Air Defense Artillery Branch

Air Defense Artillery branch
Branch plaque
Active	1968;57 years ago (1968) to present
Country	United States
Branch	United States Army
Type	Combat Arms
Role	Air and Missile Defense
Patron	Saint Barbara
Motto(s)	"First to Fire"
Color	Scarlet [1]
March	ADA March
Mascot(s)	Oozlefinch
Anniversaries	17 November 1775- The Continental Congress elected Henry Knox "Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery" [2]
Insignia
Branch insignia

The Air Defense Artillery Branch is the air defense branch of the United States Army, specializing in the use of anti-aircraft weapons (such as surface-to-air missiles) to conduct anti-aircraft warfare operations. In the U.S. Army, these groups are composed of mainly air defense systems such as the Patriot Missile System, Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), and the Avenger Air Defense system which fires the FIM-92 Stinger missile.

The Air Defense Artillery branch descended from Anti-Aircraft Artillery (part of the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps until 1950, then part of the Artillery Branch) into a separate branch on 20 June 1968. On 1 December 1968, the ADA branch was authorized to wear modified Artillery insignia, crossed field guns with missile. The Branch Motto, "First To Fire", was adopted in 1986 by the attendees of the ADA Commanders' Conference at Fort Bliss. The motto refers to a speech given by General Jonathan Wainwright to veterans of the 200th Coast Artillery (Antiaircraft) stating they were the 'First to Fire' in World War II against the Empire of Japan. ^[3]

Mission

According to the Army's Field Manual 3-01, the mission of Air Defense Artillery is "to protect the force and selected geopolitical assets from aerial attack, missile attack, and surveillance." ^[4]

History

On 10 October 1917 an Antiaircraft Service in the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was created at Arnouville-Les-Gonesse where an antiaircraft school was established. The antiaircraft units were organized as serially numbered battalions during the war, as follows:

• 1st Antiaircraft Battalion through the 10th Antiaircraft Battalion (redesignated as numbered antiaircraft sectors in November 1918, all demobilized by January 1919) ^[5]
• 1st AA Machine Gun Battalion through the 6th AA Machine Gun Battalion. These units were organized by Col. James A. Shipton ^[6] and were demobilized January–May 1919. ^[7]

Coast Artillery role

The National Defense Act of 1920 formally assigned the air defense mission to the Coast Artillery Corps. In January 1923, the force structure of the National Guard was modified under a restricted manpower program, which left gaps in the numerical series of its units. Many of these gaps would be filled during the major expansion of the National Guard in 1939-1940 when new antiaircraft regiments were organized by the conversion of cavalry and infantry units.

Antiaircraft units based in the U.S. interior, particularly those from the National Guard, often had to travel out of state each year for live-fire training, as this was usually conducted over water so the rounds would fall harmlessly to earth. Most of the Organized Reserve Coast Artillery regiments were functional units and many were some of the most active and well-trained Reserve organizations in the Army. ^[8]

• Regular Army antiaircraft regiments
  • 60th CA (AA)
  • 61st CA (AA)
  • 62nd CA (AA)
  • 63rd CA (AA)
  • 64th CA (AA)
  • 65th CA (AA)

• National Guard antiaircraft regiments
  • 162nd CA (AA) - Pennsylvania
    • Allotted but never organized; designation "213th" substituted in 1922 ^[9]
  • 197th CA (AA) - New Hampshire ^[10]
  • 198th Coast Artillery (AA) - Delaware ^[11]
  • 199th CA (AA) - Pennsylvania
    • Never organized; withdrawn from Pennsylvania in 1926 and the National Guard in 1927 ^[12]
  • 200th CA (AA) - Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and North Carolina
    • Only Battery G (North Carolina) ever organized; redesignated Battery F, 252nd CA (HD) in 1926, with remainder of regiment demobilized ^[13]
  • 201st CA (AA) - Ohio and West Virginia
    • Never organized; withdrawn from Ohio and West Virginia in 1926 and the National Guard in 1927 ^[14]
  • 202nd CA (AA) - Illinois ^[15]
  • 203rd CA (AA) - Missouri ^[16]
  • 204th CA (AA) - Texas
    • Never organized; withdrawn from Texas in 1926 and the National Guard in 1927 ^[17]
  • 205th CA (AA) - California, Washington, and Oregon
    • Never organized; withdrawn from respective states in 1926 and the National Guard in 1927 ^[18]
  • 206th CA (AA) - Arkansas ^[19]
    • Designated 141st CA (AA) 1921-24
  • 211th (AA) - Massachusetts ^[20]
  • 212th CA (AA) - New York ^[21]
  • 213th CA (AA) - Pennsylvania ^[22]
  • 214th CA (AA) - Kentucky
    • Never organized; withdrawn from Kentucky in 1926 and the National Guard in 1927 ^[23]
  • 251st CA (AA) - California
  • 369th CA (AA) - New York

