea salt (not iodized) per 21⁄2 gallons of water) [9] with 6 to 25 dH water hardness, with pH readings ranging from 6 to 8, and temperatures that are maintained between 73 and 81 °F (23 to 27 °C). [7] [2]

M. armatus tend to uproot plants and disturb decorations. [9]

Compatibility

Although zig-zag eels are often combined with medium to large-sized gouramis, knifefish, danios, loaches, Loricariids, eartheaters, acaras, Cichlasomines and Asian catfishes in a community fish aquarium, they are not normally mixed with small-sized fish, because tire track eels are observed to prey upon smaller fish. Mixing them with fish belonging to the same species is also not recommended. [7] [2] This is because they are aggressive to members of the same fish family but peaceful to other fish species with similar care level requirements, size, and temperament. [9] [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American eel</span> Species of fish

The American eel is a facultative catadromous fish found on the eastern coast of North America. Freshwater eels are fish belonging to the elopomorph superorder, a group of phylogenetically ancient teleosts. The American eel has a slender, supple, snake-like body that is covered with a mucus layer, which makes the eel appear to be naked and slimy despite the presence of minute scales. A long dorsal fin runs from the middle of the back and is continuous with a similar ventral fin. Pelvic fins are absent, and relatively small pectoral fins can be found near the midline, followed by the head and gill covers. Variations exist in coloration, from olive green, brown shading to greenish-yellow and light gray or white on the belly. Eels from clear water are often lighter than those from dark, tannic acid streams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bichir</span> Family of archaic-looking ray-finned fishes

Bichirs and the reedfish comprise Polypteridae, a family of archaic ray-finned fishes and the only family in the order Polypteriformes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synbranchiformes</span> Order of fishes

Synbranchiformes, often called swamp eels, though that name can also refer specifically to Synbranchidae, is an order of ray-finned fishes that are eel-like but have spiny rays, indicating that they belong to the superorder Acanthopterygii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teleost</span> Infraclass of fishes

Teleostei, members of which are known as teleosts, is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and contains 96% of all extant species of fish. Teleosts are arranged into about 40 orders and 448 families. Over 26,000 species have been described. Teleosts range from giant oarfish measuring 7.6 m (25 ft) or more, and ocean sunfish weighing over 2 t, to the minute male anglerfish Photocorynus spiniceps, just 6.2 mm (0.24 in) long. Including not only torpedo-shaped fish built for speed, teleosts can be flattened vertically or horizontally, be elongated cylinders or take specialised shapes as in anglerfish and seahorses.

The Mastacembelidae are a family of fishes, known as the spiny eels. The Mastacembelids are part of the Order Synbranchiformes, the swamp eels, which are part of the Actinopterygii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tinfoil barb</span> Species of fish

The tinfoil barb is a tropical Southeast Asian freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae. This species was originally described as Barbus schwanenfeldii by Pieter Bleeker in 1853, and has also been placed in the genera Barbodes and Puntius. The specific epithet is frequently misspelled schwanefeldii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sauger</span> Species of fish

The sauger is a freshwater perciform fish of the family Percidae that resembles its close relative, the walleye. The species is a member of the largest vertebrate order, the Perciformes. It is the most migratory percid species in North America. Saugers have two dorsal fins; the first is spiny and the posterior dorsal fin is soft-rayed. Their paired fins are in the thoracic position and their caudal fin is truncated, which means squared off at the corners, a characteristic of the family Percidae. Another physical characteristic of saugers is their ctenoid scales, which are common in advanced fishes. Saugers have a fusiform body structure, and as a result are well adapted predatory fishes and are capable of swimming into fast currents with minimal drag on their bodies. They may be distinguished from walleyes by the distinctly spotted dorsal fin, by the lack of a white splotch on the caudal fin, by the rough skin over their gills, and by their generally more brassy color, or darker color in some regions. The typical sauger is 300 to 400 g in weight.

