The brief was to design a livery for motorway and trunk road police vehicles that would maximise the vehicles' visibility, from a distance of up to 500 metres (1,600ft), when stopped either in daylight or under headlights, and which distinctively marked them as police vehicles.[1]
The primary objectives were to design markings that:[2]
Made officers and vehicles more conspicuous (e.g. to prevent collisions when stopped)
Made police vehicles recognisable at a distance of up to 500 metres (1,600ft) in daylight
Assisted in high-visibility policing for public reassurance and deterrence of traffic violations
Made police vehicles nationally recognisable
Were an equal-cost option compared to existing markings
Were acceptable to at least 75% of the staff
Conspicuity
A Czech ambulance with green-and-yellow Battenburg markings
Battenburg design uses a regular pattern and the contrast between a light and a dark colour to increase conspicuity for the human eye. The lighter colour is daylight-fluorescent (such as fluorescent-yellow) for better visibility in daytime, dusk and dawn. For night-time visibility, the complete pattern is retroreflective.
The Battenburg design typically has two rows of alternating rectangles, usually starting with yellow at the top corner, then the alternating colour, along the sides of a vehicle. Most cars use two block rows in the design (so-called full-Battenburg scheme). Some car designs use a single row (so-called half-Battenburg scheme) or one and a half rows.
Unless precautions are taken, pattern markings can have a camouflage effect, concealing a vehicle's outline, particularly in front of a cluttered background.[3][4] With Battenburg markings, this can be avoided by:
Making rectangles large enough for optical resolution from distance—at least 600 × 300mm.[1] A typical car pattern consists of seven blocks along the vehicle side. (An odd number of blocks also allows both top corner blocks to be the same fluorescent colour.)
Clearly marking cars' outlines in fluorescent colour along the roof pillars
Avoiding designs with more than two block rows (even for higher vehicles) by including a large area of plain or daylight-fluorescent colour.
Avoiding hybrid designs of Battenburg markings and other high-visibility patterns or check patterns.[2]
The Battenburg livery is not used on the rear of vehicles; upward-facing chevrons of yellow and red are most commonly used there.
In the development of Battenburg markings, one of the key goals was to clearly identify vehicles associated with police. In this regard, the pattern was reminiscent of the Sillitoe tartan black-and-white or blue-and-white chequered markings first introduced by the City of Glasgow Police in the 1930s, which were subsequently adopted as a symbol of police services throughout the United Kingdom; they are also used by the Chicago Police Department, Australia,[5] and New Zealand. (Although Sillitoe patterns identified vehicles associated with police and other emergency services, they were not highly visible.)
After the launch of Battenburg markings, police added retro-reflective Sillitoe tartan markings to their uniforms, usually in blue and white.
Safety
Belgian Red Cross ambulances with yellow-and-green Battenburg markings on the side and chevrons on the rear
Battenburg side markings and chevron front-and-rear markings provide conspicuity for emergency vehicles, helping to reduce accidents, especially when they are in unusual traffic situations—e.g. stopped in fast-moving traffic, or moving at different speeds or in different directions.
Several criticisms of the Battenburg scheme were stated at the 3rd Annual US Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Safety Summit in October 2010 about their use on ambulances, including:
The difficulty of applying them to small, curved, and oddly-shaped surfaces
The high costs of adopting the markings
The confusing pattern caused when several parked Battenburg vehicles visually overlap
Obscuring the vehicle's shapes against complex backgrounds, or with open doors and hatches
Combinations other than police yellow-and-blue being less effective, and sometimes even making emergency personnel harder to see
Confronting the public with unfamiliar markings
The pattern's use by services other than UK police, and in other countries, was also criticised.
The high-visibility chevrons often used on the rear and front of Battenburg-marked vehicles, "through popular opinion rather than by a scientific process of testing and research", were found ineffective at reducing rear-end collisions. Stationary vehicles on high-speed roads were likely to be noticed, but not the fact that they were stopped. Parking at an angle was found a far more effective way of indicating the vehicles were stopped.[2]
Usage by country
Australia
A New South Wales Ambulance response vehicle, with red-and-white Battenburg markings and additional reflective stripes intended to increase overall visibility
The Barbados Police Service uses yellow-and-blue half-Battenburg markings on most of their fleet. However, some police vehicles in Barbados use white-and-blue half-Battenburg markings.
