Army of the United States

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The Army of the United States is one of the four major service components of the United States Army (the others being the Regular Army, the United States Army Reserve and the Army National Guard of the United States), [1] but it has been inactive since the suspension of the draft in 1973 and the U.S. military's transition to a volunteer force. [2] Personnel serving in the United States Army during a major national emergency or armed conflict (either voluntarily or involuntarily) were enlisted or inducted into the Army of the United States without specifying service in a component. It also includes the "Retired Reserve." Those are retired soldiers who have reached the required years of creditable service, or creditable service and age; regardless of the component, or components they formerly served in.

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The term "Army of the United States" or "Armies of the United States" is also the legal name of the collective land forces of the United States as prescribed by the United States Constitution. [3] [4] In this concept, the term "Army of the United States" has been in use since at least 1841 as in the title General Regulations for the Army of the United States. Also included by Act of the 39th Congress (1866) were the U.S. Volunteers, persons holding a brevetted rank, and the U.S. Veteran Reserve Corps.

History

World War I

The original concept of a non-Regular Army component, existing to augment the standing military, can trace its origins to the United States Volunteers. State volunteer forces were used extensively to augment the Regular Army throughout the 19th and early 20th century. During World War I and dictated by the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1916, states contributed men to the "Volunteer Army" (more commonly known as the National Army). [5] During World War I, a standard practice developed for Regular Army officers to serve in higher positions within the National Army, and thus hold two ranks - a permanent rank and a temporary rank. This concept was related to the idea of the brevet rank, which had generally fallen into disuse by the time of the First World War. The National Army was suspended after World War I.

World War II

In September 1940, the United States reintroduced conscription in response to the increasing likelihood of entry into World War II. Personnel voluntarily enlisting into the United States Army could choose to voluntarily enlist into the Regular Army, National Guard of the United States, or Organized Reserve. On 14 May 1940, legislation provided that all voluntary enlistments in the United States Army during a time of national emergency or war were to be in the Army of the United States "without specification of any particular component or unit thereof." [6] The "Army of the United States" as a service component was formally activated in February 1941. [7] It was legally considered the successor to the National Army.[ citation needed ]

The Army of the United States saw a major expansion following the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. Enlistments in the Regular Army were suspended for the duration of the war, and on 13 December 1941, legislation provided that personnel inducted into the United States Army under the terms of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 were, both retroactively and from that date on, considered to be serving in the Army of the United States. [8]

The first commissioned officers serving in the Army of the United States were appointed from the Regular Army. The standard practice was that these officers held a "permanent rank" within the Regular Army as well as a higher "temporary rank" while serving in the Army of the United States. A typical situation might be a colonel in the AUS holding the permanent rank of captain in the Regular Army. Another term for rank held in the Army of the United States was "theater rank" since the officer was likely to revert to permanent rank if transferred home from the theater of operations. [9]

Promotions within the Army of the United States were sometimes very rapid, and some officers were promoted as many as four to five times in the space of just three to four years. Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as General of the Army, rose from a colonel to five-star general in three years, holding one-star and two-star ranks for only four months each. However, rank in the AUS could be revoked just as easily, with senior commanders who were relieved reverting to their permanent Regular Army rank. This was known as "loss of theater rank", with some instances of generals returning to the United States in disgrace or at least under a cloud, as only colonels or majors. [10]

