2025 US–Iran negotiations

Last updated

2025 US–Iran negotiations
A swearing-in ceremony for Senior Adviser and Special Envoy Steve Witkoff, May 6, 2025 (cropped).jpg
Steve Witkoff
14031011 Abbas Araghchi (cropped).jpg
Abbas Araghchi
DateApril 12, 2025 (2025-04-12) – present
Venue(s) Flag of Oman.svg Al Alam Palace Muscat, Oman
Flag of Italy.svg Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman in Rome, Italy
Participants Flag of the United States.svg Special Envoy Steve Witkoff
Director of Policy Planning Michael Anton
Flag of Iran.svg MFI logo.svg Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Abbas Araghchi
Deputy Foreign Minister Majid Takht-Ravanchi
Follows 2025 Iranian protests, Iranian energy crisis, Iranian financial crisis, Donald Trump's letter to Ali Khamenei, JCPOA, Red Sea crisis, Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
Precedesnuclear peace agreement
Website x.com/stevewitkoff
Key points

On April 12, 2025, the United States and Iran started a series of negotiations aimed at reaching a nuclear peace agreement, [1] [2] [3] following a letter from President Donald Trump to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. [4] The first round of high level-meetings was held in Oman on April 12, 2025, led by U.S. Special Envoy Steve Witkoff and Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi. [5] [6] The discussions were described as constructive. [5]

Contents

The second round of Omani-mediated talks took place in Rome on April 19, 2025, again with indirect discussions between Witkoff and Araghchi. [7] This was followed by a third high-level round in Muscat round a week later, [8] and an expert-level meeting to develop a framework for a possible nuclear agreement, [9] led by Michael Anton for the U.S. and by Majid Takht-Ravanchi for Iran. [10] [11]

The US military has been building up its presence in the Middle East as the threat of war escalates. US bases throughout the region accommodate approximately 50,000 American troops. [12] [13] As part of the peace proposals, Iran offered to build at least 19 additional reactors, suggesting that contracts for these projects could help revive the struggling U.S. nuclear industry. [14] [15] Araghchi's speech announcing this was cancelled by its venue Carnegie institute. [15] [16] During the talks Russia started funding construction of a nuclear reactor in Iran. [17]

The French government has threatened to trigger the snapback mechanism of United Nations sanctions should the talks fail. [18] Iran has proposed holding further talks with European participation, while also offering investment opportunities. [19] [20]

On May 1, Defense Secretary Hegseth posted that Iran will pay for supporting Houthis attacks on merchant ships in Red Sea crisis. President Trump warned secondary sanctions on entities buying any oil and petrochemicals from Iran. Rubio warned to walk away from nuclear enrichment. Araqchi canceled the May 4 meeting on "technical reason". [21] [22] [23] [24] Trump called for full dismantling of nuclear enrichment. [25] Iran then created a new ballistic missile and threatened to hit US military bases. [26] [27] Revolutionary Guard General Salami has warned that IRGC would open hell gates on invaders. [28]

JD Vance has said the deal would reintegrate the Iranian economy into the global economy. [29] In his speech on May 11, Khamenei endorsed "death to America". [30]

The negotiations are taking place as Iran is conducting power rolling blackouts nationwide everyday because of the Iranian energy crisis and the Iranian economic crisis. [31]

During Trump's presidential trip to Saudi Arabia on May 13, he called Iran the most destructive force in the Middle East and stated that Iran's leaders and water mafia have turned green fertile farmland to dry deserts, focused on stealing their people's wealth to fund terror and bloodshed, tearing the region down. [32] [33] On May 15, Khamenei advisor Shamkhani said Iranian regime is ready and will sign the nuclear deal in exchange for quick removal of financial sanctions. [34] On May 16, Trump sent Iran an offer and said they have to move quickly or else bad things would happen. [35] [36] On May 17, Khamenei condemned Trump, saying that he lied about wanting peace and that he was not worth responding to, calling the US demands "outrageous nonsense." [37] Khamenei also reiterated that Israel is "cancerous tumour" that must be uprooted. [38]

Trump has said there would be a nuclear disarmament deal with or without violence. Araqchi has said Iranian regime will keep enriching uranium "with or without a deal. [39] [40]

On May 20, CNN reported Israel was getting ready to strike Iranian nuclear facilities, with Iranian regime taking special response measures to devestate invaders. [41] [42] [43] On May 23, The Wall Street Journal reported that the US seeks a framework deal agreement. [44]

Background

Khamenei last end year 5458884.jpg
Ali Khamenei

Iran's nuclear program has been a focal point of international scrutiny for decades. While the country suspended its formal nuclear weapons program in 2003, and claims its nuclear activities are solely for peaceful purposes, [45] it has continued weaponization efforts and enriched uranium to levels approaching the weapons-grade threshold. [45] The program has received external assistance, including from Pakistan and North Korea, with the latter supplying both missiles and uranium. [46] Iran has developed long-range missile technology under the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), with some designs based on North Korean models. Its latest developments could enable nuclear-capable missiles with a range of up to 3,000 km, capable of reaching targets in Europe. [47]  

