Cessna Citation X

Last updated
Cessna 750 Citation X
N975QS 2002 Cessna 750 C-N 750-0175 Citation X (7039507775).jpg
Citation X
General information
Type Business Jet
Manufacturer Cessna
StatusIn service
Primary users NetJets
Number built339: 310 X, 29 X+ [1]
History
Manufactured1996–2018 [1]
Introduction dateJuly 1996 [2]
First flight21 December 1993
Developed from Cessna Citation III

The Cessna 750 Citation X [a] is an American mid-size business jet produced by Cessna and part of the Citation family. Announced at the October 1990 NBAA convention, the Model 750 made its maiden flight on December 21, 1993, received its type certification on June 3, 1996, and was first delivered in July 1996. The updated Citation X+ was offered from 2012 with a 14 in (360 mm) cabin stretch and upgraded systems. Keeping the Citation III fuselage cross section, it has a new 37° swept wing with an area of 527 ft² (49 m2) for a fast Mach 0.935 MMO and a 36,600 lb (16.6 t) MTOW for a 3,460 nmi (6,408 km) range, a T-tail and two 7,034 lbf (31.29 kN) AE3007 turbofans. After 338 deliveries, production ended in 2018.

Contents

Development

Double club cabin Cessna Citation X cabin interior.jpg
Double club cabin

When the Citation X was announced, the Citation 650 series, the "family" at the top of the product line, the Citations III, VI, and VII, was eight years old. In 1990, Cessna made a proposition for an improved 650 model to their Customer Advisory Council. The council was interested in some new elements such as increased speed and a pressurized baggage compartment. This pushed Cessna toward the Citation X program, which became the new 750 series.

Cessna wanted to improve the image of the Citation family. The Citation models that emerged in the 1970s were originally intended to be practical and with good handling qualities. Consequently, they turned out to be much slower than the competing Learjets. Cessna had difficulties in shedding the popular image of the Citation as a slow airplane, even though their jets had eventually become as fast as the competition.

The development of the Citation X was first announced at the National Business Aviation Association Convention in New Orleans in October 1990, with the first prototype making its maiden flight on December 21, 1993. Originally scheduled for August 1995, the certification of the Cessna Citation X was delayed several times. First, failure of the airframe and engine to meet Federal Aviation Administration requirements caused the planned certification date postponement to late November 1995. The main delay reasons were troubles integrating the avionics and the engine to the aircraft, high-altitude and low-speed engine flameout (high wing attack angles caused insufficient airflow), engines not meeting the bird strike criteria and directional stability challenges. Efforts to increase the maximum take-off weight of the Citation X by about 800 pounds again delayed the FAA certification schedule, this time to April 1996. These changes were aimed at permitting a full-fuel payload of 1,400 pounds (seven passengers), but Cessna had difficulty achieving a balance between reducing Citation X cabin noise and minimizing the extra weight of sound-dampening materials. The certification, FAA FAR Part 25, Amendment 74, Certification 3, was finally achieved on June 3, 1996. [2]

The first Citation X was delivered in July 1996 to golfer and long-time Cessna customer Arnold Palmer. Once in use, the Citation X continued to set speed records. Arnold Palmer set one of them in September 1997: 473 knots (876 km/h) on a 5,000 km closed course. In February 1997, the Citation X design team was awarded the National Aeronautic Association's Robert J. Collier Trophy. The Citation X was approved by Transport Canada on May 22, 1998, and by the European Joint Aviation Authorities in 1999. In October 2000, Cessna announced an upgrade for all Citation Xs to be delivered after January 1, 2002. The main characteristics of this upgraded version were a 5% increase in thrust, a 400 lb (180 kg) increase in maximum take-off weight, and improved Honeywell avionics. [2]

Citation X+

In 2010, Cessna initiated a major update of the aircraft, initially dubbed the Citation Ten, which included upgraded AE3007C2 engines with new fans, Garmin G5000 flight displays with three 14-inch (36 cm) screens, and an autothrottle system. The elliptical winglets that were available as an aftermarket option on the Citation X became standard, and a stretch of 38 centimetres (15 in) was incorporated to improve passenger comfort. Due to a 1.4% improvement in Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and increased thrust, the Citation X+ can support an increase in payload of 97 kilograms (214 lb), an increase in cruise speed at FL490 from 460 to 479 knots, and a range increase of 190 nmi (352 km). First flight was completed on January 17, 2012. The height has been increased to 19 ft 3 in (5.85 m), length increased to 73 ft 7 in (22.43 m), wing span has been expanded to 69 ft 2 in (21.1 m), maximum takeoff weight has increased to 36,600 lb (16,602 kg), maximum cruise speed has increased to 527 knots (606 mph; 976 km/h) at FL350, and maximum range has increased to 3,242 nautical miles (3,731 mi; 6,004 km) (MTOW, Full Fuel, Optimal Climb and Descent, Mach 0.82 Cruise, FL450). [3]

