Alectryon (plant)

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Alectryon
TitokiCluster.jpg
Tītoki Alectryon excelsus (type species) fruiting, New Zealand
Alectryon tomentosus - Hairy birds eye (2882164870).jpg
Alectryon tomentosus fruiting, Queensland, Australia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae
Tribe: Cupanieae
Genus: Alectryon
Gaertn. [1] [2]
Type species
Alectryon excelsus
Gaertn [1] [2] [3]
Species

See text

Synonyms [2]
  • HeterodendrumDesf.
  • SpanogheaBlume

Alectryon is a genus of about 30 species of trees and shrubs from the family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally across Australasia, Papuasia, Melanesia, western Polynesia, east Malesia and Southeast Asia, including across mainland Australia, especially diverse in eastern Queensland and New South Wales, the Torres Strait Islands, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, Indonesia and the Philippines. [4] [5] [6] [7] They grow in a wide variety of natural habitats, from rainforests, gallery forests and coastal forests to arid savannas and heaths.

Contents

Mainland Australia, especially the eastern Queensland and New South Wales rainforests and the monsoon tropics, harbours the global centre of Alectryon species diversity, having 15 species, 12 of them endemic to Australia. [2] [6] In the continent of, combined New Guinea including Papua New Guinea and West Papua, Australia and all of their continental islands, including the Torres Strait Islands, known collectively in biogeography as the Sahul continent, lives the even greater diversity and endemism of 21 and 19 species, respectively.

Conservation

Alectryon macrococcus scarce remaining small trees across the Hawaiian islands and in both its varieties, have obtained the "critically endangered" species global conservation status of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). [8] [9]

In Australia:

Naming and classification

German botanist Joseph Gaertner formally named and described this genus and the New Zealand type species A. excelsus in 1788. [1] [2] [3] [7]

The name Alectryon is derived from Greek word for "rooster". This refers to the cockscomb appearance of aril on the fruit. See also: Alectryon (mythology)

During the 1800s German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller published formal scientific descriptions of numerous Australian species under the now synonym genus name Spanoghea. [2] [6] In 1879 Bavarian botanist Ludwig A. T. Radlkofer published updates of numerous species to names within Alectryon. [6] [13] In 1988 Pieter W. Leenhouts published a revision of the genus across Malesia. [6] [14]

Its closest relative is Podonephelium from New Caledonia. [15]

Description

Species height varies form low shrubs to trees of 30 m. Their leathery leaves may be simple or pinnate foliage. Small flowers, form usually at the ends of the stems. Fruiting follows, when ripe each fruit opens along a rough–edged split revealing a seed, often black, surrounded by a fleshy aril, often red. These juicy aril appendages attract birds and other seed dispersing animals.

Species

Alectryon diversifolius foliage.jpg
A. diversifolius foliage, Qld, Australia
Alectryon excelsus 1.jpg
Tītoki A. excelsus (type species) fruiting, branches, New Zealand
Starr 040327 0025 alectryon macrococcus var auwahiensis.jpg
A. macrococcus var auwahiensis new growth, Maui (Hawaii)
Alectryon tomentosus foliage and flowers 2.jpg
A. tomentosus foliage, flowers, Qld

This listing was sourced from the Australian Plant Name Index and Australian Plant Census , [2] peer reviewed scientific papers, [6] [14] Flora Malesiana , [7] the Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system, [16] Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest, [17] the Census of Vascular Plants of Papua New Guinea, [5] the Checklist of the Vascular Indigenous Flora of New Caledonia, [4] the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands online version, [9] the Flora of New Zealand online version, [3] Flora Vitiensis (Fiji), [18] the Flora of New South Wales and the Flora of Australia .: [19] [20]

synonyms: A. celebicusRadlk., A. excisusRadlk., A. inaequilaterusRadlk., Alectryon ochraceusRadlk., A. serratusRadlk., A. sphaerococcusRadlk.

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<i>Cupaniopsis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Cupaniopsis is a genus of about 67 species of trees and shrubs of the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. They grow naturally in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia, Torres Strait Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Sulawesi, Micronesia. Many species have been threatened with extinction globally or nationally, with official recognition by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and several national and state governments.

<i>Harpullia</i> Genus of trees

Harpullia is a genus of about 27 species of small to medium-sized rainforest trees from the family Sapindaceae. They have a wide distribution ranging from India eastwards through Malesia, Papuasia and Australasia to the Pacific Islands. They grow naturally usually in or on the margins of rainforests or associated vegetation.

<i>Jagera</i> (plant) Genus of trees

Jagera is a genus of 4 species of forest trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Diploglottis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Diploglottis is a genus of 10 species of trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally in rainforests and margins of adjoining humid forests in eastern Australia and New Guinea. Some species are known as native tamarind or small-leaved tamarind; they have no direct relationship with the true tamarind.