Analysts and researchers say that a nuclear-armed Iran poses significant global security risks and undermines the stability of the Middle East. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) chief Rafael Grossi warns that an Iranian nuclear weapon could trigger broad nuclear proliferation, as other countries, particularly in the Middle East, may seek similar capabilities in response. Concerns also exist that Iran's nuclear assets could fall into the hands of extremist factions due to internal instability or regime change. [48] Additionally, Iran's success in acquiring nuclear weapons could encourage other regional powers to seek their own nuclear arsenals. The potential transfer of nuclear technology or weapons to radical states and terrorist organizations heightens fears of nuclear terrorism. [49] Scholars argue that a nuclear-armed Iran could feel emboldened to increase its support for terrorism and insurgency—core elements of its strategy—while deterring retaliation through its newfound nuclear leverage. [50]

In response to Iran's nuclear program, the international community imposed sanctions that severely impacted its economy, restricting its oil exports and limiting access to global financial systems. [51] In 2015, however, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was signed, imposing strict limitations on Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. [52] In 2018, the United States withdrew from the agreement, with President Donald Trump stating that "the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program". [53] The US also contended that the agreement was inadequate because it did not impose limitations on Iran's ballistic missile program, [54] and failed to curb its backing of proxy groups. [55]

In early 2025, reports stated that "Iran is closer to a bomb than ever before," [56] as the country escalated its uranium enrichment activities, reaching levels of up to 60% purity. IAEA reported that Iran possesses approximately 250 kilograms of uranium enriched to this level, which could potentially yield multiple nuclear weapons if further refined. A report from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence concluded that Iran had sufficient fissile material to produce more than a dozen nuclear weapons. [57] The Institute for Science and International Security reports that Iran could enrich enough uranium for one nuclear bomb in just a week and accumulate enough for seven bombs within a month. Iranian officials have stated that while the country possesses the technical capability to develop nuclear weapons, they have also hinted that the current religious ruling forbidding it could change. [58]

Following these reports, US president Trump said he would not tolerate an "Iranian nuclear weapons capability". [59] In March 2025, President Trump sent a letter to Khamenei, proposing negotiations over Iran's nuclear program but Khamenei rejected the offer. [60] Trump did not rule out supporting military action if diplomatic efforts to curb Iran's nuclear ambitions fail, [61] with his team adding that "all options are on the table" when it comes to Iran. [62]

Pre-talk positions

Prior to the second Trump administration, the Biden administration held talks with Iran that were ultimately unsuccessful. [63] In February 2025 Trump reinstated the maximum pressure campaign against Iran, aiming to compel Iran to negotiate a new nuclear agreement while preventing its development of nuclear weapons and countering its regional influence. [59] After making his letter to Khamenei public, Trump said that Iran "cannot have a nuclear weapon" and warned of possible military action if the talks failed. [64] [65] Trump has said the US military will preemptively attack Iran should the negotiations collapse. [66]

Before the talks, Khamenei repeatedly called the negotiations and [67] recent U.S. threats "unwise" and forbade them, on several occasions, threatened the American military with retaliation in his speeches. [68] [69] He added that Iran neither has nor pursues nuclear weapons, as they do not desire them. [68] Khamenei reportedly changed his mind about the negotiations after his advisors warned that the threat of war with the United States and the deepening economic crisis could bring down the regime. [70]

Iran had reportedly also proposed steps to deescalate tensions, including a pledge to disarm and freeze the activities of Hamas, the Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hashd al-Shaabi. [71]

Russia has denied any military assistance to Iran in the event of a U.S. military invasion, while asserting that such an invasion would ultimately fail. [72] [73]

123 agreement

A number of senate Repulicans asked for US to have 123 agreement with Iran - Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act-, including conditions such as US buying Iranian uranium and that Iranians adopt further protocols of IAEA. [74]

Persian Gulf renaming

During the talks and ahead of the 2025 visit by Donald Trump to the Middle East, it was reported by the Associated Press that Trump wanted to adopt "Arabian Gulf" as the name for the Persian Gulf, sparking a revival of the Persian Gulf naming dispute. [75] According to New York Times' Farnaz Fassihi report, this has received outrage and condemnation from Iranians and the Iranian regime, and could harm the negotiations, she called the whole trip slap in the face of Iranian regime. [76] [77] [78] [79] [80]

Reboot

The talks were suspended after the third round. A new round of talks were scheduled for May 9. [81] Fox reported Iran denied satellite images report of a new nuclear base located underground in Semnan province. [82] [83] Witkoff has warned Iranians that they must ship high grade uranium far away, the talks have a deadline if they reach a deadlock. [84] [85] After the talks Witkoff announced Iran would destroys it caches of uranium enrichment plants of Isfahan Nuclear Technology/Research Center and Natanz, Isfahan province and Fordow Arak. [86] Iranian Minister of foreign affairs has warned European countries not to go through with initating snapback sanctions. [87]

A report was denied by foreign minister Araqchi that gifted Witkoff with a Persian rug. [88]

Second proposal

According to New York Times Iranians negotiated proposal to keep its uranium enrichment through a consortium with UAE and Saudi Arabia. [89] On May 14 , 52 senators and 177 congressmen wrote a letter to Trump not to allow Iranian uranium enrichment under a joint venture. [90]

Trump appealed to Qatari's emir to help him influence the Iranian regime not to make nuclear weapons and go to war and to do the right thing with making a nuclear deal. [91]

Iran passed the Palermo United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime anti money laundering mechanism in order for its name to be removed from FATF blacklist. [92]

Trump proposal

On May 16, Trump revealed to reporters a nuclear deal proposal has been sent to Iran, that they have little time or bad things would happen. [93] [94] On May 26 Trump stated a deal is close to avoid a lot of people dead. [95]

