Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

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Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks were first made by the Indian authorities who said that the Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan. [1] American intelligence agencies also agree with this attribution. [2] [3] [4] Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009. [5] [6] [7] To back up its accusations, the Indian government supplied a dossier to Pakistan's high commission in Delhi.[ when? ] The Pakistan government dismissed the dossier as "not evidence," but also announced that it had detained over a hundred members of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, a charity linked with Lashkar-e-Taiba. In February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik agreed that "some part of the conspiracy" did take place in Pakistan. [8]

Contents

Moreover, Indian government officials have said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies", [9] an accusation denied by Pakistan. [2] [5]

Attribution

The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan, and carried out by ten young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phones and VoIP. [1] [2] [3]

In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed to their Indian counterparts that their investigations confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks. Investigations conducted in LeT camps in Karachi and Thatta revealed diaries, training manuals, maps of India and operational instructions. According to a report from Pakistani investigators to Indian authorities, "the investigation has established beyond any reasonable doubt that the defunct LeT activists conspired, abetted, planned, financed and established [the] communication network to carry out terror attacks in Mumbai." [10]

The criminal investigation begun by the Mumbai police has identified 37 suspects – including two army officers – wanted for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani. [11]

David Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and between 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT. Headey received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a network of connections for the group, and was chief scout in scoping out targets for the Mumbai attacks. [12] [13]

Lashkar-e-Taiba was created and sponsored by Pakistan's intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI). US officials have stated that current or retired ISI officers probably played some role in the Mumbai attacks. An ISI officer known as Major Iqbal gave Headley $25,000 in cash in 2006 to scout out the target sites in Mumbai, helped him arrange a communications system for the attack, and oversaw a model of the Taj Mahal Hotel so that gunmen could know their way inside the target, according to Headley's testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, according to a US official. At the same time, Headley was also an informant for the US Drug Enforcement Administration, and Headley's wives warned American officials of Headley's involvement with LeT and his plotting of terrorist operations, warning specifically that the Taj Mahal Hotel may be their target. [12]

Cooperation by Pakistan

Pakistan initially contested that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009. [5] [7] [14]

A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities are not co-operating by providing information for their investigation. [15] Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab's village. [16] [17]

The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan's high commission in Delhi, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks. [18] The evidence, shown to friendly governments and media, provided a detailed sequence of training, supplying, and constant communications of attackers with handlers from Pakistan. [19] In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies", an accusation denied by Pakistan. [2] [5]

In February 2009, Pakistani newspaper Dawn , citing Pakistani investigators, claimed that the attacks were planned in Bangladesh and refined in India with significant support being provided by Indian-based militant groups and criminal organisations. [20] However, Indian investigators refuted this claim, with the Home Minister Palaniappan Chidambaram dismissing the claim as "rubbish". [21] On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik agreed that some part of the conspiracy did take place in Pakistan. Malik said that Pakistan had lodged a First Information Report (FIR) under Anti-Terrorism Act against three persons. [22]

Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said on 15 February 2009 that the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings and the Mumbai attacks were linked, and that Pakistan needed information from India to continue its investigation. [23]

Attackers

Police looking for attackers outside Colaba Mumbai attacks vinu image01-crop.jpg
Police looking for attackers outside Colaba

There were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces. [24] [25] Witnesses reported that they looked to be in their early twenties, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims. [26]

It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens, [27] [28] but the Indian Government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this. [29] Similarly, early reports of twelve gunmen [30] were also later shown to be incorrect. [19]

On 9 December, the ten attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Sialkot, Nazih and Nasr from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab. [31]

Arrests

Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker captured alive by police and was hanged on 21 November 2012 at 7:30 am. [32] Much of the information about the attackers' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police. [33]

On 12 February 2009 Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested. [22] Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested. [34] Two Pakistanis were arrested in Brescia, Italy on 21 November 2009, after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks. [35]

In October 2009, two men were charged by the FBI for involvement in terrorism abroad, David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana. Mumbai police suspect these two may be involved in the Mumbai attacks, too. [36] Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with terrorist outfits based in Bangladesh. [37] Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based terrorist group, planned and executed the Mumbai attacks. [1] [38]

The attacks were directed by handlers inside Pakistan, and carried out by ten well-trained Pakistani attackers who travelled to Mumbai by sea from Karachi [2] via a hijacked trawler. [39] Nine of the attackers were killed and one, Ajmal Amir, was captured alive. [39] [40] [41]

