2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests

Last updated

2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests
GenZ protest against government in chitwan(3), 8 september 2025.jpg
Protesters in Chitwan, 8 September 2025
Date8 September 2025 (2025-09-08) – present
(3 days)
Location
Nepal
Caused by
Goals
Methods
StatusOngoing
Parties
Lead figures

Decentralised leadership

Casualties
Death(s)30 total (latest estimate) [9]
  • 19+ protestors killed
  • 3 police officers killed
Injuries1,033 (official) [10]
  • 713 discharged
  • 253 still hospitalized [b]
1,000+ (unofficial estimate) [9] [11]

In September 2025, large-scale protests and demonstrations are taking place across Nepal, predominantly organized by Generation Z students and young citizens. [12] Commonly referred to as the Gen Z protests, [c] [13] [14] they began following a nationwide ban on numerous social media platforms, but had their origin in the public's frustration with the perceived corruption of and display of wealth by government officials and their families, as well as allegations of mismanagement of public funds. [15] The movement quickly expanded to encompass broader issues of governance, transparency, and political accountability. [16] [17] [18] [19] The protests quickly escalated with violence against public officials and vandalism of government and political buildings taking place throughout the country.

Contents

On 9 September 2025, Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli, along with other government ministers, resigned and fled the country in response to the protests.

Background

On 4 September 2025, the Government of Nepal ordered the shutdown of 26 social media platforms, including Facebook, X, YouTube, LinkedIn, Reddit, Signal, and Snapchat, for failing to register under the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology's new rules. [18] The significance of the media platform ban tied into the Nepalese economy. 33% of Nepalese GDP comes from remittances with hundreds of thousands of exit permits being issued, alongside 20% youth unemployment mean that these remmittances keep households afloat and pay import bills, but also indicate a lack of structural transformation in the domestic economy toward an employment-first model, pushing the youth into work in online spaces. [20]

Critics allege the shutdown was prompted by a social media trend highlighting nepotism, focusing on the undue privileges enjoyed by the children and relatives of influential political leaders. [21] Prior to the protests, the average Nepali made US$1,400 per year, while families of the country's ruling elite displayed their wealth on social media. [22] This "Nepo Kid" trend prompted significant public anger, particularly from Generation Z users. [23] [24] The median age of Nepal's population is 25, meaning that a large part of the population is in Gen Z, the age group that uses social media the most. Due to this, the country's largely rural, rough terrain and substantial migration abroad, Nepal has some of the highest social media usage in South Asia, with nearly one account for every two people. [25]

Timeline

8 September

Large gatherings took place in Kathmandu, [14] particularly at Maitighar Mandala and around the federal parliament building, New Baneshwor, with tens of thousands of participants. [26] [27] The protests were organized as a peaceful rally by Hami Nepal, [7] an NGO [28] [29] whose website highlights earthquake relief projects [30] . Anil Baniya, one of the protest organisers from Hami Nepal, argued that the government cracked down hard on the protesters after one of their own, Megraj Giri, threw a rock at a CCTV camera. Baniya stated that what had started out as a peaceful protest had been hijacked by "external forces and political party cadres" but that regardless, the government should not have responded to stones being thrown with live ammunition from the army. [22]

The Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger flag from the manga series One Piece, used by some protesters similar to the ones in Indonesia. Straw Hats Pirates Jolly Roger.svg
The Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger flag from the manga series One Piece , used by some protesters similar to the ones in Indonesia.

The protest had no formal leadership, with individuals joining voluntarily to oppose corruption and the ban on social media. The demonstrations escalated when protesters attempted to enter the Federal Parliament of Nepal, leading security forces to respond with tear gas, water cannons, rubber bullets, and live ammunition.[ contradictory ] [31] The Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger flag from the manga series One Piece was used by some protesters, in similar fashion to the 2025 Indonesian protests. [32] The Kathmandu District Administration Office imposed a curfew in parts of the capital near government buildings, but this did little to deter the protesters who were now emboldened by the harsh crackdown. [22]

In the evening, the government lifted the ban on social media platforms. [33] Home Minister Ramesh Lekhak resigned. [34] A curfew was imposed in several major cities including Kathmandu, Birgunj, Bhairahawa, Butwal, Pokhara, Itahari, and Damak. [35] However, by then the protests were no longer just about the social media ban, but were now calling for a total overthrow of the government, due to its heavy-handed and bloody crackdown. [22]

The confrontations resulted in at least 19 people killed and 347 people injured. [11] [31] [36]