Iranian government warned that war would engulf entire middle-east region if it is attacked. [96] General Salami stated it is already in full scale war. [97] Iran also denied a three year pause of its enrichment program. [98]

Participants

Participants of the high-level negotiations:

Participants of the expert-level negotiations:

There are no European negotiators. France stated its intention to participate, despite not being present. [101] [102] [103] China, Russia, and Iran held a joint meeting with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on April 24 to discuss Iran's nuclear program. [104]

Trump has said he is open to meet Iran Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. [105]

During the talks Iran revamped its relationships with Saudi with Khamenei receiving the Saudi King's letter and Saudi minister of Defense. [106] [107]

Timeline

Iran-US negotiations for a deal have been ongoing since 1995. [108] A nuclear agreement was reached in 2015, from which Trump withdrew in 2018. [4] In the early administration before the talks, Iranians reported that Trump advisor Elon Musk had met Iranian envoy. [109] In January Musk helped free Italian journalist held hostage by Iranian regime. [110]

On March 7, 2025, Donald Trump's letter to Ali Khamenei was made public, expressing his desire to initiate new nuclear talks. [111] Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Eslami declared Iran plans to build more nuclear power plants. [112]

The first talks were held on April 12, 2025, in Oman, Muscat. [113] The talks were led by U.S. Special Envoy Steve Witkoff and Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi; each delegation was in separate rooms, with messages relayed through Omani mediators. [102] [114] [99] [5] The discussions were described as constructive. [5] Afterwards, the leaders of both negotiating teams spoke briefly in person. [113]

An Iranian news outlet has reported that during the talks in Oman, Iran proposed a three-step plan to reach a deal with the United States:

  1. Iran would agree to temporarily lower its uranium enrichment to 3.67% in return for access to frozen financial assets in the United States and authorization to export its oil.
  2. Iran would permanently halt high-level uranium enrichment, restore inspections by the UN nuclear watchdog, and commit to implementing the Additional Protocol, allowing for surprise inspections at undeclared sites. These steps would be taken if the United States lifts further sanctions and persuades Britain, Germany, and France not to trigger the snapback of UN sanctions against Tehran.
  3. The U.S. Congress would approve the nuclear agreement and Washington would lift both primary and secondary sanctions, while Iran would transfer its stockpiles of highly enriched uranium to a third country. [115]

U.S. envoy Witkoff reportedly welcomed the proposals presented by the Iranian delegation in Muscat, which was unexpected by the Iranian side. [115]
Times of Oman reported Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister for Legal and International Affairs Kazem Gharibabadi was taped while he stole a gold pen during talks. The Iranian regime demanded an apology from Oman Times. [116] [117] [118] [119]

Khamenei wrote a letter that Araghchi delivered to Putin on April 16. Russia then ratified the Iranian–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. [120]

The second round of Omani-mediated talks in Rome occurred on April 19, 2025, one week after the initial meeting in Muscat, the capital of Oman in four hours. [7] Once again, the indirect discussions were led by Araghchi and Witkoff, with messages conveyed through Omani Foreign Minister Badr al-Busaidi.

Following the second round of talks, the Israeli Air Force reportedly conducted drills simulating an Iranian missile attack on Israeli airbases. [121] Meanwhile, Iran was reported to be constructing a large security barrier around two underground tunnel complexes linked to its main nuclear facility. [122]

The third round of high-level negotiations took place on April 26, 2025, along with the first round of expert-level talks. [8] [123] The high-level talks were described as serious and productive, with both sides aiming for an agreement based on mutual respect. Araghchi reported progress but noted that key differences remained. [8]

Trump's special envoy, Witkoff, aims to finalize the deal within 60 days; however, he is likely to encounter resistance from Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi due to the significant mistrust between the two parties. Another critical issue is Iran's stockpile of highly enriched uranium and its potential destruction, for which the US would agree to lift economic sanctions. While Iran intends to retain its enriched uranium stockpile within its borders, the US insists on transferring it to a third country. Additionally, Iran seeks guarantees to protect itself in the event that the US withdraws from or violates the agreement. [7]

On April 30, US Treasury sanctioned 6 Chinese chemical components companies connected to Iran. [124]

The fourth round of negotiations was scheduled to take place in Rome on May 3, 2025. The United States has not confirmed its participation in these talks. Oman, serving as the mediator in the US-Iran discussions, announced on Thursday that the upcoming round of nuclear negotiations would be postponed for the repercussions of supporting Yemen's Houthis and imposed new oil sanctions. In response, Iran accused the United States of behavior and provocative statements. Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi stated that Iran, along with three European powers—Britain, France, and Germany—was set to meet in Rome to address the strained relations concerning Tehran's contentious nuclear program amid these high-stakes discussions between Tehran and Washington. [125]

On May 12th US Dept of State announced 4 new sanctions on Iranian missile company Ideal Vacuum, Mohammad Reza Seddighi Saber from Shahid Karimi group, as well as SPND affiliates Ahmad Haghighat Talab, and Mohammed Reza Mehdipur. [126] On May 15th State Dept dropped several new sanctions for its missile carbon fiber produce on Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Research and Self-Sufficiency Jihad Organization. [127]