<i>Arytera</i> Genus of flowering plants

Arytera is a genus of about twenty–eight species known to science, of trees and shrubs and constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally in New Guinea, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Australia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga; and the most widespread species and type species A. littoralis grows throughout Malesia and across Southeast Asia, from NE. India, southern China, Borneo, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines to as far east as New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.

<i>Atalaya</i> (plant) Genus of plants

Atalaya is a genus of eighteen species of trees and shrubs of the plant family Sapindaceae. As of 2013 fourteen species grow naturally in Australia and in neighbouring New Guinea only one endemic species is known to science. Three species are known growing naturally in southern Africa, including two species endemic to South Africa and one species in South Africa, Eswatini and Mozambique.

<i>Elattostachys</i> Genus of flowering plants

Elattostachys is a genus of about 21 species of trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Lepiderema</i> Genus of trees

Lepiderema is a genus of nine species of trees from the family Sapindaceae. As of November 2013 botanists know of seven species growing naturally in Australia and two species in New Guinea. Published botanical science provides a limited knowledge of the full range of diversity in Australia and especially in New Guinea. In New Guinea the two known species have descriptions based each on only a single type specimen collection. Therefore, collection of more specimens and more species is most likely in New Guinea. In Australia they grow in rainforests of the northern half of the east coast side of the Great Dividing Range, from northeastern New South Wales through to northeastern Queensland.

<i>Mischocarpus</i> Genus of trees

Mischocarpus is a genus of about nineteen species of trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally from Australia and New Guinea, though Malesia as far north as the Philippines, through SE. Asia, Indo-China and S. China, to India at their farthest west. The eleven Australian species known to science grow naturally in the rainforests of the eastern coastal zone of New South Wales and Queensland, from Newcastle northwards through to north-eastern Queensland and Cape York Peninsula.

<i>Jagera pseudorhus</i> Species of tree

Jagera pseudorhus, commonly named foambark, is a species of rainforest trees, in the northern half of eastern Australia and in New Guinea, constituting part of the flowering plant family Sapindaceae. Named for the saponin foam that forms on the bark after heavy rain.

<i>Trochocarpa</i> Genus of flowering plants

Trochocarpa is a genus of shrubs or small trees, of the plant family Ericaceae. They occur naturally through coastal and montane eastern Australian rainforests and mountain shrublands and in New Guinea, Borneo and Sulawesi (Malesia).

<i>Sarcopteryx</i> Genus of trees

Sarcopteryx is a genus of about 12 rainforest tree species known to science, of the plant family Sapindaceae. They occur in Australia, New Guinea and the Moluccas.

Tristiropsis is a genus of about 14 flowering trees species, of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Mischarytera</i> Genus of plants

Mischarytera is a genus of rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. Four species are known to science as of December 2013, found growing naturally in eastern Queensland, Australia, and in New Guinea. Formerly until 1995, they had names within the genus Arytera, subgenus Mischarytera.

<i>Sarcotoechia</i> Genus of trees

Sarcotoechia is a genus of tropical rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Synima</i> Genus of trees

Synima is a genus of tropical rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

Lepidopetalum is a genus of six species of trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

Cnesmocarpon is a genus of 4 species of rainforest trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

Dictyoneura is a genus of two-to-three species of rainforest trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Alectryon connatus</i> Species of flowering plant

