Artocarpus

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Artocarpus
Starr 031209-0044 Artocarpus altilis.jpg
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Tribe: Artocarpeae
Genus: Artocarpus
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1776)
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • GigotorcyaBuc'hoz (1783)
  • PolyphemaLour. (1790)
  • RadermachiaThunb. (1776)
  • RimaSonn. (1776)
  • SaccusRumph. ex Kuntze (1891), nom. superfl.
  • SitodiumParkinson (1773)

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics. [2]

Contents

Description

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The flora type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire ( Artocarpus integer ) to large and lobed ( Artocarpus altilis ), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.

Taxonomy

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage; they used it in their book Characteres generum plantarum . It is maintained as a conserved name.

Although fossils of Artocarpus have been reported from as early as the Late Cretaceous, these fossils generally that lack key diagnostic characters such as that could definitively place them in the genus. The last common ancestor of all living Artocarpus likely originated in the vicinity of Borneo, from which Artocarpus dispersed elsewhere in Asia and Oceania. [3]

Subgenera

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

Subgenus Pseudojaca is allied to the genus Prainea , and some researchers treat this taxon as a fourth subgenus of Artocarpus.

Extant species

SubgenusImageScientific nameCommon nameDistribution
Artocarpus Starr 060703-8343 Artocarpus altilis.jpg Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) FosbergBreadfruit, Seedless breadfruit, Sukun, Kolo, Rimas, AnubingOceania from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia
Arto aniso T 070203 mncg.JPG Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.Popwan, Entawak, MentawaPalawan (Philippines), Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.AntipoloPhilippines (Endemic)
Artocarpus brevipedunculatus (F. M. Jarrett) C. C. BergBorneo
Artocarpus camansi 1.jpg Artocarpus camansi BlancoBreadnut, Kamansi, Kluwih, Deeball, Seeded breadfruitPhilippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Artocarpus corneri KochummenBorneo (Sarawak)
Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham.ChaplaishYunnan China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand
Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap.jpg Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex BlumeBenda, Bendo, Teureup, MalagumihanBurma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas
Artocarpus excelsus JarrettBorneo (Sabah)
Artocarpus glaucus Blume Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia
Artocarpus hirsutus fruit.jpg Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.Anjily, WildJack, Jungle Jack, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, AiniWestern Ghats, India
Artocarpus hispidus JarrettPeninsular Malaysia
Artocarpus horridus JarrettMaluku
Artocarpus jarrettiae KochummenBorneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
Artocarpus kemando Miq.Pudau, PuduThailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
Keledang (2).jpg Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.KeledangIndonesia
Artocarpus lowii KingPeninsula Malaysia to Sumatera
Artocarpus maingayi KingBorneo
Artocarpus mariannensis TréculDugdugMariana Islands and Guam
Artocarpus melinoxylus Gagnep.Vietnam
Artocarpus multifidus JarrettPhilippines (Mindanao, Samar)
Artocarpus nobilis.jpg Artocarpus nobilis ThwaitesCeylon breadfruitsouth western regions of Sri Lanka
8158Marang Philippines Artocarpus odoratissimus 12.jpg Artocarpus odoratissimus BlancoJohey oak, Terap, Marang, MorangbaumBorneo, Philippines (Palawan and Mindanao Island)
Artocarpus obtusus JarrettBorneo (Sarawak)
Artocarpus pinnatisectus Merr.Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)
Artocarpus rigidus BlumeMonkey jackfruitIndochina and Malesia
Artocarpus sarawakensis F.M.JarrettPingan, Mountain TerapSarawak
Artocarpus scortechinii1.jpg Artocarpus scortechinii KingTwo winged Artocarpus, Black TerapMalaysia
Artocarpus sepicanus DielsNew Guinea
Artocarpus sericicarpus 6zz.jpg Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.JarrettPeluntan, Gumihan, Pedalai, Hairy TerapBorneo (Sarawak), Malaysia (Sabah), the Philippines (Mindoro), and Indinesia (Kalimantan)
Artocarpus sumatranus JarrettSumatra
Timbangan (Artocarpus tamaran) (8082540008).jpg Artocarpus tamaran Becc.Elephant Jack, TamaranBorneo
Artocarpus teysmannii Miq.Nicobar Islands, Peninsula Thailand to W. New Guinea
Artocarpus treculianus ElmerTipuho, Pakak, Kabaya, Togop, TugupBatanes (Philippines)
Cauliflori(F.M. Jarrett) Zerega, Supardi, and Motley Artocarpus annulatus JarrettBorneo (Sarawak)
Artocarpus heterophylla fruit 01.JPG Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.Nangka, Langka, JackfruitIndia, South East of Indian Subcontinent, China, Philippines
Artocarpus integer Fruit and Tree.JPG Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.Cempedak, Badaksoutheast Asia, especially from Malaysia and can be found in Indonesia to the island of New Guinea, Palawan, Philippines
PseudojacaTrécul Artocarpus albobrunneus BergBorneo (Kalimantan)
Artocarpus altissimus (Miq.) J. J. SmithPeninsula Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan)
Artocarpus borneensis Merr.TampangBorneo
Artocarpus dadah fruit.jpg Artocarpus dadah Miq.Dadah, TampangSumatra
Artocarpus fretessii Teysm. & Binnend.Eastern Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya
Artocarpus fulvicortex JarrettMalaya to Sumatera
Artocarpus gomezianus 16.JPG Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex TréculSampangAssam to W. Malesia
Artocarpus gongshanensis S.K.Wu ex C.Y.Wu & S.S.ChangNW Yunnan, China
Artocarpus griffithii (King) Merr.Beruni, SelankingSouthern China to Sumatra, Singapore and Borneo
Artocarpus humilis Becc.Beruni, SelankingBorneo
Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.White Kwai MukChina
Monkey Jack (Artocarpus lakoocha) 4.jpg Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.Lakoocha, Monkey fruitIndian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia
Artocarpus lamellosus BlancoButongChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Hunan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
Artocarpus longifolius Becc.Borneo
Artocarpus nanchuanensis S.S.Chang et al.Chongqing (Nanchuan), China
Artocarpus nigrifolius C.Y.WuS Yunnan (Jinping), China
Artocarpus ovatus BlancoPhilippines
Artocarpus parvus Gagnep.Kwai mukSouth-East Asia, China
Artocarpus petelotii GagnepainChina (SE Yunnan), N Vietnam
Artocarpus pithecogallus C.Y.WuChina (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)
Artocarpus primackiana KochummenBorneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
Artocarpus reticulatus Miq.Sulawesi to Maluku
Artocarpus rubrovenia Warb.KalulotPhilippines
Artocarpus subrotundifolius ElmerPhilippines
Artocarpus styracifolius PierreChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SW Hunan, SE Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam
Artocarpus thailandicus C.C.BergN Thailand
Artocarpus tomentosulus JarrettNE Borneo
Artocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev. ex Gagnep.China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, N Vietnam
Artocarpus vrieseanus Miq.Sulawesi to New Guinea
Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr.Taiwan (Lan Yu), Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippines

