Pope Stephen IX was the Bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 3 August 1057 to his death on 29 March 1058. He was a member of the Ardenne-Verdun family, who ruled the Duchy of Lorraine, and started his ecclesiastical career as a canon in Liège. He was invited to Rome by Pope Leo IX, who made him chancellor in 1051 and one of three legates to Constantinople in 1054. The failure of their negotiations with Patriarch Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople and Archbishop Leo of Ohrid led to the permanent East–West Schism. He continued as chancellor to the next pope, Victor II, and was elected abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Montecassino.
The 1040s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1040, and ended on December 31, 1049.
The 1090s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099.
The 1070s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1070, and ended on December 31, 1079.
Year 1071 (MLXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
The 1100s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1100, and ended on December 31, 1109.
The 1050s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1050, and ended on December 31, 1059.
Year 1095 (MXCV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
The 1110s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, and ended on December 31, 1119.
The 1080s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1080, and ended on December 31, 1089.
1055 (MLV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1048$ (MXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1145 (MCXLV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1094 (MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1105 (MCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Pope Leo IX, born Bruno von Egisheim-Dagsburg, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 February 1049 to his death in 1054. Leo IX is considered to be one of the most historically significant popes of the Middle Ages; he was instrumental in the precipitation of the Great Schism of 1054, considered the turning point in which the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches formally separated.
Gerard, also known as Gerard the Wonderful, was a Lotharingian nobleman. He was the count of Metz and Châtenois from 1047 to 1048, when his brother Duke Adalbert resigned them to him upon his becoming the Duke of Upper Lorraine. On Adalbert's death the next year, Gerard became duke, a position that he held until his death. In contemporary documents, he is called Gerard of Alsace, Gerard of Chatenoy, or Gerard of Flanders.
Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., also known as Humbert of Moyenmoutier was a French Benedictine abbot and later cardinal. It was his act of excommunicating the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, in 1054 that is generally regarded as the precipitating event of the East–West Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Christianity in the 11th century is marked primarily by the Great Schism of the Church, which formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches.
Michael I Cerularius or Keroularios was the patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD. His disputes with Pope Leo IX over church practices in the 11th century played a role in the events that led to the Great Schism in 1054.
