BGI Group

Last updated
BGI Group
Native name
深圳华大基因科技有限公司
FormerlyBeijing Genomics Institute
Company typePrivate
Industry Omics
Genome sequencing
Biotechnology
FoundedSeptember 9, 1999;25 years ago (1999-09-09)
Founder Wang Jian
Yu Jun
Yang Huanming
Liu Siqi
HeadquartersShenzhen, Guangdong, China
Number of locations
A global presence in more than 100 countries and regions [1] [2]
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
 Wang Jian (Co-Founder and Chairman)
ProductsDNBseq Platform (next-generation sequencing platform), RT-PCR tests for the detection of the SARS CoV-2 virus and its mutations. Huo-Yan integrated laboratory solution. The NIFTY Test (a non-invasive prenatal test)
BrandsDNBseq, NIFTY, Huafeiran, Huachangkang, Huajianwei, Huachangan, Huafanan, SeqHPV, PMseq
RevenueIncrease2.svg $251 million (2016) [2]
Increase2.svg $51.7 million (2016) [2]
Owner Wang Jian
Number of employees
~ 10,000 (worldwide)
Divisions BGI China (Mainland)
BGI Asia Pacific
BGI Americas
BGI Europe (Europe and Africa)
Subsidiaries
Website genomics.cn

BGI Group, formerly Beijing Genomics Institute, is a Chinese genomics company with headquarters in Yantian, Shenzhen. The company was originally formed in 1999 as a genetics research center to participate in the Human Genome Project. [3] [4] It also sequences the genomes of other animals, plants and microorganisms. [5]

Contents

BGI has transformed from a small research institute, notable for decoding the DNA of pandas and rice plants, into a diversified company active in animal cloning, health testing, and contract research. [6] [7] [8] BGI's earlier research was continued by the Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. [9] BGI Research, the group's nonprofit division, works with the Institute of Genomics and operates the China National GeneBank under a contract with the Chinese government. [10] [11] BGI Genomics, a subsidiary, was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2017. The company is supported by several China Government Guidance Funds and Chinese state-owned enterprises. [12]

Starting in 2021, details came to light about multiple controversies involving the BGI Group. [13] These controversies include alleged collaboration with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and use of genetic data from prenatal tests. [14] BGI denied that it shares prenatal genetics data with the PLA. [15]

History

Beijing Genomics Institute

Wang Jian, Yu Jun, Yang Huanming and Liu Siqi created BGI, originally named Beijing Genomics Institute, in September 1999, [16] in Beijing, China as a non-governmental independent research institute in order to participate in the Human Genome Project as China's representative. [17] [18] After the project was completed, funding dried up, after which BGI moved to Hangzhou in exchange for funding from the Hangzhou Municipal Government. In 2002, BGI sequenced the rice genome, which was a cover story in the journal Science. In 2003, BGI decoded the SARS virus genome and created a kit for detection of the virus. [19] In 2003, the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the Beijing Institute of Genomics in cooperation with BGI, with Yang Huanming as its first director. BGI Hangzhou and the Zhejiang University also founded a new research institute, the James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University. [20] : 39 

Spin-off from the Beijing Genomics Institute

In 2007, BGI broke away from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, became a private company, and relocated to Shenzhen. [21] [10] Yu Jun left BGI at this time purportedly selling his stake to the other 3 founders for a nominal sum. [5] In 2008, BGI published the first human genome of an Asian individual. [17] [22]

In 2010, BGI bought 128 Illumina HiSeq 2000 gene-sequencing machines, [3] [17] which was backed by US$1.5 billion in "collaborative funds" over the next 10 years from the state lender China Development Bank. [5] [23] [24] By the end of the year, they reportedly had a budget of $30 million. [25] In 2010, BGI Americas was established with its main office in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and BGI Europe was established in Copenhagen, Denmark. [26] [27] By 2018, BGI opened offices and laboratories in Seattle and San Jose in US, [3] and London in the UK, as well were founded BGI Asia Pacific with offices in Hong Kong, Kobe (Japan), Bangkok (Thailand), Laos, Singapore, Brisbane (Australia) and many others. [28] [29] [ third-party source needed ]

In 2011, BGI reported it employed 4,000 scientists and technicians, [30] and had a $192 million in revenue. [5] BGI did the genome sequencing for the deadly 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak in three days and released it under an open license. [31] Since 2012, it has started to commercialize its services, having investments from China Life Insurance Company, CITIC Group's Goldstone Investment, Jack Ma's Yunfeng Capital, and SoftBank China Capital. [32] That year they also launched their own scientific journal, GigaScience , [33] partnering with BioMed Central to publish data-heavy life science papers. [34] A new partnership was subsequently formed between the GigaScience Press department of BGI and Oxford University Press and since 2017 GigaScience has been co-published with the Oxford University Press. [35] [36]

In 2013, BGI bought Complete Genomics of Mountain View, California, a major supplier of DNA sequencing technology, for US$118 million, after gaining approval from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. [5] [31] [37] Complete Genomics is a US-based subsidiary of MGI, MGI was a subsidiary of BGI before it was spun out and listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2022. [38]

