Bluefish

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Bluefish
Pomatomus saltatrix.png
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Pomatomidae
Gill, 1863 [2]
Genus: Pomatomus
Lacépède, 1802 [3]
Species:
P. saltatrix
Binomial name
Pomatomus saltatrix
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms [4]
  • Gasterosteus saltatrixLinnaeus, 1766
  • Cheilodipterus saltatrix(Linnaeus, 1766)
  • Perca lophar Forsskål, 1775
  • Cheilodipterus heptacanthus Lacepède, 1801
  • Pomatomus skibLacepède, 1802
  • Gonenion serra Rafinesque, 1810
  • Lopharis mediterraneusRafinesque, 1810
  • Scomber sypterus Pallas, 1814
  • Sypterus pallasii Eichwald, 1831
  • Chromis epicurorum Gronow, 1854
  • Temnodon conidens Castelnau, 1861
  • Sparactodon nalnal Rochebrune, 1880
  • Temnodon tubulus Saville-Kent, 1893
  • Pomatomus pedica Whitley, 1931

The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean. Bluefish are known as tailor in Australia and New Zealand, [5] elf and shad in South Africa. [6] [7] It is a popular gamefish and food fish.

The bluefish is a moderately proportioned fish, with a broad, forked tail. The spiny first dorsal fin is normally folded back in a groove, as are its pectoral fins. Coloration is a grayish blue-green dorsally, fading to white on the lower sides and belly. Its single row of teeth in each jaw is uniform in size, knife-edged, and sharp. Bluefish commonly range in size from seven-inch (18-cm) "snappers" to much larger, sometimes weighing as much as 40 lb (18 kg), though fish heavier than 20 lb (9 kg) are exceptional.

Systematics

The bluefish is the only extant species now included in the family Pomatomidae. At one time, gnomefishes were included, but these are now grouped in a separate family, Scombropidae. Extinct relatives of the bluefish include Carangopsis from the Early Eocene of Italy and Lophar from the Late Miocene of Northern California.

Distribution

Trolling for blue fish lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1866 Trolling for bluefish2.jpg
Trolling for blue fish lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1866

Bluefish are widely distributed around the world in tropical and subtropical waters. They are found in pelagic waters on much of the continental shelves along eastern America (though not between south Florida and northern South America), Africa, the Mediterranean and Black Seas (and during migration in between), Southeast Asia, and Australia. They are found in a variety of coastal habitats: above the continental shelf, in energetic waters near surf beaches, or by rock headlands. [8] They also enter estuaries and inhabit brackish waters. [9] [10] [11] Periodically, they leave the coasts and migrate in schools through open waters. [4] [12]

Along the U.S. East Coast, bluefish are found off Florida in the winter. By April, they have disappeared, heading north. By June, they may be found off Massachusetts; in years of high abundance, stragglers may be found as far north as Nova Scotia. By October, they leave the waters north of New York City, heading south (whereas some bluefish, perhaps less migratory, [13] [14] are present in the Gulf of Mexico throughout the year). In a similar pattern overall, the economically significant population that spawns in Europe's Black Sea migrates south through Istanbul (Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles, Aegean Sea) and on toward Turkey's Mediterranean coast in the autumn for the cold season. [15] Along the South African coast and environs, movement patterns are roughly in parallel. [16]

Life history

Adult bluefish are typically between 20 and 60 cm (8 in. to 2 ft.) long, with a maximum reported size of 120 cm (4 ft.) and 14 kg (31 lb). They reproduce during spring and summer, and can live up to 9 years. [4] [12] Bluefish fry are zooplankton, and are largely at the mercy of currents. [17] [18] Spent bluefish have been found off east-central Florida, migrating north. As with most marine fish, their spawning habits are not well known. In the western side of the North Atlantic, at least two populations occur, separated by Cape Hatteras in North Carolina. The Gulf Stream can carry fry spawned to the south of Cape Hatteras to the north, and eddies can spin off, carrying them into populations found off the coast of the mid-Atlantic, and the New England states. [19]

Feeding habits

A large bluefish Very Large Bluefish.JPG
A large bluefish
External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Bluefish blitz – YouTube
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Bluefish Feeding Frenzy – YouTube

Adult bluefish are strong and aggressive, and live in loose groups. They are fast swimmers that prey on schools of forage fish, and continue attacking them in feeding frenzies even after they appear to have eaten their fill. [4] [12] Depending on area and season, they favor menhaden and other sardine-like fish (Clupeidae), jacks (Scombridae), weakfish (Sciaenidae), grunts (Haemulidae), striped anchovies (Engraulidae), shrimp, and squid. They are cannibalistic and can destroy their own young. [20] Bluefish sometimes chase bait through the surf zone, attacking schools in very shallow water, churning the water like a washing machine. This behavior is sometimes referred to as a "bluefish blitz”. [21]