On May 16, Iran and European Union member states held talks in Istanbul, Turkey. Quds Force major general Ismail Qaani traveled to Iraq and Araghchi traveled to Qatar, the UAE and Saudi Arabia before Trump in order to get Arab states backing into getting Trump to making a deal. [128] [129] [130] On May 17, three Iranians were charged in Britain with espionage charges, 550 MPs wrote a letter demanding ban on IRGC, criticising Hijab and chastity law, calling for Iranian regime change. [131] French government sued Iran to the International Criminal Court ICJ against holding their citizens hostage. [132]

Reactions

Iran

BBC reported that Araghchi stated he wanted to speak with Europeans in Berlin, Paris and London also. [133] Khamenei told his supporters not to protest and insult the talks and that the talks are just a delay until Islamic shiite state is established. [134] Mehdi Kouchakzadeh stated that the Iranian parliament had received no official information about the ongoing negotiations. [135] He added that, although the outcome was unfavorable, they would not oppose it. [135] Iranian Rial slightly gained and Tehran Stock Exchange rose 2.16%. [136] Former Prince Reza Pahlavi called on the United States to take out the most vulnerable and unstable Iranian regime rather than talks. [137] [138] Iranian dissidents and social media users increasingly speculated that the former U.S. embassy in Tehran, seized in 1979 might be returned to American control. [139] Kayhan London described the talks as major failure of the Iranian regime while the Iranian-based newspaper Kayhan claimed Iran has the upper hand and called for assassinating Trump calling nuclear disarmament impossible. [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] The talks caused division and drift among members of ultra hard extremist Front of Islamic Revolution Stability party. [145] Iran charged two newspapers media executives for their coverage of the talks. [146]

United States

Former chief negotiator and Secretary of State John Kerry commended Trump's effort and compared the negotiations to "Khomeini poisoned chalice". [147] White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt has stated that should Iran develop nukes, there will be "all hell to pay". [148] On April 18, secretary of state Marco Rubio urged European countries to quickly decide on reimposing sanctions against Iran, warning that Iran is violating the existing agreement and nearing the capability to develop a nuclear weapon. [149] Rubio later also said Iran can have a civilian nuclear energy program instead of a military WMD atomic weapons program. [150] Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth and national security advisor Mike Waltz are reportedly divided on whether US military should attack Iran. [151] Trump told reporters he is in no rush to attack Iran and it still has a chance to "live happily without death". [152] Also he said US would lead the pack to possibly attack Iran and that only two alternatives there are bombing them viciously or nicely, that he is still undecided. [153] [154] [155]

Former special representative for Iran Elliott Abrams argued that Trump does not seek war. However, should the talks fail, Iran's nuclear program should be destroyed by Israel and/or the US. [156] Policital commentator Tucker Carlson argued this to be the worst time for US military intervention in Iran. [157]

International

Global gold prices grew given the reports of high chances of war. [158] [159] Initially oil futures prices dropped 1.4%. [160] Saudi Arabia commended negotiations to restrain Iran more. [161] Israel supported deweaponization of Iranian atomic energy establishments Libya model like that of Disarmament of Libya. [162] Trump revealed Israel would lead a military attack on Iran if it failed to abandon its nuclear weapons program. [163] Al Monitor reported the Chinese have also came to support Iranian regime through strengthened relations. [164] [165]