Expansion

In 1938, there were only six active Regular Army and thirteen National Guard regiments, but by 1941 this had been expanded to 37 total regiments. New National Guard regiments were organized by the conversion of the National Guard's four cavalry divisions and other units.

• New National Guard antiaircraft regiments

• • 207th CA (AA) - New York
    • Organized 1940 from the 107th Infantry ^[24]
  • 208th CA (AA) - Connecticut
    • Organized 1940 from the 110th Cavalry and 21st Reconnaissance Squadron ^[25]
  • 209th CA (AA) - New York
    • Organized new, 1940 ^[26]
  • 210th CA (AA) - Michigan
    • Organized 1940 from new units and the conversion of the 2nd Squadron, 106th Cavalry Regiment ^[27]
  • 214th CA (AA) - Georgia
    • Organized 1939 from the 2nd Battalion, 122nd Infantry and the 264th CA Battalion (Harbor Defense) ^[28]
  • 215th, 216th, 217th CA (AA) - Minnesota
    • Organized from the 205th and 206th Infantry Regiments, 92nd Infantry Brigade (separate) ^[29]

World War II

In November 1942, 781 battalions were authorized. However, this number was pared down to 331 battalions by the end of the war. By late 1944 the regiments had been broken up into battalions and 144 "Antiaircraft Artillery Groups" had been activated; some of these existed only briefly. ^[30]

The serially-numbered battalions in late World War II included the following types:

• Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
• Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion
• Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion
• Antiaircraft Artillery Searchlight Battalion
• Barrage Balloon Battalion

and in the 1950s:

• Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion.

On 9 March 1942 Antiaircraft Command was established in Washington D.C. and 1944 the AAA school was moved to Fort Bliss.

Army Air Defense Command

Army Air Defense Command ran from 1957 to 1974.

In 1991 the Patriot missile was heavily utilized during the Gulf War. After this short skirmish ended Air Defense has not been involved in any significant combat actions due to lack of enemy air assets and/or missile technology.

In 2010 the United States Army Air Defense Artillery School was moved from Fort Bliss to Fort Sill.

Air Defense Artillery Units

The following lists all units that make up the Army's Air Defense Artillery Branch. ^[31]

Army Air and Missile Defense Commands

Command	SSI	Subordinate to	Garrison or Headquarters
10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command (10th AAMDC)		United States Army Europe	Sembach, Germany
32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command (32nd AAMDC)		United States Army Forces Command	Fort Bliss, Texas
94th Army Air and Missile Defense Command (94th AAMDC)		United States Army Pacific	Fort Shafter, Hawaii
263rd Army Air and Missile Defense Command (263rd AAMDC)		South Carolina Army National Guard	Anderson, South Carolina

Air Defense Artillery Brigades

A soldier assigned to the 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade's 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment conducting maintenance on a Patriot missile launcher in 2006

Brigade	SSI	Subordinate to	Garrison
11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (ADAB)		32nd AAMDC	Fort Bliss, Texas
30th ADAB		Army Air Defense Artillery School	Fort Sill, Oklahoma
31st ADAB		32nd AAMDC	Fort Sill, Oklahoma
35th ADAB		Eighth United States Army / 94th AAMDC [32]	Osan Air Base, South Korea
38th ADAB		94th AAMDC	Sagami General Depot, Japan
52nd ADAB [33] [34]		10th AAMDC	Sembach, Germany
69th ADAB		32nd AAMDC	Fort Cavazos, Texas
100th Missile Defense Brigade (MDB)		Army Space and Missile Defense Command / Colorado Army National Guard [35]	Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado
108th ADAB		32nd AAMDC	Fort Bragg, North Carolina
164th ADAB		Florida Army National Guard	Orlando, Florida
174th ADAB		Ohio Army National Guard	Columbus, Ohio
678th ADAB		263rd AAMDC	Eastover, South Carolina