The name spiny eel is used to describe members of two different families of fish: the freshwater Mastacembelidae of Asia and Africa, and the marine Notacanthidae. Both are so-named because of their eel-like shape and sturdy fin spines. These two families are not related: the Notacanthiformes belong to the Superorder Elopomorpha, whose members are characterized by having leptocephalus larvae. The freshwater Mastacembelids do not share this characteristic and are popular specimens in the aquarium trade.

Mastacembelus is a genus of many species of spiny eel fish from the family Mastacembelidae. They are native to Africa and Asia. Most are found in rivers and associated systems, but there are also species in other freshwater habitats and a particularly rich radiation is found in the Lake Tanganyika basin with 15 species. A few species can even occur in brackish water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire eel</span> Species of fish

The fire eel is a relatively large species of spiny eel. This omnivorous freshwater fish is native to Southeast Asia but is also found in the aquarium trade. Although it has declined locally due to overfishing, it remains common overall.

Macrognathus is a genus of eel-like fish of the family Mastacembelidae of the order Synbranchiformes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snakeskin gourami</span> Species of fish

The snakeskin gourami is a species of gourami native to Southeast Asia. Prior to the merging of Belontidae to the family Osphronemidae, the snakeskin gourami was regarded as the largest member of its family. It is still the largest species in its genus and subfamily.

<i>Macrognathus siamensis</i> Species of fish

Macrognathus siamensis, the peacock eel or spotfin spiny eel, is a spiny eel found in freshwater habitats throughout Southeast Asia. They are commercially important as food and aquarium fish.

<i>Mastacembelus ellipsifer</i> Species of fish

Mastacembelus ellipsifer is a species of spiny eel that is endemic to Lake Tanganyika in Africa and sometimes kept in aquariums. Although sometimes called the Tanganyikan spiny eel, it is only one of fifteen spiny eel species in the Tanganyikan basin.

<i>Toxotes chatareus</i> Species of perciform fish in the archerfish genus Toxotes

Toxotes chatareus, sometimes known by the common names common archerfish, seven-spot archerfish or largescale archerfish, is a species of perciform fish in the archerfish genus Toxotes.

<i>Gymnothorax polyuranodon</i> Species of fish

Gymnothorax polyuranodon, commonly known as the freshwater moray, is a species of moray eel that is native to the Indo-Pacific region, including Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the northern coastline of Australia, and various islands in the western Pacific. Other common names include the many-toothed moray, spotted freshwater moray, blackspotted moray, freshwater leopard moray, and freshwater tiger moray.

The true Kuhli loach, which can be used synonymously with "coolie" loach, occasionally referred to as eel loach, is a small eel-like freshwater fish belonging to the loach family (Cobitidae). They originate from the island of Java in Indonesia. This serpentine, worm-shaped creature is very slender and nocturnal. Its distinctive orange-pink coloration with triangular black stripes and long lifespan makes it a popular aquarium species.

Macrognathus pentophthalmos, the Sri Lanka five-eyed spiny eel, is a small species of spiny eel that is endemic to freshwater habitats in Sri Lanka. Described as a common species as recently as 1980, for unknown reasons its population rapidly declined in the following years and there are no recent confirmed records. In 2012, it was listed as "Critically Endangered, possibly Extinct" in the Sri Lankan National Red List, which was matched by IUCN in 2019.

Boulenger's spiny eel is a species of ray-finned fish endemic to India, Myanmar and Thailand, known from Sittaung River, Salween River and Manipur River and possibly Irrawaddy River. Inhabiting large rivers and tributaries, it is consumed by locals but is uncommon in the aquarium trade. It may be threatened by habitat loss for deforestation, dams and overfishing and is harmless to humans.

<i>Scatophagus</i> Genus of fishes

Scatophagus is a genus of ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Scatophagidae. They are found in the Indo-Pacific region. Species in this genus are referred as spotted scats.