Although the relationship between IAEA director Rafael Grossi and Trump's negotiating team is unclear, Grossi is scheduled to visit Iran in the third week of April 2025. [6] Iranian military advisor and security council politician Shamkhani has warned Iran will throw out IAEA inspectors. [166]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (April 11, 2025). "Trump tries to fix the Iran nuclear deal he broke". The Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved April 11, 2025.
  2. ↑ Broadwater, Luke; Sanger, David E. (April 9, 2025). "Trump Wants an Iran Nuclear Deal, but It Must Be Better Than Obama's". The New York Times.
  3. ↑ Ravid, Barak (April 10, 2025). "Scoop: Iran wants to explore interim nuclear deal in talks with U.S., sources say". Axios.
  4. 1 2 "A Timeline of the Tensions Between Iran and the U.S." TIME. Associated Press. April 9, 2025.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Motamedi, Maziar (April 12, 2025). "Iran, US conclude 'constructive' nuclear talks in Oman, agree to meet again". Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
  6. 1 2 Wintour, Patrick (April 12, 2025). "Iran and US agree to continue nuclear talks after first indirect round". The Guardian . Guardian Media Group.
  7. 1 2 3 Wintour, Patrick (April 20, 2025). "Moscow may gain key role in Iran nuclear deal as US talks progress". the guardian.
  8. 1 2 3 Ravid, Barak (April 26, 2025). "U.S. says "further progress was made" in third round of nuclear talks with Iran". Axios. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  9. ↑ Hafezi, Parisa (April 26, 2025). "Iran says 'extremely cautious' on success of nuclear talks with US". Reuters. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 Gambrell, Jon (April 22, 2025). "What do 'expert level' talks signal for the progress of the Iran-US nuclear negotiations?". AP News. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  11. 1 2 "US names Michael Anton to lead for technical talks with Iran, Politico reports". Al Arabiya English. April 24, 2025.
  12. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (April 8, 2025). "An Explosive Clock Is Ticking on Iran and Its Nuclear Program". The New York Times.
  13. ↑ Ravid, Barak (April 2, 2025). "Trump seriously considering Iran's offer of indirect nuclear talks". Axios.
  14. ↑ O'Connor, Tom (April 21, 2025). "Iran offers to help Trump revive US nuclear sector in canceled speech". Newsweek. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  15. 1 2 "Full text of Araghchi's canceled speech at the Carnegie International Nuclear Policy Conference". www.tabnak.ir. April 22, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  16. ↑ Combs, Cody; Massoud, Adla (April 21, 2025). "Carnegie nuclear conference cancels appearance by Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi". The National. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  17. ↑ "Iran, Russia agree on 55 bcm of gas supplies, nuclear plant funding". Reuters. April 25, 2025.
  18. ↑ "France won't hesitate to restore UN sanctions on Iran if no deal, says foreign minister". Reuters. April 29, 2025.
  19. ↑ "Exclusive: Iran proposes meeting with Europeans before next talks with US, diplomats say". Reuters. April 28, 2025.
  20. ↑ "Iran Dangles 'Trillion Dollar' Incentive for Trump in Deal Talks". Bloomberg. April 28, 2025.
  21. ↑ "Iran War Threat Grows as U.S. Nuclear Talks Falter". Newsweek.
  22. ↑ "Iran must 'walk away' from all uranium enrichment, Rubio says". Reuters. May 2, 2025.
  23. ↑ "ترامپ: هر کشوری به هر میزان از ایران نفت بخرد از تجارت با آمریکا محروم می‌شود". Euronews. May 1, 2025.
  24. ↑ "Iran accuses U.S. of 'provocative statements' ahead of nuclear talks". NBC News.
  25. ↑ "Trump looking for 'total' disarmament of Iran nuclear program, open to 'civilian energy'". The Jerusalem Post .
  26. ↑ "Iran threatens to hit US bases after unveiling new ballistic missile". Iran International . Volant Media. May 4, 2025.
  27. ↑ "Iran unveils new solid-fueled ballistic missile, state TV reports". The Washington Post. Associated Press. May 4, 2025. ISSN   0190-8286.
  28. ↑ "Revolutionary Guards chief warns Iran will 'open the gates of hell' if attacked by US or Israel". The Times of Israel .
  29. ↑ Addington, Joseph (May 7, 2025). "Vance: Nuclear Deal Would 'Reintegrate Iran into the Global Economy'". The American Conservative. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
  30. ↑ "Khamenei endorses 'Death to America' chants ahead of nuclear talks". The Jerusalem Post . The Jerusalem Post Group.
  31. ↑ "Iran Begins Rolling Blackouts in Tehran as Electricity Demand Soars". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  32. ↑ "Breaking News Live Updates: Trump says he will ease sanctions on Syria, moves to restore relations with new leader".
  33. ↑ "Trump Speaks at Saudi-US Investment Forum". Rev.com . May 14, 2025. Archived from the original on May 14, 2025.
  34. ↑ "شمخانی: در صورت رفع فوری تحریم ها، آماده توافق با ترامپ هستیم". Mehr News (in Arabic). Government of Iran.
  35. ↑ "Trump administration live updates: President says U.S. offered a nuclear proposal to Iran and inks AI deal with UAE". NBC News. May 16, 2025.
  36. ↑ Miller, Zeke; Gambrell, Jon (May 16, 2025). "Trump says Iran has a proposal from the US on its rapidly advancing nuclear program". www.ksnt.com.
  37. ↑ "Iran's Khamenei slams 'outrageous' US demands in nuclear talks". Reuters. May 20, 2025.