Alectryon connatus, sometimes named hairy alectryon, is a species of small tree in the plant family Sapindaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Gaertner, Joseph (1788). "CCLXIV. Alectryon; Alectryon excelsum". De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Sumtibus Auctoris, Typis Academiae Carolinae, 1788–1791. pp. 216–217; tab. XLVI. Retrieved 13 Dec 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Alectryon%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database (listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Flora Committee (2010). "Alectryon". In Breitwieser, I.; Brownsey, P.; Ford, K.; Glenny, D.; Heenan, P.; Wilton, A. (eds.). Flora of New Zealand. Online edition, accessed at www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 13 Dec 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Morat, P.; Jaffré, T.; Tronchet, F.; Munzinger, J.; Pillon, Y.; Veillon, J.-M.; Chalopin, M. (27 May 2014) [Dec 2012]. "The taxonomic database "Florical" and characteristics of the indigenous Flora of New Caledonia" (PDF). Adansonia. sér. 3. 34 (2): 177–219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 Dec 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Conn, Barry J. (2008). "Alectryon". Census of Vascular Plants of Papua New Guinea. (search result listing, matching all starting with "Alectryon", via www.pngplants.org). Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Edwards, Karen J.; Gadek, Paul A. (2001). "Evolution and Biogeography of Alectryon (Sapindaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 20 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0952. PMID   11421645.
  7. 1 2 3 Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  8. 1 2 Bruegmann, M.M.; Caraway, V. (2003). "Alectryon macrococcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2003: e.T44144A10863892. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T44144A10863892.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Wagner, W. L.; Herbst, D. R.; Lorence, D. H. (2005). "Query results: Alectryon". Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. Retrieved 13 Dec 2013.
  10. 1 2 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Alectryon ramiflorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1998: e.T34927A9898524. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34927A9898524.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 Queensland Government (27 Sep 2013). "Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006" (PDF). Nature Conservation Act 1992. Online, accessed from www.legislation.qld.gov.au. Australia. Retrieved 14 Dec 2013.
  12. 1 2 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Alectryon repandodentatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1998: e.T37565A10064201. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37565A10064201.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  13. Radlkofer, Ludwig A. T. (1879). "Ueber die Sapindaceen Holländisch-Indiens". Actes du congrès international de botanistes, d'horticulteurs, de négociants et de fabricants de produits du règne végétal tenu à Amsterdam, 1877 (in German). Leide: A. W. Sijthoff.
  14. 1 2 Leenhouts, Pieter W. (1988). "A revision of Alectryon (Sapindaceae) in Malesia". Blumea. 33: 313–327.
  15. Buerki, S., F. Forest, M. W. Callmander, P. P. Lowry, D. S. Devey, and J. Munzinger. (2012) Phylogenetic Inference of New Caledonian Lineages of Sapindaceae: Molecular Evidence Requires a Reassessment of Generic Circumscriptions. Taxon 61 (1): 109–19.
  16. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Sapindaceae". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). "Alectryon Gaertn.". Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. pp. 476–477. ISBN   9780958174213. Archived from the original on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  18. 1 2 3 Smith, Albert C. (1985). "Alectryon Gaertn.; Alectryon grandifolius A.C.Sim; Alectryon samoensis Christopherson". Flora Vitiensis nova: a new Flora of Fiji (Digitised, online). Vol. 3. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. pp. 593–596. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  19. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  20. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon Gaertn" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  21. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon affinis Radlk. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  22. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon cardiocarpus Leenh. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  23. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Alectryon connatus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  24. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon connatus (F.Muell.) Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  25. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon connatus Radlk. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  26. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon coriaceus (Benth.) Radlk". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  27. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon coriaceus (Benth.) Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  28. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon diversifolius (F.Muell.) S.T.Reynolds". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  29. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon diversifolius (F.Muell.) S.T.Reynolds" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013. Was previously described there as "Heterodendrum diversifolium F.Muell".
  30. deLange, P. J.; Cameron, E. K.; Murray, B. G. (1999). "Alectryon excelsus subsp. grandis (Sapindaceae): a new combination for an uncommon small tree endemic to the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 37 (1): 7–16. doi: 10.1080/0028825x.1999.9512608 .
  31. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon ferrugineus (Blume) Radlk. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  32. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon forsythii (Maiden & Betche) Radlk". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  33. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon forsythii (Maiden & Betche) Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  34. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon fuscus Radlk. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  35. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon glaber (Blume) Radlk. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  36. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon kangeanensis Leenh. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  37. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Alectryon kimberleyanus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  38. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon kimberleyanus S.T.Reynolds" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  39. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon myrmecophilus Leenh. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  40. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S.T.Reynolds". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  41. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S.T.Reynolds" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013. Was previously described there as "Heterodendrum oleifolium Desf".
  42. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon pubescens S.T.Reynolds" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013. Was previously described there as "Heterodendrum pubescens S.T.Reynolds".
  43. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon ramiflorus S.T.Reynolds" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  44. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon repandodentatus Radlk. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  45. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon repandodentatus Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  46. Leenhouts (1994) Flora Malesiana. Digitised, online Alectryon reticulatus Radlk. Noordhoff-Kolff. 1994. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  47. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Alectryon reticulatus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  48. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon reticulatus Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013. Was previously described there as "Alectryon unilobatus S.T.Reynolds".
  49. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Alectryon semicinereus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  50. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon semicinereus (F.Muell.) Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013. Was previously subsumed there within "Alectryon coriaceus (Benth.) Radlk".
  51. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon subcinereus (A.Gray) Radlk". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  52. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon subcinereus (A.Gray) Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  53. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon subdentatus (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Radlk". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  54. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon subdentatus (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  55. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Alectryon tomentosus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  56. Harden (2001) New South Wales Flora Online. "Alectryon tomentosus (F.Muell.) Radlk". July 2001. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  57. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon tomentosus (F.Muell.) Radlk" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.
  58. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Alectryon tropicus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  59. Reynolds (1985) Flora of Australia. Online "Alectryon tropicus S.T.Reynolds" . Retrieved 12 Dec 2013. Was previously described there as "Heterodendrum tropicum S.T.Reynolds".

Cited works