Belhus, Western Australia

Last updated

Belhus
Perth,  Western Australia
Henry Bull's Cottage - Belhus, Western Australia.jpg
Henry Bull's homestead in Belhus
Belhus, Western Australia
Coordinates 31°46′52″S116°00′36″E / 31.781°S 116.010°E / -31.781; 116.010
Population264 (SAL 2021) [1]
Postcode(s) 6069
Area4 km2 (1.5 sq mi)
LGA(s) City of Swan
State electorate(s) West Swan
Federal division(s) Hasluck
Suburbs around Belhus:
The Vines The Vines Upper Swan
Aveley Belhus Upper Swan
Henley Brook Henley Brook Baskerville

Belhus is a rural north-eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, in the City of Swan local government area. It is located in the Swan Valley region, at the confluence of the Swan River and the Ellen Brook.

Contents

The locality is characterised by a low-density rural-residential landscape of hobby farms, vineyards and light agricultural industry. [2] It also contains several preserved historic sites from the early Swan River Colony era of Western Australia, including the homestead of pioneer settler Henry Bull and the final resting place of Noongar warrior Yagan. [3]

History

Name

Belhus is named after the Belhus Estate that formerly existed in the area, which was named after Belhus Mansion in England. The mansion was the ancestral seat of the Barrett-Lennard family, who came to own the Belhus Estate in the 1900s. [4]

Prehistory

The waterways of the Swan River and the Ellen Brook were important thoroughfares and food sources for the Whadjuk Noongar people to access the Swan coastal plains. Early European explorers observed that the Belhus area i.e. the confluence of the brook and the river was pitted with yams. [5] Several registered aboriginal heritage sites exist in the east of the locality, including Site ID 4079, an extensive artefact scatter dating to the Holocene period. [6] [7]

Colonial era

As a result of the French reports of Western Australia, British naval officer Captain James Stirling led a party from the HMS Success on an expedition up the Swan River, to survey the area for colonisation potential. [8] The party stopped around the Belhus area at the Ellen Brook confluence, camping there before turning back. [9]

Stirling returned to Australia in 1829 to establish the Swan River Colony and grant surveyed land along the river to settlers. Most of Belhus was included in Swan Location 1, a 15,000 acre area that was granted to English merchant George Leake. As Leake elected to reside in Fremantle, he hired Henry Bull to live on the property, establish pastoral agriculture and work the lands into a profitable state. [10] Their venture was a success; Leake gained the legal title to Swan Location 1 and Bull's farm gained a reputation for high quality produce. [11]

One of Bull's servants, William Cruse, built a flour mill, race and dam on the property, forming a popular and important milling service for farmers in the Upper Swan area. [11] [12] Bull also hired bricklayer Richard Edwards to build a homestead for him using bricks made on the estate. [13] The mill, farm lands, stockyards, barns, kilns and resident homesteads all collectively became known as the Ellen's Brook Estate. The homestead, mill race and a reconstruction of the millhouse all remain extant today, forming a heritage precinct. [14]

Cruse's mill house - reconstructed in 1988 Cruse's Mill - Belhus, Western Australia.jpg
Cruse's mill house - reconstructed in 1988

In 1833, outlawed Noongar warriors Yagan and Heegan took overnight refuge at Bull's homestead in Swan Location 1, but were shot and killed the next morning by two of Bull's cattle herders during an altercation. [15] Their bodies were buried on the north shore of the Swan River nearby, but Yagan's head was cut off and taken away from the area in order to claim a bounty that had been placed on him. [3] The killing was condemned by the majority of colonists at the time. [16]

The Ellen's Brook Estate went through a series of transfers and divisions after 1838. Leake gifted the northern half of Swan Location 1 to Bull for his efforts, [10] then surrendered the unprofitable western two-thirds (the site of modern-day Ellenbrook) back to the Crown. [10] Leake then went on to purchase the adjoining Swan Location A to the south from William Burges, [11] expanding Leake's holdings immediately around the river. After Bull left the area, Leake leased the Ellen's Brook Estate to Cruse and farmers Saul Spice and John Connolly, [10] [17] who all continued to work the lands while raising their families there.