Design

Unpainted airframe showing metal construction Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd (VP-CFP) Cessna 750 Citation X in the Douglas Aerospace hangar 2.jpg
Unpainted airframe showing metal construction

The Citation X uses a new wing, tail, tail cone, landing gear, and systems, designed from scratch and not based on prior Citations. Part commonality is limited to some cockpit controls, the windshield, and the tail light bulb. [4] The pressure bulkhead is also similar to previous designs. The Citation X has the same fuselage cross-section as the Citations III, VI and VII; however, the wing attachment to the fuselage is different from the attachment in previous Citation. The Citation X was the first aircraft from Cessna to use a Rolls-Royce engine and fully-integrated avionics. [5]

The aircraft incorporates a number of innovative design features. One attribute that is often first noticed is the large diameter of the engine intakes. This feature, related to the high bypass ratio turbofan, reduces the noise from the engines and improves fuel efficiency. Another obvious characteristic is the highly swept wing with a supercritical airfoil, used in order to increase the critical Mach number and therefore the top speed. The Citation X has 37 degrees of sweepback at the quarter chord, more than any other business jet and, among civil aircraft, second only to the Boeing 747's 37.5 degrees. The horizontal and vertical stabilizers are also highly swept and are arranged in a T-tail configuration.

Airframe

The area ruled fuselage Cessna 750 Citation X AN0983363.jpg
The area ruled fuselage

A significant amount of effort throughout the design process was directed towards reducing the Citation X's total drag. The resulting design includes an area-ruled fuselage for efficient transonic flight and a highly swept supercritical wing. The Citation X's wing is slung below the fuselage rather than passing through it. This allows increased volume in the fuselage, a one-piece wing, and simplified wing-fuselage connections.

Engines

Rolls-Royce AE 3007 turbofan AE 3007engine1.JPG
Rolls-Royce AE 3007 turbofan

The Citation X is powered by two Rolls-Royce AE 3007C (up to S/N 750-172) or AE 3007C1 engines (S/N 750-173 and subsequent), each with 6442 lbs (28.66 kN) or 6764 lbs (30.09 kN) [6] of thrust, respectively. They are pod-mounted on the sides of the rear fuselage. It is the first Cessna aircraft to be powered by a Rolls-Royce engine. The engine has solid titanium blades and a three-stage low-pressure turbine. The engine's fan has approximately a 5 to 1 bypass ratio for improved fuel efficiency and low acoustic signature. The unit also incorporates the Honeywell GTCP36-150CX Auxiliary Power Unit (APU).

Powered controls

Another first for Cessna is the inclusion of powered controls in the Citation X. The controls are powered by dual-hydraulic systems for redundancy. There are two elevators and the tailplane is all-moving for trim. The rudder is in two pieces: the lower portion is hydraulically powered and the upper portion is electrically powered. Each wing has five spoiler panels, to be used both for roll control (in addition to the ailerons) and as speed brakes. One of the major challenges of the Citation X design was finding enough space in the wing to run all the necessary hydraulic lines. As Paul Kalberer, the chief engineer of the Citation X program, explained, the Citation X needs just as many hydraulic pumps and actuators as a large airliner, but has much less space inside the wings.

Avionics

Cockpit The front office of the Citation X (5100778418).jpg
Cockpit

Honeywell provides the avionics system for the glass cockpit. The Honeywell Primus 2000 EFIS flight director system is composed of five 7-inch × 8-inch CRT screens. Dual flight management systems with GPS are standard.

In the Citation X+ the avionics were changed to the Garmin G5000 system. [7]

Elliptical winglets

In 2008, Winglet Technology, with the help of Cessna, began flight testing epoxy/graphite elliptical winglets on a Citation X. Flight testing was nearing completion in late 2008, with FAA supplemental type certification expected in 2009. The winglets increase range by 150 nm, lower fuel burn by 4–5%, improve hot and high performance as well as climb rate, permitting a climb to flight level 430 in 22 minutes, as opposed to 26 minutes without the modification. Climb to flight level 450 at maximum takeoff weight is possible without a step climb. [8] Cruise speed at altitude is expected to increase by 15 knots, and maximum takeoff weight will increase by 1200 lbs (545 kg). Excluding installation, the kit's projected cost is $395,000. [9]

Elliptical winglets were made standard on Citation X+. [7]

Operators

Multiple companies have purchased the Cessna Citation X, including Waitt Media, Honeywell, Target Corporation, Townsend Engineering, General Motors and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories since 2002.