References

  1. ↑ Fernado, M.; Kotagama, O.; de Alwis Goonatilake, S. (2019). "Mastacembelus armatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T166586A60592409. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T166586A60592409.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Mastacembelus armatus". FishBase . August 2019 version.
  3. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède, 1800), Taxonomic Serial No.: 172692, 2007, retrieved on:5 June 2007.
  4. ↑ "তারাবাইম রেগুলার সাইজ ১ কেজি" . Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  5. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "'Macrognathus armatus". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  6. ↑ Leopard spiny eel (Mastacembelus armatus), BangkokAquarium.com, Bangkok, Thailand, 2006, retrieved on: 5 June 2007.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Butler, Rhett Ayers, Tire track Eel, Spiny Eel, White-spotted Spiny Eel (Mastacembelus armatus), Tropical Freshwater Aquarium Fish (TFAF), 1995 and Mongabay.com, 2006, retrieved on: 5 June 2007.
  8. ↑ Iqbal, Khalid Javed; Umair, Muhammad; Altaf, Muhammad; Hussain, Tanveer; Ahmad, Rana Manzoor; Abdeen, Sayed Muhammad Zain Ul; Pieroni, Andrea; Abbasi, Arshad Mahmood; Ali, Shahzad; Ashraf, Sana; Amjad, Naila; Khan, Abdul Majid; Bussmann, Rainer W. (9 January 2023). "Cross-cultural diversity analysis: traditional knowledge and uses of freshwater fish species by indigenous peoples of southern Punjab, Pakistan". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 19 (1). doi: 10.1186/s13002-022-00573-1 . ISSN   1746-4269. PMC   9827695 . PMID   36624457.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Foster and Smith, Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc., PetEducation.com, 2007, retrieved on: 5 June 2007.
  10. ↑ Sarkar, S. K.; Acharya, A.; Jana, S.; De, S. K. (2 June 2014). "Macro-anatomical variation of the olfactory apparatus in some Indian teleosts with special reference to their ecological habitat". Folia Morphologica. 73 (2): 122–128. doi:10.5603/FM.2014.0019. ISSN   1644-3284.
  11. ↑ Mohd Rashid; Sagir, Mohd; Dobriyal, A. K. (25 February 2021). "Age and growth analysis of the fish Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) from River Nayar, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand". Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 13 (1): 137–144. doi:10.31018/jans.v13i1.2478. ISSN   2231-5209.
  12. ↑ Yang, Yexin; Wang, Yuanyuan; Wu, Yuli; Liu, Yi; Liu, Chao; Jiang, Zhiyong; Mu, Xidong (6 March 2023). "Population genetics of zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus) uncover gene flow between an isolated island and the mainland China". Frontiers in Marine Science. 10. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1100949 . ISSN   2296-7745.
  13. ↑ Alam, Absar (23 January 2020). "Food and Feeding Biology of Commercially Important Freshwater Eel, Mastacembelus armatus (LACEPÈDE, 1800) from the Ganga River, India". Oceanography & Fisheries Open access Journal. 11 (4). doi: 10.19080/OFOAJ.2020.11.555819 .
  14. ↑ Kumarkashyap, Dheeraj (February 2023). "Feeding habits and reproductive behavior of Zig-Zag Eel Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède 1800) from the Burhi Gandak river in Bihar, India". Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India. 55 (1) – via ResearchGate.
  15. ↑ Xue, Lingzhan; Jia, Dan; Xu, Luohao; Huang, Zhen; Fan, Haiping; Chen, Bin; Yang, Lingyi; Wang, Zhongwei; Li, Dapeng; Gao, Yu (December 2021). "Bulk and single-cell RNA-seq reveal the sexually dimorphic expression pattern of dmrtb1 in zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus)". Aquaculture. 545: 737194. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737194.
  16. ↑ Pal, Sudipta (March 2022). "A comparative study on hematological, bioenergetics and oxidative stress indices of fresh water male spiny eel fish (Mastacembelus armatus) collected from the Haora and Gomati Rivers of Tripura, Northeast India in relation to heavy metal contamination". Comparative Clinical Pathology. 31 (2): 265–280. doi:10.1007/s00580-022-03330-8. ISSN   1618-565X.
  17. ↑ Tire Track Eel (Mastacembelus armatus), Aqua-Fish.net, 2007, retrieved on: 5 June 2007.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.