9 September

After issuing a directive to his Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) ministers not to resign their posts, Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli resigned [1] [37] and fled to an army barracks in Shivapuri at Budhanilkantha. [38] There were conflicting reports President Ram Chandra Poudel resigned as well, however the Nepalese Army denied reports of Poudel's resignation. [39] [40] [41] Despite this, protests continued nationwide. Protestors set fire to many government buildings: part of Singha Durbar, the administrative headquarters of Nepal; [42] the adjacent building of the Supreme Court of Nepal; [43] the president's residence at Sital Niwas; [44] [45] [46] the prime minister's residence at Baluwatar, [47] and the headquarters of the Communist Party UML. [48] Multiple reports allege that Nepali Army commander Ashok Raj Sigdel advised Oli to resign in order for the Army to restore peace. [49]

Violent actions targeted several prominent locations in Kathmandu, including the residences of the prime minister and the president, as well as the homes of various government ministers and members of parliament, which were set ablaze by protesters. [50] The parliament building was set on fire. [51] The headquarters of the UML and Nepali Congress was vandalized, with party flags stripped and burned. [52] Security forces, including the Nepali Army, facilitated the safe evacuation of politicians from affected areas and evacuated to Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA), while attempting to control the escalating incidents of arson and destruction. [53] [54] Minister of Agriculture Ram Nath Adhikari and Health Minister Pradip Paudel along with 21 MPs from the Rastriya Swatantra Party resigned, [55] along with all the MPs of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party. [56] Several members left Oli's UML party. [57] Protestors went to TIA to block the political leaders from fleeing. The airport was closed and occupied by the Nepali Army. [58] [59] There was ensuing confusion as hundreds of travelers were left stranded in the TIA prompted airlines to order personnel to keep all individuals sheltered within the airport. [60] [61] Scheduled international flights were diverted to Pokhara or cancelled. [62] Kantipur media house was set on fire in the early evening. [63] The online news portal was stopped due to damage in its server, forcing it to post in Facebook as an alternative. [64] Other buildings burned by protesters were the new Hilton Hotel in Kathmandu and the Ministry of Health building in Ramshahpath, the latter of which was designed by Louis Kahn. [65]

Workers and independent Communists in Nepal formed the Safal Workers' Street Committee to defend protestors from violence in reaction to the killings of 8 September. [66] [67] Their demands included the arrest of the government, the disarming of the state, the expropriation of enemy property, the arming of the Nepalese population, the dissolution of parliament and the election of worker assemblies. [66] [67]

Several political leaders and their residences were attacked. Former prime minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and his wife Arzu Rana Deuba were injured while their house was set on fire. They were handed to the police by protestors. [68] Deputy prime minister Prakash Man Singh's house and vehicle were set on fire, [69] followed by the house of former president Bidya Devi Bhandari at Bhangal, Kathmandu. [70] Former prime minister Jhala Nath Khanal's residence was also set on fire, injuring his wife Rajyalaxmi Chitrakar. [71] The residence of Ramesh Lekhak was also set on fire in Naikap, Kathmandu. [72] In Rupandehi district, the houses of local politicians Bal Krishna Khand, Bhoj Prasad Shrestha and several mayors were burned. [73] In Chitwan District, the house of former prime minister Prachanda was set on fire. [74] His daughter, Ganga Dahal's house was also set in fire at Lalitpur. A person was found dead the next day in the house. [75] In Hetauda, several government offices were vandalized and set on fire. [76] In Karnali Province, the parliament building and the residence of chief minister Yam Lal Kandel was set on fire. [77] [78] In Biratnagar, the capital of Koshi Province, the district office and district court were set on fire, followed by the residence of the chief minister and cabinet ministers. [79]

The prison in Kailali district was attacked by the protestors. All inmates fled. [80] Rabi Lamichhane was set free from the Nakhu Jail in Kathmandu, the prison was later set on fire; all prisoners fled. [81] [82] Kaski prison was also set on fire, resulting in the escape of 773 inmates. [83] In Banke District, five inmates were killed after security forces opened fire during a jailbreak at a juvenile correctional facility. [9] The building of the Road Department was severely damaged after being set on fire by protestors, [84] along with the office of Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority. [85] The lower station of the Chandragiri Cable Car was also set on fire, along with the CG Electronics Digital Park, Balambu and Thankot Police Station. [86]

Several protesters were injured. Thirty-three were treated in the Teaching Hospital. [87] Three policeman died in Koteshwor. [88]

Curfew was imposed in several cities including Kathmandu, Birgunj, Bhairahawa, Butwal, Pokhara, Itahari, and Damak. [35] Additionally, the police and armed forces began going house-by-house near the protests searching for protesters, as well as raiding the Civil Service Hospital where wounded and dying protesters where taken after being shot or otherwise beaten by government forces. [22]

A football friendly between Nepal and Bangladesh was cancelled. [89]

Talks about restoring the monarchy re-emerged, with former king Gyanendra emerging as a "symbol of resistance for those disillusioned with the current political system" particularly from the royalist opposition to the post Nepali civil war governments. Earlier in the year monarchists protested calling for a restoration, ending with a heavy crackdown that caused at least two deaths. [90]