In 2015, BGI signed a collaboration with the Zhongshan Hospital' Center for Clinical Precision Medicine in Shanghai, opened in May 2015 with a budget of ¥100 million. They are reportedly being involved as a sequencing institution in China's US$9.2-billion research project for medical care which will last for 15 years. [3] [39] In May 2017, was announced formation of West Coast Innovation Center, co-located in Seattle and San Jose, on the first location planned to work on precision medicine and feature collaborations with University of Washington, the Allen Institute for Brain Science, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Washington State University, while on the second's already existing laboratory with 100 employees to develop the next-generation sequencing technologies. [3] In May 2018, reached an agreement with Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto), Canada, for first installation of BGISEQ platforms in North America. [40]

BGI Genomics, a subsidiary of the group [41] made an initial public offering in July 2017 at Shenzhen Stock Exchange. [10] In 2018, the BGI was reportedly 85.3% owned by Wang Jian, and the group owns 42.4% of its main unit BGI Genomics. [42]

In 2019, it was reported that a BGI subsidiary, Forensic Genomics International, had created a WeChat-enabled database of genetic profiles of people across the country. [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] In July 2020, it was reported that BGI returned a Paycheck Protection Program loan following media scrutiny. [48]

In 2021, state-owned enterprises of State Development and Investment Corporation and China Merchants Group took ownership stakes in BGI Genomics. [49]

U.S. sanctions

In July 2020, the United States Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security placed two BGI subsidiaries on its Entity List for assisting in alleged human rights abuses due to its genetic analysis work in Xinjiang. [50] [51] In March 2023, the United States Department of Commerce added BGI Research and BGI Tech Solutions (Hongkong) to the Entity List over allegations of surveillance and repression of ethnic minorities. [52]

BGI subsequently hired lobbyists at Steptoe & Johnson to soften language in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 that would prohibit government funding of BGI and its subsidiaries. [53]

As of 2024, BGI is identified in a list by the United States Department of Defense as a Chinese military company operating in the U.S. [54] In April 2024, the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party asked the Department of Defense for an explanation for why BGI subsidiaries Innomics and STOmics were not included in the same list. [55]

Research

E. coli

In 2011, BGI sequenced the genome of E. coli bacteria causing an epidemic in Europe to identify genes that lead to resistance to antibiotics. [56]

COVID-19

In January 2020, BGI Genomics announced its real-time fluorescent RT-PCR kit that helps in identification of SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. This was subsequently verified and authorized for use in 14 countries and regions, including emergency use listing by the World Health Organization. [57] BGI Genomics reported that by April 2021 the RT-PCR kits had been distributed to more than 180 countries and regions. BGI also developed biosafety level 2 high-throughput nucleic acid detection laboratories, named Huo-Yan laboratories. [36] [58]

In the first half of 2020, BGI Group offered to help the state of California set up COVID-19 testing labs at cost. The government of California rejected the offer due to geopolitical concerns, but Santa Clara County did buy COVID-19 test kits and equipment from BGI. [59]

On August 25, 2020, Reuters reported that about 3,700 people in Sweden were told in error that they had the coronavirus due to a fault in a COVID-19 testing kit from BGI Genomics. [60] Despite being the 5th test to be given WHO Emergency Use Listing, [61] and getting top marks in sensitivity tests in a Dutch study independently validating commercially available tests. [62] BGI Genomics defended the product, blaming differences in thresholds used between labs looking at very low levels of the virus. [63]

Bioinformatics technology

The annual budget for the computer center was US$9 million. [25] In the same year, BGI's computational biologists developed the first successful algorithm, based on graph theory, for aligning billions of 25 to 75-base pair strings produced by next-generation sequencers, specifically Illumina's Genome Analyzer, during de novo sequencing. [64]

SOAPdenovo is part of "Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package" (SOAP), a suite of tools developed by BGI for de novo assembly of human-sized genomes, alignment, SNP detection, resequencing, indel finding, and structural variation analysis. Built for the Illumina sequencers' short reads, SOAPdenovo has been used to assemble multiple human genomes [65] [66] [67] (identifying an eight kilobase insertion not detected by mapping to the human reference genome [68] ) and animals, like the giant panda. [69]

Up until 2015, BGI had released BGISEQ-100, based on Thermo Fisher Scientific's Ion Torrent device, and BGISEQ-1000, for both of which received an approval from the CFDA for a NIFTY (Non-invasive Fetal Trisomy Test) prenatal test. [70] In October 2015, BGI launched BGISEQ-500, [71] a larger desktop sequencing system. It reportedly received more than 500 orders for the system and run over 112,000 tests until late 2016. [70] The China National GeneBank, opened by BGI and Chinese Government in September 2016, [72] has 150 instruments of the system. [70] The BGISEQ-500 was developed as a sequencing platform capable of competing with Illumina's platforms. [73] In November 2016, BGI launched BGISEQ-50, a miniature version of desktop sequencer. [74] In 2017, BGI began offering WGS for $600. [3] In September 2022, MGI launched DNBSeq-G99, a new ultra-high-speed, mid-to-low throughput sequencer. [75]