Indentured labour consisting of Aboriginal prisoners and British convicts were brought in by the colonial administration to build two public bridges, the Upper Swan Bridge and the Ellen's Brook Bridge, across the waterways in the area. [12] [18] The bridges at their completion in 1851 allowed harvests from the eastern districts to be easily carted across to Cruse's mill house. The Swan Road District assumed local governance of the bridges and the wider estate lands in 1871. [19]

Modern era

The Ellen's Brook Estate was sold to George Hardey Barrett-Lennard in 1897, who renamed it to Belhus Estate. Unlike past colonial land uses, Barrett-Lennard aggressively pursued viticulture across the estate, initially using Cruse's mill for irrigation [20] until replacing it with a new dam and earthworks. [21] During this time, the main road from Upper Swan to Perth was re-aligned in 1906, from what is now Cruse Road to the present-day alignment of West Swan Road, including a new road bridge across the Ellen Brook. [12] [22] Shortly afterwards, the original convict-built Ellen's Brook Bridge was un-gazetted as a public road. [23] Cruse's mill subsequently fell into disuse and was eventually destroyed by a fire. [24]

Subsequent generations of the Barrett-Lennard family carried the Belhus viticulture business into the 20th century, expanding into grape exports to Europe [25] and South East Asia. [26] Belhus was considered to be one of the largest and most productive vineyards in the valley, regularly employing a staff of up to 70 seasonal workers [27] and contributing to the growing reputation for wine and grape production seen elsewhere in the Swan Valley, in areas such as Henley Brook and Upper Swan.

Belhus was established as a postal locality in 1972 by the Shire of Swan. [4] The western half of the estate was then sold in 1987 to John Roberts, [28] who founded Egerton Estate and stud in the area. Roberts also built a reconstruction of Cruse's mill house and wheel, using authentic remains of the originals that had been excavated at the site. [29] The remaining eastern half of Belhus was subdivided into 36 residential lots by the Barrett-Lennards the following year, necessitating the construction of Millhouse Road and its accompanying bridge across the Ellen Brook. [22]

Yagan Memorial Park Yagan Memorial Park, Belhus.jpg
Yagan Memorial Park

Following the establishment of the Ellenbrook joint venture in 1992, most of the lands west of the Ellen Brook were excised from Belhus and transferred to the new Ellenbrook locality. [30] Egerton Estate was subsequently transferred a second time in 2006, to its own dedicated suburb named Aveley. [4] The remainder of Belhus came under the purview of the 1995 Swan Valley Planning Act, conserving and preserving its rural state as a part of the Swan Valley tourism and industry corridor. [31]

Yagan Memorial Park was built in 2010 in the east of Belhus, near where Yagan's body was believed to have been buried after his murder. The exhumed head of Yagan, having been re-patriated from Britain, was re-buried in the park during a traditional ceremony that was attended by State and indigenous dignitaries. [32] [16]

In 2014, an extensive wetland monitoring station was constructed near the millhouse by the State Government's Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, to manage nutrient levels within the Ellen Brook catchment. [33] [34]

Geography

Millhouse Road in Belhus Millhouse Road, Belhus, Western Australia, July 2021.jpg
Millhouse Road in Belhus

Belhus is bounded by Upper Swan to the south and east, Aveley to the west and The Vines to the north. Large swathes of the Swan River and the Ellen Brook form natural boundary lines of the suburb. [35] From 1972 to 1992, the boundaries also included Aveley and the southern half of Ellenbrook. [30]

Like the rest of the Swan Valley region to the south, Belhus is characterised by hobby farms, orchards, vineyards and light agricultural industrial uses. The abundant waterways throughout the locality contribute to its highly fertile, loamy soils. [34] Topographically, most of the area sits around 15 metres above sea level, rising to 25 metres along Millhouse Road. The depressions on the banks of the Swan River and the Ellen Brook drop to 7 metres, forming large valleys. [36] [12]

There are only two main roads that traverse the locality - West Swan Road (State Route 52) from Guildford crosses the Ellen Brook to Upper Swan, while Millhouse Road connects to Aveley and Ellenbrook. Both roads are classified as District Distributors in the Main Roads Western Australia road hierarchy. [37]

Demographics

At the 2021 Australian census, Belhus had a low and sparse population of 265, in line with its rural zoning and land uses. 48.3% of Belhus residents were male and 51.7% were female. Belhus's median age was 54, much higher than the state and national average of 38. The most common ancestries in Belhus as of 2021 were English (44.3%), Australian (38.3%), Irish (7.6%), Italian (7.6%) and Scottish (7.2%), with 2.3% of residents identifying as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. 68.6% of residents were born in Australia. [38]

Facilities and services

There are no public facilities in Belhus and no public transport options. The locality is situated a short distance away from the urban centres of Ellenbrook and Aveley, as well as the larger commercial and tourism region of the Swan Valley. Police, [39] fire [40] and ambulance [41] services are all provided from stations in Ellenbrook.