Ambulances in Belgium, 2018Fire services vehicle, 2018
In response to the terrorist attacks on 13 November 2015 in Paris and 22 March 2016 in Brussels, the Belgian federal government conducted an analysis on the functioning of the emergency services during terrorist attacks. The main issue identified regarding the emergency medical services was that their recognizability (of both vehicles and personnel) had to improve, so that emergency workers would be able to identify qualified medical providers more quickly during an intervention.
An agreement was made between the federal government and the communities and regions to implement the same new vehicle markings and uniforms. Specifically, emergency ambulances and response vehicles would keep the yellow base colour, whilst non-emergency ambulances would get a white base colour. Both types of vehicles would be marked with retroreflective yellow-and-green Battenburg markings, similar to British ambulances.
A new uniform for medical personnel was also introduced, with different colours for the Star of Life for the different types of workers.[7]
Aside from medical vehicles, some new fire brigade, Civil Protection and highway services vehicles also use respectively yellow-and-red, blue-and-orange and yellow-and-black Battenburg markings.
In Canada, Battenburg markings on law enforcement vehicles are uncommon. However, in recent decades, Canada has slowly integrated some Battenburg markings on EMS vehicles, particularly in Ontario and Quebec.
A snowplow in Saskatchewan with yellow-and-black Battenburg markings.
Battenburg markings are used on plow trucks for transportation and infrastructure in some parts of Canada, primarily on the back to increase visibility and alert people driving on a highway during poor road conditions that there is a plow truck in use and they must slow down. The general colour scheme for a snowplow's rear reflective panel is yellow-green and black.[9]
Battenburg markings on police vehicles are not a common sight. The first regional police service to ever officially use Battenburg markings on its vehicles was the St. Thomas Police Service when it tested its new police interceptors with Battenburg markings, which were inspired by the UK's Battenburg design with the familiar blue and yellow reflective markings, in order to help enhance visibility within the city.[16][17]
The Barrie Police Service later took a similar approach to redesigning its vehicle wraps, which was announced on 26 July 2022, when it unveiled a half-Battenburg marked police cruiser as part of a pilot project to evaluate its visibility within the community.[18] This design featured the same blue and yellow reflective markings as those seen in the UK and Europe.[19][20] As of 12 May 2023, the Barrie Police Service has officially adopted half-Battenburg markings on all of their fleets, eliminating stealthy dark navy body-colored vehicles and replacing them with white instead.[21]
During the autumn of 2023, the Cobourg Police Service (CPS) announced it would be the third police service in Canada to adopt Battenburg markings.[22] A high-visibility Ford Explorer police vehicle with the markings is to be used by the service as part of a pilot project for 24 months.[23]
A Mercedes Sprinter ambulance in the Niagara Region of Ontario, with small half-Battenburg markings in Oxford blue and green.
A Ford Explorer police cruiser with yellow-and-blue Battenburg markings in St. Thomas, Ontario.
Quebec
In Quebec, Battenburg-style markings are used on various EMS vehicles, though some of the markings are reminiscent of Sillitoe tartan.
A Dodge Caravan EMS vehicle in Montreal, featuring white-and-blue Battenburg markings.
A paramedic truck in Montreal with Battenburg markings.
A Ford Explorer EMS supervisor cruiser in Montreal with half-Battenburg markings.
Common Battenburg markings used in Canada (by region)
Fire Services Department, Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre
Yellow and green
Fire Services Department, Hazmat Tender, and Fire Motorcycle
Yellow and red
Fire Services Department, Mobile Publicity Unit, and Fire Safety Education Bus
Fire Services Department, Emergency Medical Assistant Motorcycle, Rapid Response Vehicle and Paramedic Equipment Tender
Fire Services Department, Mobile Command Unit, and Forward Command Car
White and red
Auxiliary Medical Service, Paramedic motorcycle
Yellow and green
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance, Ambulance
Czech Republic
Ambulance in the Czech Republic, 2012
All Czech emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, use yellow-and-green Batternburg markings.