In 2021, BGI developed Stereo-seq, its genome wide Spatial transcriptomics technology and released the first research findings from a consortium of scientific users of the technology in 2022. [76] [77] In 2022, BGI-Research and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences together with scientists globally, used sequencing technologies to undertake single cell sequencing to expand the understanding of early human embryonic development, to complete the first whole-body cell atlas of a non-human primate, to complete the world's first body-wide single cell transcriptome atlas of pigs, and to study the brains of ants to explain for the first time how the social division of labor within ant colonies is determined by functional specialization of their brains at cellular levels. [78] [79]

Agriculture and biodiversity

In 2002, BGI published the genome of the indica variety of rice. [80] In 2014, BGI also collaborated on a project to re-sequence 3,000 rice genomes from 89 countries. [81]

BGI is a member of the international Earth BioGenome Project which aims to sequence the DNA of all known eukaryotic species on Earth. [82] BGI has contributed to the 10KP Genome Sequencing Project, an affiliated project to sequence over 10,000 plant genomes. [83]

Animal Kingdom

In 2004, BGI was a Member of the International Chicken Genome Consortium that published the genome of the chicken. [84] In 2009, BGI published the genome of the Giant Panda. [85]

In 2014, BGI and scientists from 20 countries worked together to complete the genome-wide sequencing of 48 bird species. [86] In 2020, BGI contributed to the completion of whole genome sequencing of 363 genomes from 92.4% of bird families. [87]

In 2022, BGI led research that published the world's first spatiotemporal map of axolotl brain regeneration. [88] During the same year, a study carried out by BGI, Northeast Forestry University, and other institutions revealed the genomics consequences of inbreeding in the South China tiger by examining its chromosome-scale genomes and comparing it with the Amur tiger. [89]

In 2023, BGI and a scientific consortium jointly published a primate brain cell atlas. [90]

In 2019, competitor Illumina, Inc. filed multiple patent infringement lawsuits against BGI. [91] [92] In response, BGI has filed patent infringement lawsuits against Illumina alleging violations of federal antitrust and California unfair competition laws. [93] In May 2022 a US court ordered Illumina to pay US$333.8 million to BGI Group after finding that Illumina's DNA-sequencing systems infringed two of BGI's patents. [94] The ruling also stated Illumina infringed the patents wilfully, and that three patents it had accused BGI's Complete Genomics subsidiary of infringing were invalid. [95] In July 2022 Illumina and MGI Tech Co. and Complete Genomics, settled US suits on DNA-sequencing technology, with Illumina agreeing to pay $325 million to settle all US litigation. As part of the settlement Illumina will receive a license to the BGI affiliates' patents, and both companies agreed to not sue each other for patent or antitrust violations in the United States for three years. [96]

Collaboration with the People's Liberation Army

In January 2021, Reuters reported that BGI has worked with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and affiliated institutions such as the National University of Defense Technology on efforts to enhance soldiers' strength and other projects. [97] In July 2021, Reuters reported that BGI developed a prenatal test, with the assistance of the People's Liberation Army, which is also used for genetic data collection. [98] [14] In an interview with the South China Morning Post , a BGI representative denied the Reuters report. [15] The South China Morning Post stated that BGI published papers with the People's Liberation Army General Hospital and the Army Medical University, explaining in the article that in China "many top-notch hospitals are affiliated with the military." [15] BGI further stated "All NIPT data collected overseas are stored in BGI's laboratory in Hong Kong and are destroyed after five years, as stipulated by General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)". [99] BGI also stated "BGI has never been asked to provide, nor has it provided data from its NIFTY tests to Chinese authorities for national security or national defense security purposes." [98]

In response to the Reuters report, a German privacy regulator launched a probe of a German company's use of BGI's prenatal genetic tests. [100] In August 2021, the UK announced a registration requirement with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency for BGI's prenatal tests. [101] Regulators in Australia, Estonia, Canada, and Poland also raised concerns as did the U.S. National Counterintelligence and Security Center. [102] [103] [104]

In November 2021, Reuters reported that a University of Copenhagen professor, Guojie Zhang, who was also employed by BGI was developing drugs for the PLA to assist soldiers with managing altitude sickness. [105] BGI stated that the study "was not carried out for military purposes." [105] On December 1, 2021, the University of Copenhagen commented on the Reuters report. [106]

In October 2022, the United States Department of Defense added BGI Genomics Co, a listed subsidiary, to a list of "Chinese military companies" operating in the U.S. [107] [108]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DNA sequencer</span> A scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process

A DNA sequencer is a scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process. Given a sample of DNA, a DNA sequencer is used to determine the order of the four bases: G (guanine), C (cytosine), A (adenine) and T (thymine). This is then reported as a text string, called a read. Some DNA sequencers can be also considered optical instruments as they analyze light signals originating from fluorochromes attached to nucleotides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genome project</span> Scientific endeavours to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism

Genome projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism and to annotate protein-coding genes and other important genome-encoded features. The genome sequence of an organism includes the collective DNA sequences of each chromosome in the organism. For a bacterium containing a single chromosome, a genome project will aim to map the sequence of that chromosome. For the human species, whose genome includes 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, a complete genome sequence will involve 46 separate chromosome sequences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DNA sequencing</span> Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Church (geneticist)</span> American geneticist (born 1954)

George McDonald Church is an American geneticist, molecular engineer, chemist, serial entrepreneur, and pioneer in personal genomics and synthetic biology. He is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a founding member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.