Private owners included film director Sydney Pollack, attorney Fred Furth, Oracle's Larry Ellison, entrepreneur Steve Fossett, Formula One driver Nelson Piquet, 45th US president Donald Trump, and golfer Arnold Palmer.

NetJets ordered 60, then another 21, at the standard 10.5% discount, flying it 1,100 to 1,200 hr. per year, and XOJET, started in 2006, operates 20 jets. [10]

Deliveries 1996–2006, [11] 2004–2018 [12]
Variant9697989900010203040506070809101112131415161718337
CE-750 Citation X72830363734311815141217167336-314
CE-750 Citation X+9644629

Specifications

Planform view showing the high 37deg sweepback Cessna 750 Citation X AN1886076.jpg
Planform view showing the high 37° sweepback
Front view with large engine inlets Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd (VP-CFP) Cessna 750 Citation X taxiing at Wagga Wagga Airport 1.jpg
Front view with large engine inlets
VariantCitation X [13] Citation X+ [14]
Crew2 [15]
PassengersUp to 12
Length72.53 ft (22.04 m)73 ft 7 in (22.43 m)
Span63.6 ft (19.39 m)69 ft 2 in (21.08 m)
Height19.2 ft (5.85 m)19 ft 3 in (5.87 m)
Wing area527ft² (48.96 m2) [13]
Empty weight22,131 lb (10,038 kg)
Max. takeoff weight35,700-36,100 lb (16,193-16,375 kg)36,600 lb (16,600 kg)
Fuel capacity13,000 lb (5,897 kg) [13]
Turbofans 2 × AE3007C/C12 × AE3007C2
Thrust2 × 6442-6764 lbf (28.66-30.09 kN)2 × 7,034 lbf (31.29 kN)
Max speedMach .92Mach .935 (536 kn; 993 km/h) [15]
Cruise speed528 kn (978 km/h)
Minimum control speed114 kn (211 km/h) [15]
Range3,460 nmi (6,410 km)
Ceiling51,000 ft (15,545 m) [13]
Time to altitude24 min to Flight level 470

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Notes

  1. X as in the Roman numeral for ten

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Learjet 60</span> Business jet aircraft

The Learjet 60 is a mid-size cabin, medium-range business jet aircraft manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace in Wichita, Kansas. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW305A engines, it has a range of 2,405 nautical miles (4,454 km) with NBAA 100 nmi (190 km) reserves, ISA. In July 2012 Bombardier Aerospace announced a temporary "production pause" of the latest variant Learjet 60XR to begin in the fourth quarter of 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Aerospace 125</span> Business jet

The British Aerospace 125 is a twinjet mid-size business jet. Originally developed by de Havilland and initially designated as the DH.125 Jet Dragon, it entered production as the Hawker Siddeley HS.125, which was the designation used until 1977. Later on, more recent variants of the type were marketed as the Hawker 800.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawker 800</span> Business jet

The Hawker 800 is a mid-size twinjet corporate aircraft. It is a development of the British Aerospace 125, and was assembled by Hawker Beechcraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna 182 Skylane</span> American light aircraft

The Cessna 182 Skylane is an American four-seat, single-engined light airplane built by Cessna of Wichita, Kansas. It has the option of adding two child seats in the baggage area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IAI Westwind</span> Business jet

The IAI Westwind is a business jet initially produced by Aero Commander as the 1121 Jet Commander. Powered by twin GE CJ610 turbojets, it first flew on January 27, 1963, and received its type certification on November 4, 1964, before the first delivery. The program was bought by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) in 1968, which stretched it slightly into the 1123 Westwind, and then re-engined it with Garrett TFE731 turbofans into the 1124 Westwind. The 16,800–23,500 lb (7.6–10.7 t) MTOW aircraft can carry up to 8 or 10 passengers, and 442 were produced until 1987.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawker 400</span> Twinjet business aircraft

The Hawker 400 is a light business jet. Initially designed and built by Mitsubishi, it has been further developed and updated by the Beech Aircraft Company, now part of Textron Aviation. A military version, the T-1 Jayhawk was also produced. In total, over 900 Hawker 400s have been delivered. In 2017, Hawker began to offer a manufacturer supported upgrade package known as the Hawker 400XPR. The new modifications are intended to reduce fuel consumption and improve range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna 414</span> Pressurized twin-engine general aviation aircraft

The Cessna 414 is an American light, pressurized, twin-engine transport aircraft built by Cessna. It first flew in 1968 and an improved variant was introduced from 1978 as the 414A Chancellor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation family</span> Business jet family