The Indian government also says that former officers from the Pakistan Army and Pakistan's powerful and secretive Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) intelligence agency helped train the Mumbai attackers. [2] Police are also looking into possible Indian collaborators, also trained in Pakistan [42] [43] Four former ISI officers have been requested by the US to be placed on the UN Consolidated List of terrorists, which will permit sanctions on their bank accounts, [44] as well as the Interpol wanted list. [45]

Police are also looking into possible Indian collaborators, also trained in Pakistan. [42] [43] [46]

Investigations in Pakistan

The Government of Pakistan initially denied that any of the attackers were Pakistani. On 6 January 2009, they admitted that "part of" the attacks were planned inside Pakistan. They accepted that Ajmal Amir Kasab, the only attacker captured alive, was Pakistani.

In the months since the attacks, police in Pakistan have produced their own dossier which adds information about the Lashkar-e-Taiba network and of the involvement of specific individuals in planning and training. [47]

Pakistani authorities have arrested seven men linked to the Mumbai attacks, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies, and Zaki ur-Rehman Lakhvi, the chief of operations for Lashkar. They are searching for at least 13 other suspects.

But their investigation has come up short of the founder of Lashkar, Hafiz Saeed, the man Indian and Western officials accuse of masterminding the attacks. In June 2009, a Pakistani court freed Mr. Saeed from detention, declaring it did not have enough evidence to hold him. He now has an international warrant out for his arrest, issued by Interpol.

Attackers

The names and photographs of the ten attackers and their hometowns in Pakistan were released by Mumbai police on 9 December. [31] [48] [49] [50] All were from Punjab except Ismail Khan, who was from Dera Ismail Khan in the North-West Frontier Province.

Their names were difficult to establish because the alleged trainers of the attackers maintained "a system of changing the names of the members every few months, so that everyone had layers of names that were discarded over time." [51]

Some of the terrorists booked a room in the Taj hotel posed as students using forged Mauritian identity documents and credit cards, but there is no evidence any of them were actually from Mauritius, which is an Indian Ocean island nation. [52]

Each attacker carried a dozen hand grenades, a 9×19mm handgun with two 18-round magazines and an AK-47, seven to nine 30-round magazines and more than 100 rounds of loose ammunition. [31] Each terrorist also carried a 17.6-pound (8 kg) bomb. Three of these bombs were recovered and defused, while the others exploded during the attacks. To navigate to Mumbai by sea and to find some targets, the terrorists used Global Positioning System handsets. [31]

On 2 December, the number of ten terrorists, all coming into Mumbai from Karachi via a hijacked trawler, was repeated by Mumbai Police Commissioner Hassan Gafoor. He detailed that the terrorists broke up into five groups of two men each. [39]

One attacker, Mohammad Ajmal Amir, is known to be a Pakistani national. [53] The Pakistani government denies it, but some reporters have visited the small town in Pakistan where he said his family lives, and verified it. [54] [55] In addition, Mohammed Ajmal Amir was able to identify his home town on Google Maps, and pointed out places he used to hang out as a teenager. [56]

The Observer stated that it had found Ajmal Amir's parents in the electoral record for "Faridkot, near Depalpur" containing 478 registered voters, and described comments from villagers about Ajmal Amir and about the village being "an active recruiting ground" for Lashkar-e-Taiba. [55] [57] The BBC also reported confirmation from local villagers and the presence of numerous intelligence officials at Ajmal Amir's family's house. [58]

The Indian government supplied a dossier to Pakistan's high commission in Delhi, containing interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks. [59] Shown to friendly governments and media, it provides a detailed sequence of training, supplying, and constant communications with handlers from Pakistan. [19] The Pakistan government dismissed the dossier as "not evidence," [60] but also announced that it had detained over a hundred members of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, a charity linked with Lashkar-e-Taiba. [61]

On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik has agreed that some part of the conspiracy did take place in Pakistan. Malik said that Pakistan has lodged the FIR under Anti-Terrorism Act against three persons. [8]

Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said on 15 February 2009 that the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings and the Mumbai attacks were linked, and that Pakistan needed information from India to continue its investigation. [62]

To answer 30 question that Pakistan had given to India on the attack, India provided a 400-page dossier which they claim will be adequate enough to answer all the questions. [63]

List of attackers

Alleged controllers in Pakistan

Scouts

Indian collaborators

As of 6 December, there are at least two groups of possible Indian collaborators being investigated:

Surveillance team

Faheem Ahmed Ansari, an Indian from Mumbai, is a suspected collaborator. His group of six Indian men were initially arrested in connection with an attack on a police station in northern India. Ansari had also carried out reconnaissance of targets in Mumbai earlier in the year. He was caught with hand-drawn sketches of 8 to 10 Mumbai landmarks.