Illumina, Inc. is an American biotechnology company, headquartered in San Diego, California. Incorporated on April 1, 1998, Illumina develops, manufactures, and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function. The company provides a line of products and services that serves the sequencing, genotyping and gene expression, and proteomics markets, and serves more than 155 countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victor Velculescu</span>

Victor E. Velculescu is a Professor of Oncology and Co-Director of Cancer Biology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is internationally known for his discoveries in genomics and cancer research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whole genome sequencing</span> Determining nearly the entirety of the DNA sequence of an organisms genome at a single time

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast.

Complete Genomics is a life sciences company that has developed and commercialized a DNA sequencing platform for human genome sequencing and analysis. The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MGI.

SOAP is a suite of bioinformatics software tools from the BGI Bioinformatics department enabling the assembly, alignment, and analysis of next generation DNA sequencing data. It is particularly suited to short read sequencing data.

The 1000 Plant Transcriptomes Initiative (1KP) was an international research effort to establish the most detailed catalogue of genetic variation in plants. It was announced in 2008 and headed by Gane Ka-Shu Wong and Michael Deyholos of the University of Alberta. The project successfully sequenced the transcriptomes of 1,000 different plant species by 2014; its final capstone products were published in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exome sequencing</span> Sequencing of all the exons of a genome

Exome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome. It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rajeev Kumar Varshney</span> Indian geneticist (born 1973)

Rajeev Kumar Varshney is an Indian agricultural scientist, specializing in genomics, genetics, molecular breeding and capacity building in developing countries. Varshney is currently serving as Director, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Center; Director, Centre for Crop & Food Innovation; and International Chair in Agriculture & Food Security with the Food Futures Institute at Murdoch University, Australia since Feb 2022. Before joining Murdoch University, Australia he served International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a global agriculture R&D institute, for more than 16 years in different scientific and research leadership roles including Research Program Director for three global research programs– Grain Legumes, Genetic Gains and Accelerated Crop Improvement Program. He has the onus of establishing and nurturing the Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), a globally recognized center for genomics research at ICRISAT that made impacts on improving agriculture and development of human resources in several countries including India, China, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, etc. Varshney holds Adjunct/Honorary/Visiting Professor positions at 10 academic institutions in Australia, China, Ghana, Hong Kong and India, including The University of Western Australia, University of Queensland, West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Hyderabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh University and Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">$1,000 genome</span> Era of predictive and personalized medicine

The $1,000 genome refers to an era of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of fully sequencing an individual's genome (WGS) is roughly one thousand USD. It is also the title of a book by British science writer and founding editor of Nature Genetics, Kevin Davies. By late 2015, the cost to generate a high-quality "draft" whole human genome sequence was just below $1,500.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis Lo</span> Hong Kong molecular biologist

Dennis Lo Yuk-ming is a Hong Kong molecular biologist, best known for his contributions to the development of non-invasive prenatal testing. His research focuses on the detection of cell-free fetal DNA in blood plasma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wang Jun (scientist)</span> Chinese scientist

Wang Jun is a Chinese scientist, founder and CEO of iCarbonX, and former CEO of the Beijing Genomics Institute.

A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wang Jian (geneticist)</span> Chinese geneticist and businessman

Wang Jian is a Chinese geneticist and businessman. He is Chairman and co-founder of the BGI Genomics.

Nebula Genomics is a personal genomics company based in San Francisco, California. It offers a whole-genome sequencing service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MGI (company)</span> Chinese biotechnology company

MGI or MGI Tech is a Chinese biotechnology company, which provides a line of products and technologies that serves the genetic sequencing, genotyping and gene expression, and proteomics markets. Its headquarters are located in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