Two public parks exist in Belhus - Yagan Memorial Park [42] in the east and Corona Way Park in the west. The latter provides public footpath access to Cruse's mill and the Ellen Brook. [43]

A telephone exchange exists in the north of the suburb, near the boundary with The Vines. [44] Supply of electricity is split; the eastern half of the suburb is supplied from the Muchea substation, while the western half is supplied from the Henley Brook substation. [45]

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References

  1. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Belhus (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  2. ↑ "Twelfth Report of the Standing Committee on Constitutional Affairs and Statutes Revision in Relation to a Petition Regarding the Swan Valley and Whiteman Park" (PDF). Parliament of Western Australia. 12 June 1996. p. 6. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 "Notes put doubt on Yagan gravesite". Yahoo News. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "History of metropolitan suburb names – B". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
  5. ↑ "Indigenous history of the Swan and Canning Rivers" (PDF). Debra Hughes-Hallett. 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  6. ↑ "Main Roads Western Australia - Environmental Impact Assessment - Great Northern Highway: Section 1: 6.45SLK to 12.56SLK" (PDF). ATA Environmental. April 2004. p. 107. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  7. ↑ "ACHIS - Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Inquiry System". Government of Western Australia - Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  8. ↑ "Register of Heritage Places - Assessment Documentation - Boundary Tree, Swan Locations 4 and 5, Baskerville". Heritage Council of Western Australia. 22 April 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  9. ↑ "History - Anglican Parish of Swan". Anglican Diocese of Perth. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Register of Heritage Places - Assessment Documentation - Henry Bull's Cottage". Heritage Council of Western Australia. 6 February 1998. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 Bourke, Michael J. On the Swan: A History of the Swan District, Western Australia. University of Western Australia Press. ISBN   9780855642587.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Convicts in the Swan District: The First Public Works Projects in the Colony of Western Australia, 1850-51". ResearchGate. October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  13. ↑ "Lt Henry Bull". Freotopia. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  14. ↑ "Heritage List 2022" (PDF). City of Swan. 2022. p. 5. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  15. ↑ "Yagan, "Wallace" of the Aborigines". The Daily News. 23 September 1933. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  16. 1 2 "Yagan Memorial Park: a sacred place born of frontier violence". SBS News. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  17. ↑ "CONNOLLY John W". Redcoat Settlers in Western Australia 1826-1869. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  18. ↑ "Cradle of the Colony: A Story of Guildford and the Swan Valley" (PDF). City of Swan. p. 7. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  19. ↑ "Swan Road District - Progress During 63 Years". The West Australian. 22 September 1934. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  20. ↑ "Ellen's Brook Estate Mill Dam and Mill Weir". Heritage Council of Western Australia. 2 August 1995. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  21. ↑ "Belhus Irrigation Scheme". The Swan Express. National Library of Australia. 13 February 1904. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  22. 1 2 "Swan Shire Bridges Project - Synopsis of Interview with John Barrett-Lennard" (PDF). J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History: Oral History Collection. 19 March 1993. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  23. ↑ "The Ellen Brook Bridge in Belhus". Remember Midland. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  24. ↑ "Belhus Vineyard - Grapes That Topped the London Market". The Western Mail. 28 May 1910. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  25. ↑ "Belhus Vineyard - 175 Acres of Vines - A Monster Trellis". The Western Mail. 28 February 1919. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  26. ↑ "Table Grapes - On the Belhus Estate". The West Australian. National Library of Australia. 23 March 1923. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  27. ↑ "Fine Grapes for Export". The Western Mail. National Library of Australia. 20 March 1952. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  28. ↑ "The Best of Belhus - Frank Alban MLA". Swan Magazine. February 2014. p. 10. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  29. ↑ "Newsletter - Autumn 1988" (PDF). The Australian Society for Historical Archaeology. March 1988. p. 32. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  30. 1 2 "Western Australian Government Gazette - No.113" (PDF). Government of Western Australia. 7 August 1992. p. 3877. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  31. ↑ "Twelfth Report of the Standing Committee on Constitutional Affairs and Statutes Revision in Relation to a Petition Regarding the Swan Valley and Whiteman Park" (PDF). Parliament of Western Australia. 12 June 1996. p. 6. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  32. ↑ "Aboriginal warrior buried after 170 years". ABC News. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  33. ↑ "Ellen Brook Catchment - Local Water Quality Improvement Plan - June 2018" (PDF). Government of Western Australia - Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. June 2018. p. 10. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  34. 1 2 "Swan Canning catchment nutrient report 2018: Ellen Brook" (PDF). Government of Western Australia - Department of Water and Environmental Regulation. September 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  35. ↑ "Google Maps". Google. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  36. ↑ "Western Australia topographic map". topographic-map.com. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  37. ↑ "Open Data, Maps & Apps - Road Hierarchy". Main Roads WA. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  38. ↑ "Belhus - 2021 Census - All persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  39. ↑ "Ellenbrook Police Station". Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  40. ↑ "Minister for Police & Road Safety - New fire station contributes to Ellenbrook's growth". Government of Western Australia. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  41. ↑ "New St John Ellenbrook centre opens". St John WA. 26 July 2019. p. 19. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  42. ↑ "Yagan Memorial Park". Artsource. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  43. ↑ "Corona Park in Belhus". Remember Midland. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  44. ↑ "Australian Exchange Guide - WA Listing". Whirlpool. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  45. ↑ "Energy Infrastructure Map". Government of Western Australia - Department of Treasury. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
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