  38. ↑ "Khamenei: Trump lied when he said he wants peace; Israel 'cancerous tumor' in region". www.timesofisrael.com. Reuters. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  39. ↑ Abdallah, Nayera; Hafezi, Parisa; Ramadan, Tala (May 15, 2025). "Trump says US close to a nuclear deal with Iran". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 15, 2025. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  40. ↑ "ببینید | عراقچی: غنی‌ سازی در ایران ادامه خواهد داشت". jamejamonline.ir (in Persian). Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  41. ↑ "Iran warns of 'devastating and decisive response' if Israel attacks". The Times of Israel.
  42. ↑ "Iran's top diplomat says 'special measures' may be taken to defend nuclear sites from Israel". Sun Sentinel. Associated Press. May 22, 2025. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  43. ↑ "Oil Climbs on Report That Israel Is Preparing to Strike Iran".
  44. ↑ Norman, Laurence; Ward, Alexander; Faucon, Benoit. "Exclusive | U.S., Iran Aim for Framework to Guide Talks Toward Nuclear Deal". WSJ.
  45. 1 2 "No 'credible civilian' purpose for Iran uranium: UK, France, Germany". France 24. December 17, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  46. ↑ Bernstein, Jeremy (2014). Nuclear Iran. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 77. ISBN   978-0-674-41708-3.
  47. ↑ Barnes, Joe (January 31, 2025). "Iran 'secretly building nuclear missiles that can hit Europe'". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  48. ↑ Freilich, Charles David (2018). Israeli national security: a new strategy for an era of change. New York: Oxford university press. pp. 83–85. ISBN   978-0-19-060293-2.
  49. ↑ Wilner, Alex S. (January 1, 2012). "Apocalypse Soon? Deterring Nuclear Iran and its Terrorist Proxies" . Comparative Strategy. 31: 18–40. doi:10.1080/01495933.2012.647539. ISSN   0149-5933.
  50. ↑ Nader, Alireza (2013), "Nuclear Iran and Terrorism", Iran After the Bomb, How Would a Nuclear-Armed Tehran Behave?, RAND Corporation, pp. 25–30, JSTOR   10.7249/j.ctt5hhtg2.10
  51. ↑ "What Is the Iran Nuclear Deal?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  52. ↑ "UN Security Council Resolutions on Iran". Arms Control Association. Archived from the original on April 4, 2025. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  53. ↑ "Read the Full Transcript of Trump's Speech on the Iran Nuclear Deal". The New York Times. May 8, 2018. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  54. ↑ Landler, Mark (May 8, 2018). "Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  55. ↑ "Read: An open letter from retired generals and admirals opposing the Iran nuclear deal". Washington Post. July 14, 2015. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
  56. ↑ "How to use "maximum pressure" to stop an Iranian bomb". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  57. ↑ Norman, Laurence; Gordon, Michael R. "Risk of Iran Building Nuclear Weapons Grows, U.S. Intelligence Says". WSJ. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  58. ↑ Johnston, Neil (November 1, 2024). "Iran warns it could seek nuclear weapons in face of 'existential threat'". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  59. 1 2 "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Restores Maximum Pressure on Iran". The White House. February 5, 2025. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  60. ↑ "What to know about tensions between Iran and the US as Trump sends a letter to its supreme leader". Associated Press News . March 13, 2025.
  61. ↑ Malsin, Jared; Ward, Alexander; Lieber, Dov. "Exclusive: Israel Sees Opening for Strikes on Iranian Nuclear Sites, U.S. Intelligence Finds". WSJ. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  62. ↑ "VOA Persian exclusive: Trump's team says all options on the table with Iran". Voice of America. December 13, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  63. ↑ "Trump: Iran must drop nuclear weapons plan or face harsh response". April 15, 2025.
  64. ↑ Holland, Steve; Spetalnick, Matt; Parisa, Hafezi. "Trump says US, Iran set for direct nuclear talks; Tehran says they will be indirect". reuters.
  65. ↑ Gram Slattery; Steve Holland (April 15, 2025). "Trump says Iran must give up dream of nuclear weapon or face harsh response". Reuters. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
  66. ↑ "Missile Launched From Yemen Intercepted Outside Israeli Territory, IDF Says". Haaretz. April 25, 2025.
  67. ↑ "Khamenei of Iran Denounces Negotiation With U.S. but Seems to Leave Door Ajar". The New York Times. February 7, 2025.
  68. 1 2 Upadhayay, Prapti (March 12, 2025). "'Iran will retaliate': Khamenei warns Trump against making 'unwise' threats, says 'will inflict a blow'". Wion.
  69. ↑ Arguello, Ailin Vilches (February 7, 2025). "Iran's 'Supreme Leader' Rejects Talks With US as 'Unwise,' 'Dishonorable'". The Algemeiner.
  70. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz (April 11, 2025). "Why Iran's Supreme Leader Came Around to Nuclear Talks with Trump". The New York Times.
  71. ↑ "Iran proposes to disarm its regional allies in exchange for an end to Washington's 'maximum pressure'". Atalayar. April 18, 2025.
  72. ↑ "Russia signals response to possible US attack on Iran". Newsweek. April 8, 2025.
  73. ↑ "Russia says bombing Iran will fail after Trump issues threats". www.ynetnews.com. April 9, 2025.
  74. ↑ "U.S., Iran are talking about a '123 Agreement.' What does that mean?".
  75. ↑ "Trump plans to announce that the US will call the Persian Gulf the Arabian Gulf, officials say". AP News. May 7, 2025.
  76. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz (May 17, 2025). "'A Slap in the Face': Iranians Watched Trump's Mideast Tour With Envy". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  77. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz. "Can Trump Rename the Persian Gulf?". The New York Times.