Army Battalions

A paratrooper with E Battery, 3–4th ADAR practices jumping from a 34-foot tower with the FIM-92 Stinger

Unit	SSI	Subordinate to	Garrison	Equipment
1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (1-1st ADAR)		38th ADAB	Kadena Air Base, Japan	MIM-104 Patriot
2nd Battalion 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (2–1st ADAR		35th ADAB	Camp Carroll, South Korea	MIM-104 Patriot
3–2nd ADAR		31st ADAB	Fort Sill, Oklahoma	MIM-104 Patriot
4–3rd ADAR		31st ADAB	Fort Sill, Oklahoma	MIM-104 Patriot
3–4th ADAR		108th ADAB	Fort Bragg, North Carolina	MIM-104 Patriot, AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, FIM-92 Stinger
5–4th ADAR		52nd ADAB	Ansbach, Germany	M-SHORAD
4–5th ADAR		69th ADAB	Fort Cavazos, Texas	MIM-104 Patriot
5–5th ADAR		31st ADAB	Fort Sill, Oklahoma	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, C-RAM Counter Rocket Artillery and Mortar
2–6th ADAR		30th ADAB	Fort Sill, Oklahoma	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, C-RAM Counter Rocket Artillery and Mortar
3–6th ADAR		30th ADAB	Fort Sill, Oklahoma	MIM-104 Patriot, THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
1–7th ADAR		108th ADAB	Fort Bragg, North Carolina	MIM-104 Patriot
5–7th ADAR		52nd ADAB	Baumholder, Germany	MIM-104 Patriot
1–43rd ADAR		11th ADAB	Fort Bliss, Texas	MIM-104 Patriot
2–43rd ADAR		11th ADAB	Fort Bliss, Texas	MIM-104 Patriot
3–43rd ADAR		11th ADAB	Fort Bliss, Texas	MIM-104 Patriot
1–44th ADAR		69th ADAB	Fort Cavazos, Texas	MIM-104 Patriot
2–44th ADAR		108th ADAB	Fort Campbell, Kentucky	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, C-RAM Counter Rocket Artillery and Mortar
5–52nd ADAR		11th ADAB	Fort Bliss, Texas	MIM-104 Patriot
6–52nd ADAR		35th ADAB	Suwon Air Base, South Korea	MIM-104 Patriot, AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
1–56th ADAR		30th ADAB	Fort Sill, Oklahoma	Officer training
6–56th ADAR		1st Cavalry Division	Fort Cavazos, Texas	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, Stryker M-SHORAD and "other systems." [36]
1–57th ADAR		52nd ADAB	Ansbach, Germany	Stryker M-SHORAD
4–60th ADAR		1st Armored Division	Fort Sill, Oklahoma	Stryker M-SHORAD
1–62nd ADAR		69th ADAB	Fort Cavazos, Texas	MIM-104 Patriot

Army Batteries

Unit	SSI	Subordinate to	Garrison	Equipment
A Battery, 2nd ADAR		11th ADAB	Fort Bliss, Texas	THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
B Battery, 2nd ADAR		11th ADAB	Fort Bliss, Texas	THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
D Battery, 2nd ADAR		35th ADAB	Osan Air Base, South Korea	THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
E Battery, 3rd ADAR		38th ADAB	Andersen Air Force Base, Guam	THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
A Battery, 4th ADAR		11th ADAB	Fort Bliss, Texas	THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
B Battery, 62nd ADAR		69th ADAB	Fort Cavazos, Texas	THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
E Battery, 62nd ADAR		69th ADAB	Fort Cavazos, Texas	THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense

National Guard Battalions

Unit	SSI	Subordinate to	Garrison	Part of	Equipment
49th Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Battalion		100th Missile Defense Brigade	Fort Greely, Alaska	Alaska Army National Guard	Ground-Based Interceptor
1–174 Air Defense Artillery (ADA)		174th ADAB	Cincinnati, Ohio	Ohio Army National Guard	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
2-174 ADA		174th ADAB	McConnelsville, Ohio	Ohio Army National Guard	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
1–188 ADA		Separate battalion	Grand Forks, North Dakota	North Dakota Army National Guard	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
1–204 ADA		Separate battalion	Newton, Mississippi	Mississippi Army National Guard	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
2-263 ADA		678th ADAB	Anderson, South Carolina	South Carolina Army National Guard	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
1–265 ADA		164th ADAB	Palm Coast, Florida	Florida Army National Guard	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
3–265 ADA		164th ADAB	Sarasota, Florida	Florida Army National Guard	AN/TWQ-1 Avenger