Divisions of the Army of the United States

DivisionDate ActivatedCampaign Participation Credit
11th Airborne Division.patch.svg
11th Airborne Division
25 February 1943 New Guinea, Southern Philippines, Luzon
USA - 13 ABN DIV.svg
13th Airborne Division
15 August 1943No combat
USA - 17 ABN DIV.svg
17th Airborne Division
15 April 1943 Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
US 101st Airborne Division patch.svg
101st Airborne Division
15 August 1942 Normandy, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
5th US Armored Division SSI.svg
5th Armored Division
10 October 1941Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Central Europe
6th US Armored Division SSI.svg
6th Armored Division
15 February 1942Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
7th US Armored Division SSI.svg
7th Armored Division
15 February 1942Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
8th US Armored Division SSI.svg
8th Armored Division
1 April 1942Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
9th US Armored Division SSI.svg
9th Armored Division
15 July 1942Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
10th US Armored Division SSI.svg
10th Armored Division
15 July 1942Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
11th US Armored Division SSI.svg
11th Armored Division
15 August 1942Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
12th U.S. Armored Division CSIB.svg
12th Armored Division
15 September 1942Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
13th US Armored Division SSI.svg
13th Armored Division
15 October 1942Rhineland, Central Europe
14th US Armored Division SSI.svg
14th Armored Division
15 November 1942Rhineland, Central Europe
16th US Armored Division SSI.svg
16th Armored Division
15 July 1943Central Europe
20th US Armored Division SSI.svg
20th Armored Division
15 March 1943Central Europe
25th Infantry Division CSIB.svg
25th Infantry Division
1 October 1941 Central Pacific, Guadalcanal, Northern Solomons, Luzon
42nd Infantry Division SSI.svg
42nd Infantry Division
14 July 1943Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
63rd Infantry Division SSI.svg
63rd Infantry Division
15 June 1943Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
65th Infantry Division SVG.svg
65th Infantry Division
16 August 1943Rhineland, Central Europe
66th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia.jpg
66th Infantry Division
15 April 1943Northern France
US 69th Infantry Division.svg
69th Infantry Division
15 May 1943Rhineland, Central Europe
70th Infantry Division patch.svg
70th Infantry Division
15 June 1943Rhineland, Central Europe
US 71st Infantry Division.svg
71st Infantry Division
15 July 1943Rhineland, Central Europe
75e Division d'Infanterie (USA).svg
75th Infantry Division
15 April 1943Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
US 92nd Infantry Division SVG.svg
92nd Infantry Division
15 October 1942 North Apennines, Po Valley
US 93rd Infantry Division.png
93rd Infantry Division
15 May 1942 New Guinea, Northern Solomons, Bismarck Archipelago
106Infantry Division.svg
106th Infantry Division
15 March 1943Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 10th Mountain Division (1944-2015).svg
10th Mountain Division
15 July 1943North Apennines, Po Valley

In 1946, with postwar demobilization, the Army of the United States was suspended, along with the draft. Officers from that point reverted to Regular Army rank and all enlisted personnel either were discharged from the Army of the United States and returned to civilian life, or accepted the offer to reenlist in the Regular Army. Units raised in the Army of the United States were deactivated; if the Army chose to activate them again permanently, they were allotted to the Regular Army.

Korean War and Vietnam War

The Army of the United States was demobilized in 1946, but still maintained as a component of the Army. Upon the outbreak of the Korean War, the Army of the United States consisted of conscripts in the Regular Army, with the National Guard and Army of the United States existing simultaneously in the same theater. The system of prefixes before service numbers was as follows:

The last use of the Army of the United States (AUS) was during the Vietnam War. It was disbanded in 1974.

Service equivalents

There is no equivalent to the Army of the United States in the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard. During World War II, officers who joined one of these branches were typically commissioned into the "Naval Reserve," "Marine Corps Reserve," or "Coast Guard Reserve" respectively (the last of these being newly created in the run up to the war), with the understanding that their active service would be only for the duration of the hostilities. In 1948, for a very brief period, a component known as the "Air Forces of the United States" (AFUS) existed to augment Army Air Forces personnel, who held AUS ranks, into the newly created United States Air Force. [11]

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References

  1. United States Code, Title 32, Subtitle A, Chapter V, Subchapter F, Part 571 Subpart A, Section 571.1(c/3)
  2. Bailey, Beth, "America's Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force", Belknap Press; (23 November 2009)
  3. U.S. Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1
  4. United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001, 10 U.S.C.   § 3001
  5. "About this Collection | United States Statutes at Large | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" (PDF). Library of Congress .
  6. "Conscription Order #1", Office of the War Department, Records of the Personnel Division (G-1), U.S. National Archives Record Group 165
  7. Public Law 338, 77th Congress, December 13, 1941
  8. Bell, William G., "Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff", Center of Military History, United States Army, 1997
  9. Haskew, Michael E., "West Point 1915: Eisenhower, Bradley, and the Class the Stars Fell On. Minneapolis", Quarto Publishing Group (2014)
  10. United States National Archives, Archival service record of Curtis Lemay (Summary of Service), released Nov 2008