  78. ↑ Wintour, Patrick. "Trump plans to announce US will refer to Arabian Gulf rather than Persian Gulf". The Guardian.
  79. ↑ "Donald Trump angers Iranians by considering renaming the Persian Gulf". Le Monde .
  80. ↑ Sinaiee, Maryam (May 8, 2025). "Iranians of all stripes fume at chance Trump might rebrand Persian Gulf". Iran International.
  81. ↑ "US, Iran agree to fourth round of nuclear talks on Sunday".
  82. ↑ "گزارش «فاکس نیوز» از شناسایی تاسیسات تسلیحات هسته‌ای مخفی ایران در سمنان". العربیه فارسی. May 8, 2025.
  83. ↑ "ایران وجود تاسیسات هسته‌ای در سمنان را تکذیب کرد".
  84. ↑ "Witkoff: Iran must dismantle uranium enrichment facilities, ship material 'far away'". The Times of Israel .
  85. ↑ "Iran nuclear talks: US warns that if Sunday talks aren't productive, 'they won't continue'". CNN Politics.
  86. ↑ "تایید برگزاری دور چهارم مذاکرات در عمان؛ ویتکاف: ایران باید تاسیسات نطنز، فردو و اصفهان را برچیند".
  87. ↑ "FM Warns Europe Against 'strategy of Confrontation' over Iran's Nuclear Program". Iran Front Page.
  88. ↑ "تکذیب اهدای فرش نفیس ابریشمی به ویتکاف". خبرگزاری ایلنا. May 12, 2025.
  89. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz (May 13, 2025). "Iran Proposes Novel Path to Nuclear Deal With U.S." NYTimes.com.
  90. ↑ "Opinion | Republicans Unite to Thwart Iran". WSJ.
  91. ↑ "Trump appeals for Qatar's help in persuading Iran to give up its nuclear program". AP News. May 14, 2025.
  92. ↑ "موافقت مشروط مجمع با «پالرمو»؛ گامی به‌سوی خروج ایران از فهرست سیاه «پولشویی»". Radio Farda.
  93. ↑ Miller, Zeke; Gambrell, Jon (May 16, 2025). "Trump says Iran has a proposal from the US on its rapidly advancing nuclear program". www.dcnewsnow.com.
  94. ↑ Frolo, Caitlyn (May 16, 2025). "Iran has US proposal on nuclear program as Trump says nation should 'move quickly'". WCYB.
  95. ↑ https://www.newsweek.com/trump-iran-deal-nuclear-russia-putin-ukraine-2076961
  96. ↑ "Iran warns entire region will ignite if the country is attacked".
  97. ↑ "Revolutionary Guard chief says Iran is 'in full-scale war'". www.iranintl.com. May 25, 2025.
  98. ↑ https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-62/4183290-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF
  99. 1 2 Araghchi, Seyed Abbas (April 8, 2025). "Iran's foreign minister: The ball is in America's court". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
  100. ↑ "CNN: State & Treasury Departments' representatives part of US technical team for talks with Iran". Pars Today. IRNA. April 23, 2025. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  101. ↑ "Iran, France signal readiness for nuclear talks amid US negotiations". Reuters. April 24, 2025.
  102. 1 2 "As Iran nuclear talks get underway in Oman, excluded Europeans are wary". Le Monde. April 12, 2025.
  103. ↑ "Iran's top diplomat says direct nuclear talks with US 'meaningless'". The Jerusalem Post. April 6, 2025.
  104. ↑ "China, Russia and Iran jointly discuss Iran's nuclear programme with IAEA, reports Xinhua". Reuters. April 24, 2025.
  105. ↑ "Trump Open to Meeting Iran's Leaders, Sees Chance of Deal, He Tells Time Magazine". April 25, 2025.
  106. ↑ Nereim, Vivian (April 20, 2025). "Saudi Arabia Opposed Obama's Deal With Iran. It Supports Trump's. Why?". The New York Times .
  107. ↑ "Exclusive: Inside the Saudi King's letter to Iran's supreme leader". Amwaj.media.
  108. ↑ "سال ۱۳۷۴: آمریکا خواستار گفت‌وگو با ایران شد! +ویدیو". ettelaat. April 8, 2025. Archived from the original on April 18, 2025.
  109. ↑ "Iranian official reportedly met with Elon Musk in an apparent effort ease tensions with Trump". PBS News. November 16, 2024.
  110. ↑ "Italian journalist detained in Iran says she expected to be held longer and praises Musk's role". AP News. January 20, 2025.
  111. ↑ "Iran's supreme leader rails against Trump's 'bullying' military threat". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. March 8, 2025. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
  112. ↑ "Western pressure has failed to halt our progress: Iran's nuclear chief". Tehran Times. April 11, 2025.
  113. 1 2 "Iran-US talks in Oman updates: Discussions to continue next week – Tehran". aljazeera.
  114. ↑ "High-level talks to disarm Iran's nuclear program to begin in Oman". The Washington Post. April 11, 2025.
  115. 1 2 "Iran proposes three-stage deal to cap enrichment if US lifts sanctions". Iran International. April 17, 2025. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  116. ↑ "Iranian Ambassador Denies Gold Pen Theft During U.S. Talks". iranwire.com.
  117. ↑ "Iranian official caught pocketing golden pen during US talks". www.ynetnews.com. April 16, 2025.
  118. ↑ "سفیر ایران در عمان: شایعه خودکار طلاکاری‌شده و غریب‌آبادی دروغ است". اعتمادآنلاین. April 27, 2025.
  119. ↑ "ویدیوی جعلی درباره خودکار طلا دزدیدن غریب‌آبادی". factnameh.com. April 15, 2025.
  120. ↑ "سفر عراقچی به روسیه برای انتقال "پیام مکتوب" خامنه‌ای به پوتین؛ روسیه معاهده ۲۰ ساله با ایران را تصویب کرد". BBC News فارسی. April 16, 2025.
  121. ↑ Daftari, Amir (April 23, 2025). "Israel prepares for Iran missile strike". Newsweek.
  122. ↑ "Iran fortifying buried nuclear sites as talks with US continue, report says". Reuters. April 23, 2025.
  123. ↑ Gambrell, Jon (April 26, 2025). "Iran and the US hold hours of expert talks in Oman over Tehran's rapidly advancing nuclear program". AP News. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  124. ↑ "US Targets China, Iran-Based Firms in Fresh Iran Sanctions". The Algemeiner. Reuters. April 29, 2025.