In turn, bluefish are preyed upon by larger predators at all stages of their lifecycle. As juveniles, they fall victim to a wide variety of oceanic predators, including striped bass, larger bluefish, fluke (summer flounder), weakfish, tuna, sharks, rays, and dolphins. As adults, bluefish are taken by tuna, sharks, billfish, seals, sea lions, dolphins, porpoises, and many other species. [22]

Bluefish are aggressive and have been known to inflict severe bites on fishermen. Wading or swimming among feeding bluefish schools can be dangerous. [23] In July 2006, a seven-year-old girl was attacked on a beach, near the Spanish town of Alicante, allegedly by a bluefish. [24] In New Jersey, the large beachfeeder schools are very common and lifeguards report never having seen bluefish bite bathers in their entire careers.[ citation needed ]

Parasites

Ovary of fish with visible Philometra (nematode parasites) females - lower row: bluefish Parasite170008-fig1 - Ovary of fish with visible Philometra females.png
Ovary of fish with visible Philometra (nematode parasites) females - lower row: bluefish

Like other fish, bluefish host a number of parasites. One spectacular parasite is Philometra saltatrix, a philometrid nematode in the ovaries. The females are brownish red and may be as long as 80 mm; the males are very small. [25]

Recreational fisheries

In Australia, bluefish, called "tailor", are caught on the west coast from Exmouth to Albany, with the most productive fishing areas being in the west coast bioregion. [26]

The IGFA All Tackle World Record for bluefish stands at 31 lb 12oz (14.4 kg) landed by James Hussey near Hatteras, North Carolina. [27]

Commercial fisheries

Pomatomus saltatrix wild capture 2010.png
Pomatomus saltatrix wild capture.png
Wild capture of bluefish by countries in thousand tonnes, 1950–2010, as reported by the FAO [28]

In the U.S., bluefish are landed primarily in recreational fisheries, but important commercial fisheries also exist in temperate and subtropical waters. [29] Bluefish population abundance is typically cyclical, with abundance varying widely over a span of 10 years or more. [30]

Management

Bluefish is a popular sport and food fish, and has been widely overfished. [31] Fisheries management has generally stabilized its population. In the middle Atlantic region of the U.S., bluefish were heavily overfished in the late 1990s, but active management rebuilt the stock by 2007. [32] Elsewhere, public awareness efforts, such as bluefish festivals, combined with catch limits, may be having positive effects in reducing the stress on the regional stocks. [33]

Culinary use

Bluefish may be baked or poached, [34] or smoked. [35] The smaller ones ("snapper blues") are generally fried, as they are not very oily. [36]

Because of its fattiness, bluefish goes rancid rapidly, so it is generally not found far from its fisheries, [35] but where it is available, it is often inexpensive. [37] It must be refrigerated and consumed soon after purchase; some recipes call for keeping it in vinegar and wine before cooking, in vina d'alhos [36] or en escabeche . [38] By the same token, it is high in omega-3 fatty acids, but also in mercury and PCBs, [35] containing the high level of about 0.4 ppm of mercury on average, [39] comparable to albacore tuna or Spanish mackerel. [40] For that reason, the U.S. FDA recommends that young children and women of childbearing age consume no more than one serving per week (a serving size is about 4 ounces uncooked for an adult, 2 ounces for children ages 4–7 years, 3 ounces for children ages 8–10 years, and 4 ounces for children 11 years and older). [41]