[5] [6] [7]

Fossil record

Fossil leaves and fruits of †Artocarpus dicksoni have been found in Cretaceous formations of West Greenland. Fossil leaves of †Artocarpus ordinarius have been found in Cretaceous stratum at the south bank of the Yukon River just above Rampart, Alaska. [8] Fossils of †Artocarpus californica have been described from Eocene and Miocene strata of the Pacific coast of California and Oregon. [9] 8 fossil species of Artocarpus (†A. capellinii, †A. isseli, †A. macrophylla, †A. massalongoi, †A. multinervis, †A. ovalifolia, †A. sismondai and †A. taramellii) from the lower Oligocene, have been described from a fossil leaves collected from 1857 to 1889 in Santa Giustina and Sassello in Central Liguria, Italy. [10]

Uses

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis ), Cempedak ( Artocarpus integer ), Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ), Kwai Muk ( Artocarpus parvus ), Lakoocha ( Artocarpus lakoocha ), Pudau ( Artocarpus kemando ), Anjily (a.k.a. Jungle Jack) ( Artocarpus hirsutus ), Chaplaish ( Artocarpus chama ), and Marang ( Artocarpus odoratissimus ).

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  2. ↑ Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 603–15. doi:10.1600/03636440yy54782134.
  3. ↑ Williams, Evelyn W.; Gardner, Elliot M.; Harris, Robert; Chaveerach, Arunrat; Pereira, Joan T.; Zerega, Nyree J. C. (2017-01-10). "Out of Borneo: biogeography, phylogeny and divergence date estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae)". Annals of Botany. 119 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw249. ISSN   0305-7364. PMC   5458716 . PMID   28073771.
  4. ↑ "Species list – Zerega Lab". NUsites – A website publishing platform for Northwestern University. 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  5. ↑ GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Artocarpus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Name – Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  7. ↑ "Query Results for Genus Genus". IPNI . Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  8. ↑ The Tertiary floras of Alaska: Issues 181–184 by Charles Arthur Hollick – 1 January 1936 – U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.
  9. ↑ The Lower Ecene Floras of Southeastern North America by Edward Wilber Berry, Professional Paper – United States Geological Survey, The Survey, 1916
  10. ↑ Oligocene fossil leaves of the Perrando Collection: history, preservation and paleoclimatic meaning by Maria Cristina Bonci, Grazia Vannucci, Simona Tacchino & Michele Piazza – Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (3), 2011, 145–164. Modena, 30 dicembre 2011 – ISSN 0375-7633 – doi:10.4435/BSPI.2011.14

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References

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