  125. ↑ "US-Iran talks postponed, new date depends on US approach, Iranian official says". reuters.
  126. ↑ "Imposition of New U.S. Sanctions Related to Iranian Nuclear-Related Research with Potential Military Applications".
  127. ↑ "Imposing Sanctions on China- and Iran-based Entities and Individuals that Support Iran's Ballistic Missile Program".
  128. ↑ Tandon, Shaun; Khanizadeh, Ramin (May 16, 2025). "Iran, European powers hold nuclear talks in Turkey". High Point Enterprise. Tehran. AFP.
  129. ↑ "عراقچی در قطر: ایران از هیچ‌یک از حقوق ملت خود عقب‌نشینی نخواهد کرد". اعتمادآنلاین (in Persian). May 20, 2025. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  130. ↑ "Iran Update, May 14, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  131. ↑ "Hundreds of MPs and peers call for Starmer to ban Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps". The Independent. May 17, 2025. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  132. ↑ "France sues Iran at ICJ for holding two French nationals hostage". www.jurist.org. May 17, 2025. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  133. ↑ "عراقچی: آماده ام به پاریس، برلین و لندن سفر کنم". BBC News فارسی. April 24, 2025.
  134. ↑ "ترامپ مذاکرات با ایران را جدی خواند و خامنه‌ای درباره "دهن‌لقی و عجله" هشدار داد". BBC News فارسی. April 24, 2025.
  135. 1 2 "کوچک‌زاده، نماینده مجلس:‌ ملت بدانید مجلس هیچ اطلاعی از مذاکرات ندارد". www.iranintl.com. April 13, 2025.
  136. ↑ Hafezi, Parisa. "Anxious Iranians hope nuclear talks may ease risk of US attack". reuters.
  137. ↑ "شاهزاده رضا پهلوی: رژیم در ضعیف‌ترین، آسیب‌پذیرترین و بی‌ثبات‌ترین وضعیت خود است". April 28, 2025.
  138. ↑ Rod, Marc (April 8, 2025). "Reza Pahlavi: U.S. has a third path on Iran aside from diplomacy, military strikes". Jewish Insider.
  139. ↑ Sinaiee, Maryam (April 13, 2025). "Speculation grows in Iran over US embassy handover following talks". Iran International.
  140. ↑ "پیشنهاد روزنامه "کیهان" برای کاهش سطح غنی‌سازی؛ هشدار به ترامپ درباره "تکرار سرنوشت بایدن"". May 5, 2025. Archived from the original on May 5, 2025. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
  141. ↑ "Iranian paper repeats calls to 'shoot Trump in skull'". www.iranintl.com. April 6, 2025. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
  142. ↑ "Round One: Iran Has the Upper Hand". en. April 12, 2025.
  143. ↑ "گزارش تحلیلی هفته؛ جمهوری اسلامی: انتخاب بین دو باخت!". کیهان لندن.
  144. ↑ "گزارش تحلیلی هفته؛ کارتِ برنده در دست مردم است!". کیهان لندن.
  145. ↑ "افزایش تنش بین طرفداران قالیباف و جلیلی بعد از مذاکره ایران و آمریکا؛‌ جبهه پایداری به رئیس مجلس نزدیک می‌شود؟". etemadonline.
  146. ↑ "اعلام جرم علیه دو مدیر رسانه به دلیل "اظهارات سخیف درباره‌ی مذاکره"". ensafnews. April 19, 2025.
  147. ↑ Kerry, John F.; Kaplan, Thomas S. "Opinion: Trump Has a Chance to Strike a Deal With Iran". WSJ. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  148. ↑ "Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt Briefs Members of the Media, Apr. 11, 2025". The White House. April 11, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  149. ↑ "US State Secretary Rubio urges Europe to act on allegations of Iran's nuclear agreement violations". The Brussels Times. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  150. ↑ "As Iran fortifies nuke sites, US says it can have civilian nuclear program if no enrichment". The Times of Israel.
  151. ↑ Ravid, Barak (April 16, 2025). "Trump team's Iran divide: Dialogue vs. detonation to end nuclear threat". Axios. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  152. ↑ Daftari, Amir (April 18, 2025). "Trump: 'Not in a rush' to strike Iran, it can 'live happily without death'". Newsweek. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  153. ↑ "Iran reacts to Trump renaming "Persian Gulf"". Newsweek .
  154. ↑ Rasgon, Adam (April 25, 2025). "Trump Says U.S. Could Lead Military Action Against Iran if Talks Collapse". The New York Times.
  155. ↑ "Trump warns Iran, defends Israel in Hugh Hewitt interview".
  156. ↑ "Tête à tête - 'Trump doesn't want to go to war with Iran,' former top White House adviser says". France 24. April 17, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  157. ↑ "Who has Trump's ear on Iranian negotiations?". thehill.
  158. ↑ Patterson, Warren; Manthey, Ewa (May 21, 2025). "The Commodities Feed: Oil jumps on reports of potential Israel strike on Iran". ING Think.
  159. ↑ "Israel Iran Tensions Highlights: Pope Leo appeals for Israel to allow humanitarian aid in Gaza". CNBCTV18. May 21, 2025.
  160. ↑ "Oil Futures Give Back Pre-Holiday Gains". WSJ. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  161. ↑ "Saudi Arabia expects new agreement between Iran, US to 'restrain Tehran more' - report". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. April 11, 2025.
  162. ↑ "Israel pushes for 'Libya model' ahead of US-Iran nuclear talks as shadow looms large". thearabweekly.
  163. ↑ "Trump: Israel would be 'leader' of Iran strike if Tehran doesn't give up nuclear weapons program". AP News. April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  164. ↑ "China joins the chessboard ahead of Iran-US talks". AL-Monitor: The Middle East's leading independent news source since 2012. April 10, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  165. ↑ "اهمیت روابط چین و ایران از نگاه ولایتی" (in Persian). April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 11, 2025.
  166. ↑ "پاسخ وزارت خارجه آمریکا به بی‌بی‌سی: تهدید به اخراج بازرسان یک اشتباه محاسباتی است". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). April 10, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.