At around 10:00pm NPT, the Nepali Army stated that it would "take charge" of the country in the absence of the prime minister to ensure "law and order" is maintained. [91] [92] The press release called for cooperation as they deployed troops later that evening into the early hours of the following day. [93] Later in the evening, the Chief of Army Staff Ashok Raj Sigdel appealed to the agitating groups for talks. [94]

10 September

In the early morning, Nepali Army forces were seen patrolling neighborhoods in critical areas. [95] It was believed that soldiers were armed with M16A1 Colt 603 assault rifles, L1A1 battle rifles, Sterling L2A3 MK4 submachine guns, and possibly IMI Galil ARM rifles. [96] General Sigdel again encouraged protesters to remain peaceful as the government attempts to restore peace. [60] [97] Between approximately 10:00am NPT 9 September and 10:00pm NPT 10 September, the Army announced detaining 27 individuals on counts of looting, arson, and other "destructive and anarchic activities" and seizing weaponry. [98] Later reports counted 31 firearms. [9]

At some places, protestors continued raiding government buildings and politicians' homes through the night, with one video showing a group of protestors taking firearms from homes, including what is believed to be a GSG-522 carbine and a bolt-action rifle. [9] [99] The pace was slowed down by noon. A group of protestors started cleaning the street near the parliament building that was set on fire the previous day. [100] Many Army weapons were captured by protesters. One video included armor vests, L1A1 SLR rifles, 37mm Webley & Scott "Schermuly" grenade launchers, INSAS 1B1 rifles, Lee-Enfield rifles, and Ishapore 1A1 rifles. [101]

Protestors held online discussions to select the interim leader. Around 10:00pm NPT, the group voted and selected Sushila Karki. [102] Balen Shah and Kul Man Ghising were other candidates. Balen reportedly did not pick up the phone. [103] Durga Prasai, separately met with the army chief, but no concrete conclusion was met. [104] Karki confirmed her willingness to accept the role in an interview with News18. [105]

In Pokhara, two dead bodies were found inside a burned house at Nayabazar and Lakeside. [100]

Police stated that as of 10 September, more than 13,500 prisoners had escaped from prisons nationwide. [106] Soldiers arrested 303 of those prisoners and handed them over to police. Seventy-three rifles were also returned. [75] In Dhading District, two inmates were shot dead and seven injured by soldiers when they tried to flee, [107] while soldiers also thwarted an attempted jailbreak in Kathmandu's main prison. [108]

TIA's closure was extended late in the morning, but eventually resumed operations. [9] [109]

Reactions

Domestic

Government

Former Minister of Justice Gobinda Bandi said the social media ban goes against the constitution and basic freedoms, including rights protected by Nepal's constitution and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). [110]

The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), which currently gives confidence and supply to the government, condemned the social media ban and the police response to the protests, and furthermore called for the immediate dissolution of the current government. [111]

In a Facebook post, Kathmandu's mayor Balendra Shah said he could not attend the protests because of the age limit set by the organizers. However, he believed it was important to listen to their voices. [112] President Ram Chandra Poudel and the Nepalese army appealed for calm and political dialogue. [113]

Human rights groups

The National Human Rights Commission called on authorities not to use excessive force and to "show restraint in handling the protests." [114]

Academic Institutions

Kathmandu Engineering College, which saw one of its civil engineering students, Sulov Raj Shrestha, killed by the police, posted on Facebook that "We mourn, we protest, we condemn...... Sulov.....your nation has failed you..." [22]

International

Foreign governments

The unrest in Nepal reportedly impacted activities along the India-Nepal border. Local sources noted that markets had fallen silent, causing larger economic stagnation across neighbouring regions. Shortly after the worries, the Maharashtra State Emergency Operations Centre (SEOC) issued a travel advisory on 9 September requesting Indian citizens not to travel until further notice. It made emergency helplines available and encouraged both Indian and Nepali citizens in Nepal to also remain in place. [60] [115] Early in the morning of 10 September, Air India, IndiGo, SpiceJet, and several other Indian airlines officially cancelled all flights in and out of the TIA. [60] After TIA was reopened later that day, IndiGo resumed flights. [116] However, sources from inside TIA reported that the airport was still at a standstill, with little communication of updates from authorities. [117]

India's Ministry of External Affairs said it was closely monitoring the protests, expressing grief over the casualties and extending condolences to the victims' families. It also wished a speedy recovery for the injured and advised Indian citizens in Nepal to follow curfew orders and safety guidelines. [118] [119]

The Bangladeshi Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it was closely monitoring the situations in Nepal, while expressing condolences to the families of the deceased and wishing recovery to the injured. It also stated that it hoped a "peaceful and constructive dialogue" among "all relevant parties" in the country to resolve any kind of differences. [120]