Common Battenburg markings used in the Czech Republic
Emergency medical services
Yellow and green
Denmark
Danish emergency vehicles can have one of two options: a series of diagonal lines, or a Battenburg pattern. The diagonal lines must be either red-and-white or red-and-yellow at an angle of 45° ± 5° and have a width of 100mm ± 2,5mm. In the front and rear of the vehicle, the markings must be made symmetrical in a way that traffic is lead around the vehicle.[34]
Common Battenburg markings used in Denmark
Battenburg
Service
Colours
Example
Police
Yellow and blue
Ambulances, doctor cars and similar
Yellow and green
Fire Department
Yellow and red
Vehicles may have a reflective text in the above colours, describing their function; for example POLITI ('Police'), ALARM 112, AMBULANCE, LÆGEVAGT ('Urgent care'), INDSATSLEDER ('Incident Commander') or similar text.
The above patterns are not obligatory. For example, the Danish Emergency Management Agency have chosen to simply not have any reflective marking on their vehicles.
All rescue vehicles in Bavaria which have been procured uniformly since 2017 have a foiling in the Battenburg marker.[35] From 2019 the ambulance service in Schleswig-Holstein started to adapt the design.
In 2018 the Icelandic police started marking new police cars with blue and neon yellow markings similar to Battenburg markings used in Europe. Since then the police cars in the capital region have been made even more visible. In 2020 were Icelandic ambulances changed to look more like ambulances in Europe, adopting yellow and green markings. Icelandic Search and Rescue started adopting Battenburg markings in 2016 with red and yellow markings similar to the fire services.
Ireland's Garda Síochána first introduced blue and yellow Battenburg style markings in 2004 with the formation of the Garda Traffic Corps.[36] This rollout was expanded in 2008 with the formation of Regional Support Units (later renamed to the Garda Armed Support Unit), equipped with Battenberg liveried Volvo XC70s with removable red "ARMED SUPPORT UNIT" lettering;[37] this livery was changed in 2016 with the purchase of new Audi Q7 SUVs and BMW 3 Series estates to include permanent lettering and a red stripe running along both sides of the vehicle.[38][39] Battenburg markings would be rolled out onto most new Garda vehicles (excluding vans) regardless of their role from 2021 onwards.
Ambulances in Ireland originally had similar striped markings to those in the United Kingdom. The Battenburg green and yellow markings and standard base yellow began to be adopted on Irish ambulances following the formation of the HSE National Ambulance Service in 2005. Notably, the Dublin Fire Brigade's ambulance operations and the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps use the same red and yellow Battenburg markings used on fire appliances.
Malta's first emergency vehicles with Battenburg style markings, 11 Fiat Ducatos for Mater Dei Hospital, were delivered between 2012 and 2014.[40] Further ambulances supplied new or as second-hand imports from the United Kingdom would be liveried in Battenburg markings.
The Civil Protection Department took delivery of its first fire appliances, Iveco, MAN and Volvo based appliances, with an orange and yellow Battenburg-like scheme between 2018 and 2019,[41][42][43] with some specialist appliances later built by UK-based EmergencyOne being liveried in UK-style yellow and red markings.[44][45] However from 2021, a new livery was introduced for new Civil Protection Department fire appliances in 2021 that retained the yellow/orange and red colour scheme but disposed of the Battenburg pattern.[46]
The Malta Police Force first began rolling out Battenburg style markings in 2021 amid investments in new fleet vehicles in line with the force's Transformation Strategy 2020-2025, replacing a silver/grey and black livery. The first new vehicles delivered in the new livery were 20 new Hyundai Tucsons for use as Rapid Intervention Units.[47][48] The rollout continued in 2022 with the delivery of 12 SsangYong Mussos marked in the livery for use in rural areas,[49][50] followed in 2024 with deliveries of new traffic police BMW motorcycles and MG5 electric neighbourhood police cars.[51][52]
The New Zealand Police use yellow-and-blue Battenburg markings on some vehicles.[53] Until October 2008 general duties vehicles were marked in orange and blue, with yellow and blue for highway patrol units; orange and blue was phased out in 2014.[54] Vehicles of New Zealand's St John's Ambulance Service/ Wellington Free Ambulance are marked with green-and-yellow Battenburg markings or rows of green-and-yellow half-chevrons. On 1 July 2017, New Zealand's urban and rural firefighting organisations amalgamated into Fire and Emergency New Zealand, with a new brand including Battenburg markings to be rolled out to the fleet.[55]