References

  1. ↑ Kon, James (18 March 2020). "MoH receives COVID-19 detection kits". Borneo Bulletin . Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "BGI Genomics Raises $81M in IPO". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Megan Molteni (18 May 2017). "A Chinese Genome Giant Sets Its Sights on the Ultimate Sequencer". Wired. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  4. ↑ Aaron Saenz (11 November 2010). "BGI – China's Genomics Center Has A Hand in Everything". Singularity Hub. Singularity University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Shu-Ching Jean Chen (2 September 2013). "Genomic Dreams Coming True in China". Forbes Asia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  6. ↑ "China's BGI says it can sequence a genome for just $100". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  7. ↑ He, Ximiao; Wang, Jun (2007). "Bgi-Ris V2". Plant Bioinformatics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 406. pp. 275–299. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-535-0_13. ISBN   978-1-58829-653-5. ISSN   1064-3745. PMID   18287698. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  8. ↑ "China cloning on an 'industrial scale'". BBC News . 2014-01-14. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  9. ↑ Cyranoski, David (2010). "Chinese bioscience: The sequence factory". Nature. 464 (7285): 22–24. doi:10.1038/464022a. ISSN   0028-0836. PMC   7095434 . PMID   20203579.
  10. 1 2 3 Campbell, Matthew; Lyu, Dong (13 November 2019). "China's Genetics Giant Wants to Tailor Medicine to Your DNA". Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 2022-04-17. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  11. ↑ "COVID opens new doors for China's gene giant". mint. 2020-08-05. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  12. ↑ Puglisi, Anna; Rask, Chryssa (May 2024). "China, Biotechnology, and BGI". Center for Security and Emerging Technology . Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
  13. ↑ Puglisi, Anna; Rask, Chryssa (May 2024). "China, Biotechnology, and BGI". Center for Security and Emerging Technology . Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  14. 1 2 Needham, Kirsty; Baldwin, Clare (7 July 2021). "China's gene giant harvests data from millions of women". Reuters . Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 Deng, Iris (July 12, 2021). "BGI denies it shared genetic data of pregnant women with China's military and vows to continue overseas push". South China Morning Post . Archived from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  16. ↑ Yu J (2007). "Biotechnology Research in China". In Jakobson L (ed.). Innovation with Chinese Characteristics: High-Tech Research in China. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 134–165. doi:10.1057/9780230591929_5. ISBN   978-0-230-59192-9.
  17. 1 2 3 Kevin Davies, (27 September 2011) The Bedrock of BGI: Huanming Yang Archived 2020-05-14 at the Wayback Machine Bio-IT World, Retrieved 14 January 2014
  18. ↑ The dragon's DNA Archived 2010-06-21 at the Wayback Machine , Jun 17th 2010, The Economist
  19. ↑ Qin, E'de; et al. (2003-05-01). "A Genome Sequence of Novel SARS-CoV Isolates: the Genotype, GD-Ins29, Leads to a Hypothesis of Viral Transmission in South China". Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics. 1 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1016/S1672-0229(03)01014-3. ISSN   1672-0229. PMC   5172408 . PMID   15626340.
  20. ↑ Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Liu-Sullivan, Nancy Y. (2015-03-19). Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-0-8108-7855-6. Archived from the original on 2024-06-02. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  21. ↑ Wang, Kai; Shen, Xiaobai; Williams, Robin (2021-07-03). "Sequencing BGI: the evolution of expertise and research organisation in the world's leading gene sequencing facility". New Genetics and Society . 40 (3): 305–330. doi: 10.1080/14636778.2020.1843148 . hdl: 20.500.11820/fdccac07-cd53-42df-ac40-62842218dc76 . ISSN   1463-6778.
  22. ↑ Ye, Jia (2008) An Interview with a Leader in Genomics — Beijing Genomics Institute Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine Asia Biotech, Retrieved 14b January 2013
  23. ↑ "BGI to Receive $1.5B in 'Collaborative Funds' Over 10 Years from China Development Bank | In Sequence | Sequencing | GenomeWeb". 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  24. ↑ Fox, J.; Kling, J. (2010). "Chinese institute makes bold sequencing play". Nature Biotechnology. 28 (3): 189–191. doi:10.1038/nbt0310-189c. PMC   7097335 . PMID   20212469. S2CID   205266392.
  25. 1 2 Petsko, G. A. (2010). "Rising in the East". Genome Biology. 11 (1): 102. doi: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-1-102 . PMC   2847708 . PMID   20156314. S2CID   7008023.
  26. ↑ "BGI Expands Into Denmark with Plans for $10M Headquarters, Staff of 150". Genomeweb. 2010-05-19. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  27. ↑ "BGI Opens Branches in US, Denmark; to Invest $10M in Copenhagen Site During First Year". Genomeweb. 2010-05-25. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  28. ↑ "BGI Asia Pacific". BGI. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  29. ↑ "Offices and Laboratories". BGI. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  30. ↑ Lone Frank, High-Quality DNA Archived 2013-09-25 at the Wayback Machine , Apr 24, 2011, The Daily Beast