Intergovernmental organizations

United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres's spokesman, Stéphane Dujarric, said the secretary-general was "deeply saddened by the loss of life" and called on the authorities to comply with international human rights law and for the protestors to respect life and property. [121]

Volker Türk, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said he was "appalled" by the escalating violence and called on the security forces to exercise the utmost restraint. [122]

Human rights groups

Amnesty International condemned the crackdown and called for independent investigation and accountability on 8 September. It called for a de-escalation while urging authorities "authorities to exercise maximum restraint" in its use of force. It supported the protesters rights to protest peacefully and demanded the government heed the "legitimate demands of the your to end corruption" to reestablish civil liberties. [123]

Human Rights Watch did not immediately make a statement on the protests, but suggested certain actions in a news report on 9 September. Its statements were supported by findings that the Nepali government has "a record of silencing online speech," which fueled growing discontent in younger population. Citing the ban's lifting and rampant militaristic police violence, it suggested that "Nepali authorities should promptly and impartially investigate the police use of force and appropriately discipline or prosecute all those responsible for abuses, regardless of rank." Its Asia director, Meenakshi Ganguly, underscored that the police shootings "shows the administration's appalling disregard for the lives of its own citizens and desperate need to suppress criticism." It further cited the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms and tracking of the UN Human Rights Committee to argue that the government's use of live ammunition was extrajudicial. [124]

The International Federation for Human Rights and World Organisation Against Torture released a joint statement condeming the crackdown on peaceful protests on 9 September. It called for the government to "immediately halt all forms of violation and brutality by authorities against protesters," ensure that the ban rollback was permanent through legal means, and to uphold its state party status to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) by maintaining "respect [for] the fundamental rights of its people–both online and offline." [125]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Safal Committee has stated that it is not in control of the protests but part of the working class defending itself from state attacks. [5]
  2. ↑ Patients have been treated at 28 hospitals across the nation. [10]
  3. ↑ Nepali: जेन-जे विरोध, romanized: Jēn-jē virōdha

References

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  3. ↑ "Protesters torch Nepal parliament as PM resigns amid turmoil". Al Jazeera . 9 September 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2025.
  4. ↑ "The Nepalese government has lifted the ban on social media". The Guardian . 9 September 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2025.
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  89. ↑ "ANFA | Nepal's second friendly against Bangladesh called off". ANFA.
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  100. 1 2 "पोखरामा जेनजी प्रदर्शनका क्रममा आगजनी हुँदा २ जनाको मृत्यु" . Retrieved 10 September 2025.
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  111. ↑ "RPP says the government's usefulness has ended, it should be dissolved immediately". Online Khabar. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  112. ↑ "Engineer, Rapper, Mayor, Now PM? Nepal's Gen Z Rallies Around Balendra Shah". NDTV. 9 September 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2025.
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  115. ↑ Ajanta News [@AjantaNews] (9 September 2025). "🚨 Breaking 🚨 Maharashtra State Emergency Operations Centre issues urgent advisory amid the situation in Nepal. Citizens are advised to avoid travel to Nepal for now. Those already in Nepal should stay safe indoors, avoid unnecessary movement, and follow instructions from local authorities and the Indian Embassy. For assistance, citizens can contact Embassy helplines: 📞 +977-980 860 2881 (WhatsApp enabled) 📞 +977-981 032 6134 (WhatsApp enabled) Authorities urge people to rely only on official sources and not fall for rumours. Follow us for more updates @AjantaNews #Nepal #BreakingNews #Maharashtra #TravelAdvisory" (Tweet). Retrieved 9 September 2025– via Twitter.
  116. ↑ "IndiGo resumes flight operations to and from Kathmandu after airport reopening". The Economic Times. 10 September 2025. ISSN   0013-0389 . Retrieved 10 September 2025.
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  119. ↑ "MP requests centre's intervention to bring back Indians stuck in Nepal". The Hindu. 9 September 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2025.
  120. ↑ "নেপালের পরিস্থিতি নিবিড়ভাবে পর্যবেক্ষণ করছে বাংলাদেশ" [Bangladesh is closely monitoring the situation in Nepal]. Dhaka Post (in Bengali). 9 September 2025.
  121. ↑ "Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General – on Nepal". United Nations. 9 September 2025.
  122. ↑ "Nepal: Türk appalled by protest killings, says violence is not the answer". OHCHR. 9 September 2025.
  123. ↑ "Accountability for deadly crackdown on 'Gen Z' protests against social media ban in Nepal". Amnesty International. 8 September 2025. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  124. ↑ "Nepal: Police Fire on 'Gen Z' Protest". Human Rights Watch. 9 September 2025. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
  125. ↑ "Nepal: Call for accountability over protest crackdown, urging an end to digital repression and police misuse of force". International Federation for Human Rights. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
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