Swedish Volvo V90 police car with Battenburg markings (2017)Saab 9-5 (2011)
Originally Swedish Police vehicles were painted with black roofs and doors or black roofs, bonnet, and boot. During the 1980s the cars became white with the word Polis written on the side. Later[when?] the livery became simply blue and white. In 2005 they began using a light blue and fluorescent yellow Battenburg livery. Swedish police cars have been Saabs, Volvos or Volkswagens, with the same livery all over Sweden. Many Swedish road agencies, contractors and consultants use Battenburg markings on road maintenance vehicles, with an orange-and-blue colour scheme, as in the UK rail response type shown above. This practice was established after a study in 2008 by the Swedish Road Administration, which showed a significant traffic calming effect when using orange-and-blue Battenburg marking to improve the visibility of road maintenance vehicles.[63]
In the United Kingdom, the majority of the emergency services have adopted the Battenburg style of markings; nearly half of all police forces adopted the markings within three years of their introduction, and over three quarters were using it by 2003.[1]
In 2004, following the widespread adoption and recognition of the Battenburg markings on police vehicles, the Home Office recommended that all police vehicles, not just those on traffic duty, use "half-Battenburg" livery, formalising the practice of a number of forces.
In the United Kingdom each emergency service has been allocated a specified darker colour in addition to yellow, with the police continuing to use blue, ambulances using green, and the fire service their traditional red. Other government agencies such as immigration enforcement have adopted a variation, without using the reflective yellow.[64]
The use of these colours in retro-reflective material is controlled by the Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989, with vehicles only legally allowed the use of amber reflective material (and red near the rear of the vehicle).[65][66] A number of civilian organisations have also adopted the pattern, which is not legally protected, and a number of these also use other reflective colours.
An alternative to the use of reflective materials is the use of fluorescent or other non-reflective markings, which may be used by any vehicle.
Common Battenburg markings used in the United Kingdom[67][68]
A Sillitoe tartan-marked police car used by the Chicago Police Department
Battenburg markings on emergency vehicles are generally uncommon in the United States, though some municipalities have begun using them in recent years.[citation needed]
The Miami Township Police Department in Ohio has previously used ones similar to those found in the UK on their police cars.[75] Battenburg markings are also used in South Carolina's Charleston County for EMS vehicles.[76]
From 2017 to 2021, the Pittsburgh Police used Sillitoe tartan markings on some of their fleets. The design was updated to include black-and-gold Battenburg markings in 2021 to represent the city's official colours. City authorities stated that the markings would also be applied to all future municipal vehicles.[77]
The Chicago Police Department began using Sillitoe tartan markings on their police vehicles in 2018,[78] while the hats of officers have used them since 1967.[79]
Red and yellow Battenburg markings can be seen on most of the ambulances in the City of Chicago for the Chicago Fire Department.[80]
↑ The cake was named after the Battenberg family, in turn named after the town of Battenberg. "Battenburg" with a "u" is a misspelling of the family name, but an acceptable spelling for the markings.
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↑ "Rettungswagen Bayern 2017"[Ambulances in Bavaria 2017]. BRK (in German). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
↑ "McDowell announces plans for traffic corps". RTÉ News. 23 November 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2024. They will drive a separate fleet of clearly marked patrol cars, and will be backed up by unmarked vehicles.
↑ Brady, Tom (4 September 2008). "Quick-change armed Gardai hit the streets". Irish Independent. Dublin. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2024. Affixable indentifying strips, flashing lights and an identifying matrix will mark out the turbo diesel cars, which will carry patrols of two or three officers and firearms ranging from MP7 sub machine guns and Sig handguns to less than lethal weapons.
↑ "Emergency Services". Vehicle Livery Solutions. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. Illustrations of patterns supplied to emergency services.
1 2 "Mountain Rescue". Uk Emergency Vehicles. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
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