Shipton award

The Shipton Award is named for Brigadier General James A. Shipton, who is acknowledged as the Air Defense Artillery Branch's founding father. ^[37] Shipton felt that the mission of antiaircraft defense was not to down enemy aircraft, but instead to protect maneuver forces on the ground: "The purpose of anti-aviation defense is to protect our forces and establishments from hostile attack and observation from the air by keeping enemy airplanes [sic] at a distance." The Shipton Award recognizes an Air Defense Artillery professionals for outstanding performance individual thought, innovation, and contributions that result in significant contributions or enhances Air Defense Artillery's warfighting capabilities, morale, readiness, and maintenance.

See also

• Oozlefinch
• Army Air Defense Command (United States) – more detail 1950–1974
• Anti-Aircraft Command – British equivalent 1939–1955

References

1. US Department of Defense. DA PAM 670-1 . 11 October 2017
2. "TIOH Air Defense Artillery branch page". Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
3. Hamilton, John. Blazing skies: Air Defense Artillery on Fort Bliss, 1940–2009. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 279. ISBN   978-0-16-086949-5.
4. "Army Publishing Directorate". armypubs.army.mil.
5. Rinaldi, pp. 166–168
6. George Washington Cullum (1920). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y.: 1–6810. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 624.
7. Rinaldi, p. 123
8. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,056.
9. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,100.
10. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,101.
11. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,101.
12. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,101.
13. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,101.
14. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,103.
15. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,103.
16. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,102.
17. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,102.
18. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,104.
19. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,105.
20. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,107.
21. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,107.
22. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,108.
23. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,108.
24. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,106.
25. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,106.
26. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,106.
27. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,106.
28. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,108.
29. Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1,109.
30. Stanton, pp. 434–481
31. "Air Defense Artillery" (PDF). Fort Sill. US Army Fires Center of Excellence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
32. "94th Army Air & Missile Defense Command". Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
33. Pfc. Yesenia, Cadavid (6 October 2022). "52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade Activation Ceremony". US Army. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
34. "US Army's newest air defense brigade headquarters activates in Germany". United States European Command. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
35. "100th Ground-based Midcourse Defense Brigade". Colorado Army National Guard Official DoD Website. Colorado Army National Guard. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
36. Negrete, CPT Leopoldo. "Divisional SHORAD: Using Historical Examples to Build a Future Formation" (PDF). Retrieved 13 April 2024.
37. Stiller, Jesse H. (2010). "ADA Branch: A Proud Heritage" (PDF). Air Defense Artillery Online. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2014.

• Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions of the U.S. Army (Volumes 1,2) 1991 by James A. Sawicki ISBN   0-9602404-7-0
• History of the 1st AA Battalion, Coast Artillery Corps in World War I
• Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2004). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide (Second ed.). CDSG Press. ISBN   0-9748167-0-1.
• Lieutenant Colonel Roy S. Barnard (The History of ARADCOM Volume I, The Gun Era:1950-1955)
• LTC Barnard and Berle K. Hufford, ARADCOM Annual Reports from 1966-1973.
• Morgan, Mark L.; Berhow, Mark A. (2010). Rings of Supersonic Steel: Air Defenses of the United States Army 1950–1979, 3rd Edition. Hole in the Head Press. ISBN   978-09761494-0-8.
• Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Osato, Militia Missilemen: The Army National Guard in Air Defense - 1951 - 1967 (1968)
• Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004). The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle. General Data LLC. ISBN   0-9720296-4-8.
• Osato and Mrs. Sherryl Straup, ARADCOM's Florida Defenses in the Aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis: 1963-1968 (1968)
• Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). World War II Order of Battle. Galahad Books. ISBN   0-88365-775-9.

External links

• U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery lineage website Archived 17 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
• ADA museum at Fort Sill Archived 28 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
• The Fort MacArthur Museum Association: Air Defense Units in LA – 47th Brigade at Fort McArthur, Calif.
• some details on U.S. Army Air Defense Command (ARADCOM)