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References

  1. ↑ Carpenter, K.E.; Ralph, G.; Pina Amargos, F.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Pomatomus saltatrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T190279A115314064. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190279A19929357.en . Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  2. ↑ Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 . PMID   25543675.
  3. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Pomatomus". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Pomatomus saltatrix" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  5. ↑ CAAB taxon report for Pomatomus saltatrix Archived 2010-02-26 at the Wayback Machine at the CSIRO
  6. ↑ Heemstra, Phillip C.; Heemstra, Elaine (2004). Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. NISC (PTY) LTD. pp. 187–188. ISBN   9781920033019.
  7. ↑ "Bluefish Identification". LandBigFish. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  8. ↑ "New England/Mid-Atlantic | NOAA Fisheries" (PDF). 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2022-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ↑ McBride, R. S.; Conover, D. O. (1991). "Recruitment of young-of-the-year bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to the New York Bight - variation in abundance and growth of spring-spawned and summer-spawned cohorts". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 78 (3): 205–216. doi: 10.3354/meps078205 . JSTOR   24826553.
  10. ↑ McBride, R. S.; Ross, J. L.; Conover, D. O. (1993). "Recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to estuaries of the U.S. South Atlantic bight" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 91 (2): 389–395. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-27.
  11. ↑ McBride, Richard S.; Scherer, Michael D.; Powell, J. Christopher (1995). "Correlated Variations in Abundance, Size, Growth, and Loss Rates of Age-0 Bluefish in a Southern New England Estuary". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124 (6): 898–910. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0898:CVIASG>2.3.CO;2.
  12. 1 2 3 Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 2012.
  13. ↑ "Pomatomus saltatrix (Bluefish)". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 2015-11-09.
  14. ↑ "Common Name: Bluefish". Combat Fishing.
  15. ↑ "Saving the Sultan of Fish". Archived from the original on 2011-11-27. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  16. ↑ "Pomatomus saltatrix". 13 May 2012.
  17. ↑ Norcross, J. J.; Richardson, S. L.; Massmann, W. H.; Joseph, E. B. (1974). "Development of young bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix and distribution of eggs and young in Virginian coastal waters". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 103 (3): 477. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1974)103<477:DOYBPS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN   1548-8659.
  18. ↑ Ditty, J. G.; Shaw, R. F. (1993). "Seasonal occurrence, distribution, and abundance of larval bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Family: Pomatomidae), in the northern Gulf of Mexico". Bulletin of Marine Science - Miami. 56 (2): 592–601.
  19. ↑ Kendall, A. W. Jr.; Walford, L. A. (1979). "Sources and distribution of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, larvae and juveniles off the east coast of the United States" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 77 (1): 213–227. Archived from the original on 2009-08-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  20. ↑ Schultz, Ken (2009) Ken Schultz's Essentials of Fishing. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9780470444313.
  21. ↑ Honachefsky, Nick (October 2016). "Blues travelers". Outdoor Life. 223: 68.
  22. ↑ "Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch. Bluefish" (PDF). SeaChoice.org. December 12, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  23. ↑ Lovko, Vincent J. (2008) Pathogenicity of the Purportedly Toxic Dinoflagellates Pfiesteria Piscicida and Pseudopfiesteria Shumwayae and Related Species [ permanent dead link ] ProQuest. ISBN   9780549882640.
  24. ↑ "Un depredador rápido y muy voraz con dientes de sierra (in Spanish)" El País, July 14, 2006
  25. ↑ Moravec, František; Chaabane, Amira; Neifar, Lassad; Gey, Delphine; Justine, Jean-Lou (2017). "Species of Philometra (Nematoda, Philometridae) from fishes off the Mediterranean coast of Africa, with a description of Philometra rara n. sp. from Hyporthodus haifensis and a molecular analysis of Philometra saltatrix from Pomatomus saltatrix". Parasite. 24: 8. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017008. PMC   5364780 . PMID   28287390. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  26. ↑ "Tailor recreational fishing". fish.wa.au. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  27. ↑ "Bluefish". igfa.org. International Game Fish Association. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  28. ↑ Based on data sourced from the FishStat database
  29. ↑ "Bluefish_ Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US". NOAA. 20 July 2021.
  30. ↑ Ulanski, Stan (2011) Fishing North Carolina's Outer Banks University of North Carolina Press. ISBN   9780807872079.
  31. ↑ Ceyhan, Tevfik; Akyol, Okan; Ayaz, Adnan; Juanes, Francis (2007). "Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 64 (3): 531–536. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsm026 .
  32. ↑ Bluefish Archived 2015-10-08 at the Wayback Machine FishWatch, NOAA. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  33. ↑ "Istanbul Celebrates New Hope for a Favorite Fish With First-Annual 'Lüfer Festival'". Treehugger.
  34. ↑ Davidson, Alan (2002) Mediterranean Seafood, 3rd ed. ISBN   1580084516, p. 100
  35. 1 2 3 Hunt, Kathy (2014). Fish Market: A Cookbook for Selecting and Preparing Seafood. Running Press Adult. p. 87. ISBN   978-0762444748.
  36. 1 2 Davidson, Alan (1980) North Atlantic Seafood. ISBN   0670515248, pp. 92-93
  37. ↑ Sifton, Sam. "Smoked Bluefish Pâté". New York Times.
  38. ↑ "Florence Fabricant, "Bluefish Escabeche", New York Times Cooking".
  39. ↑ Burger, Joanna; Gochfeld, Michael (2011). "Mercury and selenium levels in 19 species of saltwater fish from New Jersey as a function of species, size, and season". Science of the Total Environment. 409 (8): 1418–1429. Bibcode:2011ScTEn.409.1418B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.034. PMC   4300121 . PMID   21292311.
  40. ↑ "Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish (1990-2012)". FDA. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  41. ↑ Advice about Eating Fish. U.S. Food & Drug Administration

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