This group said they had been directed by two Lashkar-e-Taiba leaders: Zaki ur-Rehman Lakhvi, and a man known alternately as Yusuf or Muzammil—the same people who directed the Mumbai attackers by phone from Pakistan.

On 18 December Both Mohammad Faheem Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmed were taken on remand to Mumbai by a Mumbai Crime Branch team. [85]

SIM card suppliers

Two Indian men were arrested in Kolkata on 6 December for illegally buying mobile phone cards used by the gunmen in the Mumbai attacks. It is not known whether the two had advance knowledge of the attacks.

Tauseef Rahman allegedly bought SIM cards by providing fake documents, including identification cards of dead people, and sold them to Mukhtar Ahmed.

Ahmed is suspected to be an undercover policeman based in Srinagar. [43] [46]

Erroneous reports and theories

There was enormous media coverage during and immediately after the attacks, and many of the early reports turned out to be erroneous in some details. The Government of Pakistan repeatedly dismissed claims that the attackers were Pakistani, presented alternative theories, and sought to link the attacks with other bombing incidents which, they claimed, the Indian government was responsible for. Similarly, many news outlets carried opinions and unattributed theories, which also caused confusion.

See also

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  64. ↑ "Bombs found in Mumbai train station a week later". National Public Radio. 3 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
  65. ↑ Revealing the Faridkot-Mumbai link, Dawn News special report, 12-Dec-2008
  66. ↑ "unknown". Sakaal Times . Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2008.{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  67. ↑ "We wanted to kill 5000, says surviving terrorist". Sydney Morning Herald. 30 November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  68. 1 2 "Terrorists Ring Up India TV Twice During Siege Using Hostages' Cellphones". India TV. 27 November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  69. ↑ "We didn't attack Mumbai, says Lashkar chief". The Times of India. India. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  70. ↑ "Pakistan Arrests Suspected Mastermind of Mumbai Attacks". The Washington Post. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  71. 1 2 "Lakhvi, Yusuf of LeT planned Mumbai attack". Associated Press. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  72. 1 2 "India links 9 Mumbai attackers to Pakistan". CBC News. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  73. ↑ "India seeks ban on Pakistan group". BBC News. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 13 December 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  74. 1 2 "India questions citizen over Mumbai attack". Daily Times. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  75. ↑ "Pakistan confirms Mumbai arrests", AP, 10 December 2008 Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ↑ Eric Schmitt; et al. (7 December 2008). "Pakistan's Spies Aided Group Tied to Mumbai Siege". The New York Times.
  77. ↑ "Pakistani investigators find Mumbai link". The New York Times. 31 December 2008.
  78. ↑ "Official: Mumbai attack partly planned in Pakistan, Washington Post, 12 February 2009". The Washington Post. 13 February 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  79. 1 2 "Pakistan tries to curb militant group". The New York Times. 10 December 2008.
  80. 1 2 "Indian police name 2 more men as trainers and supervisors of Mumbai attackers". The New York Times. 11 December 2008.
  81. ↑ David Johnston & Eric Schmitt (18 November 2009). "Ex-Military Officer in Pakistan Is Linked to 2 Chicago Terrorism Suspects". The New York Times.
  82. ↑ "Fahim had forewarned about Mumbai attacks, but no one listened". IndianExpress. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  83. ↑ "India: 26/11 planning started a year ago, and we had the evidence". Hindustan Times . India. 5 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2008– via The Muslim News.
  84. ↑ "Pak intelligence agent arrested". The Hindu . India. 18 December 2008. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  85. ↑ "Two arrests over Mumbai attacks". BBC News. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  86. ↑ "Indian police arrest 2 men in Mumbai investigation". Associated Press. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  87. ↑ "India police arrest two in Mumbai attacks probe". Reuters. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  88. ↑ "Two arrested by Kolkata Police for links to Mumbai terror attacks". IANS. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
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