August 2016 lunar eclipse

Penumbral Lunar Eclipse 18 August 2016
The Moon barely clipped the northern penumbral shadow of the Earth.
Series (and member)	109 (72 of 72)
Gamma	1.559
Magnitude	-0.9925
Duration (hr:mn:sc)
Penumbral	33:36
Contacts (UTC)
P1	9:25:36 UTC
Greatest	9:42:24
P4	9:59:12

A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, 18 August 2016. It was the second of three lunar eclipses in 2016. This was 3.7 days before the Moon reached perigee. There are multiple ways to determine the boundaries of Earth's shadow, so this was a miss according to some sources. The HM National Almanac Office's online canon of eclipses lists this event as the last eclipse on Saros Series 109, ^[1] while NASA lists August 8, 1998 as the last eclipse of the series, and has this event missing the shadow. ^[2]

Background

The Earth's penumbral shadow is larger than would be expected from simple geometry, a phenomenon first observed by Philippe de La Hire in 1707. The precise amount of enlargement varies over time for reasons which are not fully understood, but likely involve the amount of dust in certain layers of the Earth's atmosphere. ^[3] Various eclipse almanacs have used different assumptions about the magnitude of this effect, resulting in disagreement about the predicted duration of lunar eclipses or, in the case of penumbral eclipses of very short duration, whether the eclipse will occur at all. ^[4]

In 1989, NASA published a lunar eclipse almanac that predicted a short penumbral lunar eclipse to occur on 18 August 2016. However, the French almanac Connaissance des Temps used more conservative assumptions about the size of the Earth's shadow and did not predict an eclipse to occur at all. ^[4] The Bureau des Longitudes in France continued to refine their lunar eclipse models; NASA's 2009 edition of its lunar eclipse almanac was based on their values, ^[5] which effectively reclassified nine eclipses between 1801 and 2300 as non-events, including the one in August 2016. ^{[lower-alpha 1] [6]}

Some resources, including the HM Nautical Almanac Office's online canon of eclipses, continued to list the 18 August 2016 event. Despite not appearing in NASA's printed lists of eclipses since the 2009 revision, AccuWeather reported the upcoming eclipse and projected this was the final member of Lunar Saros 109. ^[7]

Visibility

The Moon during the eclipse was visible from parts of Australia, Brazil, and eastern Canada.

This eclipse grazed the northern boundary of the Earth's penumbral shadow. The event lasted 33 minutes and 36 seconds, beginning at 9:25 UTC and ending at 9:59. This produced a maximum penumbral magnitude of 0.0166. ^[8] Eclipses of such small magnitudes are visually imperceptible; a penumbral magnitude of approximately 0.6 is required for even skilled observers to detect. ^[9]

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2016

• A total solar eclipse on 9 March.
• A penumbral lunar eclipse on 23 March.
• A penumbral lunar eclipse on 18 August.
• An annular solar eclipse on 1 September.
• A penumbral lunar eclipse on 16 September.

Two other penumbral lunar eclipses occurred in 2016, they were on 23 March and 16 September.

Lunar year series

Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016–2020
Descending node					Ascending node
Saros	Date	Type Viewing	Gamma		Saros	Date Viewing	Type Chart	Gamma
109	2016 Aug 18	Penumbral	1.56406		114	2017 Feb 11	Penumbral	−1.02548
119	2017 Aug 07	Partial	0.86690		124	2018 Jan 31	Total	−0.30143
129	2018 Jul 27	Total	0.11681		134	2019 Jan 21	Total	0.36842
139	2019 Jul 16	Partial	−0.64300		144	2020 Jan 10	Penumbral	1.07270
149	2020 Jul 05	Penumbral	−1.36387
Last set	2016 Sep 16				Last set	2016 Mar 23
Next set	2020 Jun 05				Next set	2020 Nov 30

Saros series

According to some sources, this was the last lunar eclipse of Saros cycle 109, and was eclipse 72 in that series. ^[8] There are many ways to determine the boundaries of Earth's shadow. One model was revised and this eclipse was classified a non-event by that model. Some eclipse sites decided to follow those calculations which meant Saros 109 now includes 71 events, with the last occurring on 8 August 1998. ^[2]

See also

• List of lunar eclipses
• List of 21st-century lunar eclipses
• October 2042 lunar eclipse
• July 2027 lunar eclipse

Notes

1. The others are: 22 April 1864, 21 June 1872, 26 October 1882, 21 February 1951, 28 October 2042, 7 March 2194, 30 April 2219, and 18 February 2288.

References

1. "Penumbral Eclipse of the Moon: 2016 August 18". Canon of Eclipses. HM Nautical Almanac Office. 22 June 2018. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
2. "Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 109". NASA Eclipse Web Site. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
3. Espenak 1989, p. 205.
4. Espenak 1989, p. 207.
5. Espenak & Meeus 2009, p. v.
6. Espenak & Meeus 2009, p. 10.
7. Sutherland, Scott (17 August 2016). "An 'almost, maybe' lunar eclipse this week?". The Weather Network. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
8. Espenak 1989, p. 150.
9. Espenak & Meeus 2009, p. 11.

Bibliography

• Espenak, Fred (1989). Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses: 1986–2035 (PDF). NASA. NASA Reference Publication 1216.
• Espenak, Fred; Meeus, Jean (2009). Five Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: -1999 to [phone] BCE to 3000 CE) (PDF). NASA. NASA/TP-2009-213173.