  31. 1 2 Specter, Michael (2013-12-30). "The Gene Factory". The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 2022-10-23. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  32. ↑ Wang Luyao; Han Wei (19 July 2018). "Genome Giant Seeks $1 Billion for Equipment Unit for Potential IPO". Caixin. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  33. ↑ "Large and linked in scientific publishing the launch of big data journal GigaScience". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  34. ↑ Pollack, Andrew (2011-11-30). "DNA Sequencing Caught in Deluge of Data". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  35. ↑ "GigaScience. - NLM Catalog - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  36. 1 2 LeMieux, Julianna; PhD (2020-02-12). "BGI's Coronavirus Response? Build a Lab in Wuhan". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Archived from the original on 2020-03-07. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
  37. ↑ "China's Biotechnology Development: The Role of US and Other Foreign Engagement" (PDF). United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission . February 14, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  38. ↑ Smyth, Jamie; Sevastopulo, Demetri (18 April 2023). "Chinese genetics company targets US despite political tensions" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  39. ↑ David Cyranoski (6 January 2016). "China embraces precision medicine on a massive scale". Nature. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  40. ↑ Rebecca Robbins; Kate Sheridan (26 October 2018). "A Chinese company unveils a powerful new sequencer. But can it compete in the U.S.?". Stat. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  41. ↑ "Special Report: COVID opens new doors for China's gene giant". Reuters. 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  42. ↑ "MGI raise $518M in Shanghai IPO, shares jump 14.71% on debut". Bioworld . Archived from the original on 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  43. ↑ Moreau, Yves (2019-12-03). "Crack down on genomic surveillance". Nature. 576 (7785): 36–38. Bibcode:2019Natur.576...36M. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-03687-x . PMID   31796907. S2CID   208621060.
  44. ↑ "BGI officially enters Urumqi High-tech Zone". www.uhdz.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2016-07-27. Archived from the original on 2019-12-07. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  45. ↑ Cyranoski, David (25 May 2017). "China expands DNA data grab in troubled western region". Nature. 545 (7655): 395–396. Bibcode:2017Natur.545..395C. doi: 10.1038/545395a . ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   28541335.
  46. ↑ Wee, Sui-Lee; Mozur, Paul (2019-12-03). "China Uses DNA to Map Faces, With Help From the West". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  47. ↑ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany; Dorfman, Zach (June 3, 2020). "Chinese coronavirus test maker agreed to build a Xinjiang gene bank". Axios . Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  48. ↑ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (July 20, 2020). "Chinese biotech giant's U.S. subsidiary returns PPP loan after Axios story". Axios. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  49. ↑ Needham, Kirsty (2021-02-22). "Chinese state fund invests in gene firm BGI". Reuters . Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  50. ↑ Basu, Zachary (July 20, 2020). "U.S. blacklists Chinese companies tied to Xinjiang gene bank project". Axios. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  51. ↑ "Commerce Department Adds Eleven Chinese Entities Implicated in Human Rights Abuses in Xinjiang to the Entity List". U.S. Department of Commerce. 2020-07-20. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  52. ↑ Alper, Alexandra; Shepardson, David (2023-03-02). "U.S. adds units of China's BGI, Inspur to trade blacklist". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2023-03-02. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  53. ↑ Oprysko, Caitlin (November 29, 2023). "Potential crackdown on foreign genomics firms sparks a lobbying fight". Politico . Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Notice of Availability of Designation of Chinese Military Companies". www.federalregister.gov. 2 April 2024. Archived from the original on 2024-06-02. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  55. ↑ Harris, Bryant (2024-04-01). "House panel questions Pentagon on Chinese biotech firms". Federal Times . Archived from the original on 2024-06-02. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  56. ↑ "China helps unravel new E.coli for embattled Europe". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  57. ↑ Ajohney (2020-03-19). "Covid-19: BGI launches RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 test for clinical use in US". Medical Device Network. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  58. ↑ Burdin, Peter (2021-11-16). "Africa's world-leading pandemic response". New African . Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
  59. ↑ "California rejected Chinese company's push to help with coronavirus testing. Was that the right move?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  60. ↑ Johnson, Simon (25 August 2020). "Thousands of Swedes got false positive COVID-19 result due to test kit fault". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  61. ↑ World Health Organisation. "WHO Emergency Use Listing for In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) Detecting SARS-CoV-2" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  62. ↑ "Chinese Covid-19 test kit outstrips alternatives in Dutch study". South China Morning Post. 2020-05-20. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  63. ↑ "China's BGI defends COVID-19 test kit after Swedish criticism". Reuters . 2020-08-26. Archived from the original on 2020-08-26. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  64. ↑ "To Start Building 'Human Pan-Genome,' BGI De Novo Assembles Two Genomes from Illumina Data | In Sequence | Sequencing | GenomeWeb". 8 December 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  65. ↑ Li, R.; Zhu, H.; Ruan, J.; Qian, W.; Fang, X.; Shi, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, S.; Shan, G.; Kristiansen, K.; Li, S.; Yang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J. (2009). "De novo assembly of human genomes with massively parallel short read sequencing". Genome Research. 20 (2): 265–272. doi:10.1101/gr.097261.109. PMC   2813482 . PMID   20019144.
  66. ↑ Rasmussen, M.; Li, Y.; Lindgreen, S.; Pedersen, J. S.; Albrechtsen, A.; Moltke, I.; Metspalu, M.; Metspalu, E.; Kivisild, T.; Gupta, R.; Bertalan, M.; Nielsen, K.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Wang, Y.; Raghavan, M.; Campos, P. F.; Kamp, H. M.; Wilson, A. S.; Gledhill, A.; Tridico, S.; Bunce, M.; Lorenzen, E. D.; Binladen, J.; Guo, X.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, H.; Li, Z.; Chen, M.; Orlando, L. (2010). "Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo". Nature. 463 (7282): 757–762. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..757R. doi:10.1038/nature08835. PMC   3951495 . PMID   20148029. S2CID   4423505.
  67. ↑ Wang, J.; Wang, W.; Li, R.; Li, Y.; Tian, G.; Goodman, L.; Fan, W.; Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, J.; Guo, Y.; Feng, B.; Li, H.; Lu, Y.; Fang, X.; Liang, H.; Du, Z.; Li, D.; Zhao, Y.; Hu, Y.; Yang, Z.; Zheng, H.; Hellmann, I.; Inouye, M.; Pool, J.; Yi, X.; Zhao, J.; Duan, J.; Zhou, Y.; Qin, J. (2008). "The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual". Nature. 456 (7218): 60–65. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...60W. doi:10.1038/nature07484. PMC   2716080 . PMID   18987735. S2CID   4397887.
  68. ↑ "BGI Uses New Short-Read Algorithm to Assemble Panda Genome as Proof of Concept for Human Genome | BioInform | Informatics | GenomeWeb". 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  69. ↑ Li, R.; Fan, W.; Tian, G.; Zhu, H.; He, L.; Cai, J.; Huang, Q.; Cai, Q.; Li, B.; Bai, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, W.; Li, J.; Wei, F.; Li, H.; Jian, M.; Li, J.; Zhang, Z.; Nielsen, R.; Li, D.; Gu, W.; Yang, Z.; Xuan, Z.; Ryder, O. A.; Leung, F. C. C.; Zhou, Y.; Cao, J.; Sun, X.; et al. (2009). "The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome". Nature. 463 (7279): 311–317. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..311L. doi:10.1038/nature08696. PMC   3951497 . PMID   20010809. S2CID   4317858.
  70. 1 2 3 "BGI Launches New Desktop Sequencer in China, Registers Larger Version With CFDA". 360Dx. GenomeWeb. 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  71. ↑ Julia Karow (26 October 2015). "BGI Launches Desktop Sequencer in China; Plans to Register Platform With CFDA". GenomeWeb. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  72. ↑ Monica Heger (21 September 2016). "China National GeneBank Opens With Investments From BGI, Government". GenomeWeb. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  73. ↑ "BGI Retools Complete Genomics Technology for Its New High-Throughput Benchtop Sequencer". Bio-ITWorld. Cambridge Healthtech Institute. 28 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  74. ↑ Monica Heger (26 October 2018). "BGI Launches New Sequencer as Customers Report Data From Earlier Instruments". GenomeWeb. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  75. ↑ "MGI Tech Launches New Ultra-High-Speed, Mid-to-Low Throughput Sequencer". Pubs - GenomeWeb. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  76. ↑ Marx, Vivien (2021-01-06). "Method of the Year: spatially resolved transcriptomics". Nature . 18 (1): 9–14. doi: 10.1038/s41592-020-01033-y . ISSN   1548-7105. PMID   33408395. S2CID   230817551.
  77. ↑ "SpatioTemporal Omics consortium: Cell Press". www.cell.com. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  78. ↑ Mazid, Md. Abdul; et al. (12 May 2022). "Rolling back human pluripotent stem cells to an eight-cell embryo-like stage". Nature. 605 (7909): 315–324. Bibcode:2022Natur.605..315M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04625-0. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   35314832. S2CID   247598940. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  79. ↑ Li, Qiye; Wang, Mingyue; Zhang, Pei; Liu, Yang; Guo, Qunfei; Zhu, Yuanzhen; Wen, Tinggang; Dai, Xueqin; Zhang, Xiafang; Nagel, Manuel; Dethlefsen, Bjarke Hamberg; Xie, Nianxia; Zhao, Jie; Jiang, Wei; Han, Lei; Wu, Liang; Zhong, Wenjiang; Wang, Zhifeng; Wei, Xiaoyu; Dai, Wei; Liu, Longqi; Xu, Xun; Lu, Haorong; Yang, Huanming; Wang, Jian; Boomsma, Jacobus J.; Liu, Chuanyu; Zhang, Guojie; Liu, Weiwei (16 June 2022). "A single-cell transcriptomic atlas tracking the neural basis of division of labour in an ant superorganism". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (8): 1191–1204. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6.1191L. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01784-1. ISSN   2397-334X. PMC   9349048 . PMID   35711063.
  80. ↑ Yu, Jun; et al. (2002). "A Draft Sequence of the Rice Genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)". Science. 296 (5565): 79–92. Bibcode:2002Sci...296...79Y. doi:10.1126/science.1068037. PMID   11935017 . Retrieved 5 April 2005.
  81. ↑ "The 3,000 rice genomes project". GigaScience. 3. 2014. doi: 10.1186/2047-217X-3-7 . PMID   24872877.
  82. ↑ Lewin, Harris A.; Robinson, Gene E.; Kress, W. John; Baker, William J.; Coddington, Jonathan; Crandall, Keith A.; Durbin, Richard; Edwards, Scott V.; Forest, Félix; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Goldstein, Melissa M.; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Hackett, Kevin J.; Haussler, David; Jarvis, Erich D.; Johnson, Warren E.; Patrinos, Aristides; Richards, Stephen; Castilla-Rubio, Juan Carlos; Van Sluys, Marie-Anne; Soltis, Pamela S.; Xu, Xun; Yang, Huanming; Zhang, Guojie (2018). "Earth BioGenome Project: Sequencing life for the future of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (17): 4325–4333. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.4325L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1720115115 . PMC   5924910 . PMID   29686065.
  83. ↑ "10KP: A phylodiverse genome sequencing plan". GigaScience. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  84. ↑ International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium (9 December 2004). "Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution". Nature. 432 (7018): 695–716. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..695C. doi:10.1038/nature03154. PMID   15592404 . Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  85. ↑ Li, Ruiqiang; et al. (13 December 2009). "The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome". Nature. 463 (7279): 311–317. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..311L. doi:10.1038/nature08696. PMID   20010809 . Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  86. ↑ Zhang, Guojie; et al. (12 December 2014). "Comparative genomics reveals insights into avian genome evolution and adaptation". Science. 346 (6215). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1311–1320. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1311Z. doi:10.1126/science.1251385. PMC   4390078 . PMID   25504712.
  87. ↑ Feng, Shaohong; et al. (11 November 2020). "Dense sampling of bird diversity increases power of comparative genomics". Nature. 587 (7833): 252–257. Bibcode:2020Natur.587..252F. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2873-9. PMC   7759463 . PMID   33177665.
  88. ↑ Wei, Xiaoyu; et al. (2 September 2022). "Single-cell Stereo-seq reveals induced progenitor cells involved in axolotl brain regeneration". Science. 377 (6610). American Association for the Advancement of Science. doi:10.1126/science.abp9444. PMID   36048929 . Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  89. ↑ Zhang, Le; Lan, Tianming; Lin, Chuyu; Fu, Wenyuan; Yuan, Yaohua; Lin, Kaixiong; Li, Haimeng; Sahu, Sunil Kumar; Liu, Zhaoyang; Chen, Daqing; Liu, Qunxiu; Wang, Aishan; Wang, Xiaohong; Ma, Yue; Li, Shizhou; Zhu, Yixin; Wang, Xingzhuo; Ren, Xiaotong; Lu, Haorong; Huang, Yunting; Yu, Jieyao; Liu, Boyang; Wang, Qing; Zhang, Shaofang; Xu, Xun; Yang, Huanming; Liu, Dan; Liu, Huan; Xu, Yanchun (February 2023). "Chromosome-scale genomes reveal genomic consequences of inbreeding in the South China tiger: A comparative study with the Amur tiger". Molecular Ecology Resources. 23 (2): 330–347. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13669. PMC   10084155 . PMID   35723950.
  90. ↑ "Single-cell spatial transcriptome reveals cell-type organization in the macaque cortex". Cell. Elsevier Inc. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  91. ↑ Needham, Kirsty (May 14, 2020). "China's BGI gets Australian foothold through mass coronavirus test delivery". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  92. ↑ "Illumina Nears Win In Bid To Block BGI's DNA Product Sales". Law360. May 11, 2020. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  93. ↑ "BGI Sues Illumina for Antitrust Violation, Claims Firm Obtained Sequencing Patents Through Fraud". GenomeWeb. 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  94. ↑ "Illumina Owes BGI $333.8 Million Over Gene-Sequencer Patents (2)". news.bloomberglaw.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  95. ↑ Brittain, Blake (2022-05-07). "Illumina ordered to pay BGI subsidiary $333 million in DNA-sequencing patent case". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  96. ↑ Brittain, Blake (2022-07-14). "BGI Group units, Illumina settle U.S. lawsuits over DNA sequencing". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  97. ↑ Needham, Kirsty (2021-01-30). "China gene firm providing worldwide COVID tests worked with Chinese military". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  98. 1 2 Needham, Kirsty; Baldwin, Clare (July 7, 2021). "Prenatal test developed with Chinese military stores gene data". Reuters . Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  99. ↑ Zhang, Adrianna (July 16, 2021). "Genetic Data Collection by Chinese Company Poses Global Policy Challenge, Experts Say". Voice of America . Archived from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  100. ↑ "German privacy body probes German lab's use of BGI prenatal tests". Reuters . July 14, 2021. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  101. ↑ "Britain says China's BGI must register prenatal tests by Sept 1". Reuters . August 5, 2021. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  102. ↑ Baldwin, Clare; Needham, Kirsty (September 7, 2021). "BGI prenatal gene test under scrutiny for Chinese military links". Reuters . Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  103. ↑ Plucinska, Joanna (September 22, 2021). "Polish gene project moves to drop Chinese tech on data concerns". Reuters . Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  104. ↑ Barnes, Julian E. (2021-10-22). "U.S. Warns of Efforts by China to Collect Genetic Data". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  105. 1 2 Needham, Kirsty; Jacobsen, Stine (2021-11-18). "Monkey-brain study with link to China's military roils top European university". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  106. ↑ "Comment on Reuters report". Institut Biologisk. 2021-12-01. Archived from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  107. ↑ Singh, Kanishka (2022-10-08). "U.S. widens investment ban to China's BGI Genomics, drone maker DJI". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  108. ↑ "DOD Releases List of People's Republic of China (PRC) Military Companies in Accordance With Section 1260H of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021". U.S. Department of Defense . 2022-10-05. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.