The Cessna Citation is a family of business jets by Cessna that started in 1972 with the entry into service of the first model. In the fifty years following the 1969 first flight, more than 7,500 Citations were delivered, forming the largest business jet fleet. Deliveries reached 8,000 by 2022, while logging over 41 million flight hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulfstream G100</span> Business jet

The Gulfstream G100, formerly known as the IAI Astra SPX, is an Israel Aerospace Industries-manufactured twin-engine business jet, that was produced for Gulfstream Aerospace. Deliveries began in 1986. The United States Navy employs the aircraft as the C-38A Courier. A later derivative known as the G150 was launched in 2002. Gulfstream announced the final sale of the G150 in September 2016 and the last delivery by mid-2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation II</span> American business jet

The Cessna Citation II models are light corporate jets built by Cessna as part of the Citation family. Stretched from the Citation I, the Model 550 was announced in September 1976, first flew on January 31, 1977, and was certified in March 1978. The II/SP is a single pilot version, the improved S/II first flew on February 14, 1984 and the Citation Bravo, a stretched S/II with new avionics and more powerful P&WC PW530A turbofans, first flew on April 25, 1995. The United States Navy adopted a version of the S/II as the T-47A. Production ceased in 2006 after 1,184 of all variants were delivered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Learjet 45</span> Business jet aircraft

The Learjet 45 (LJ45) is a mid-size business jet aircraft produced by the Learjet Division of Bombardier Aerospace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation Excel</span> Medium-sized business jet

The Cessna Citation Excel is an American midsize business jet in the Cessna Citation family. Announced in October 1994, the Model 560XL first flew on February 29, 1996, certification was granted in April 1998, and over 1,000 have been delivered. The 2,100 nmi-range (3,900 km), 20,200 lb MTOW jet is powered by two 3,650–4,080 lbf (16.2–18.1 kN) PW545 turbofans, has the cruciform tail and unswept supercritical wing of the Citation V (560), and a slightly shortened Citation X stand-up cabin. The XLS 2004 update had upgraded engines and a glass cockpit and the 2008 XLS+ had upgraded engines and a revised nose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation III</span> Business jet series

The Cessna Citation III is an American business jet produced by Cessna and part of the Citation family. Announced at the October 1976 NBAA convention, the Model 650 made its maiden flight on May 30, 1979, received its type certification on April 30, 1982 and was delivered between 1983 and 1992. The cheaper Citation VI was produced from 1991 to 1995 and the more powerful Citation VII was offered between 1992 and 2000; 360 of all variants were delivered, while a proposed transcontinental variant, the Citation IV, was canceled before reaching the prototype stage. An all new design, the Citation III had a 312 sq ft swept wing for a 22,000 lb MTOW and a 2,350 nmi (4,350 km) range, a T-tail and two 3,650–4,080 lbf (16.2–18.1 kN) TFE731 turbofans. Its fuselage cross section and cockpit were kept in the later Citation X, Citation Excel and Citation Sovereign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna CitationJet/M2</span> Light business jet

The Cessna CitationJet/CJ/M2 are a series of light business jets built by Cessna, and are part of the Citation family. Launched in October 1989, the first flight of the Model 525 was on April 29, 1991. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was awarded on October 16, 1992, and the first aircraft was delivered on March 30, 1993. The CJ series are powered by two Williams FJ44 engines; the design uses the Citation II's forward fuselage with a new carry-through section wing and a T-tail. The original CitationJet model has been updated into the CJ1/CJ1+/M2 variants; additionally, the CJ1 was stretched into the CJ2/CJ2+ which was built between 2000 and 2016. The design was then further developed into the CJ3/CJ3+, built from December 2004 to present, and finally into the CJ4 which has been built since 2010. By June 2017, 2,000 of all variants had been delivered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulfstream G650/G700/G800</span> Executive jet aircraft

The Gulfstream G650 is a large business jet produced by Gulfstream Aerospace. The model is designated Gulfstream GVI in its type certificate. The aircraft can be configured to carry from 11 to 18 passengers over a range of 7,000 nautical miles [nmi] at a top speed of Mach 0.925. The aircraft is powered by two Rolls-Royce BR725 turbofans, mounted on the rear fuselage. Gulfstream began the G650 program in 2005 and revealed it to the public in 2008. The G650ER is an extended-range version of the G650, adding about 500 nmi by modifying the fuel system, an upgrade offered for existing G650 aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation V</span> Small business jet delivered by Cessna between 1989 and 2011

The Cessna Citation V is a business jet built by Cessna that was in production from 1989 until 2011. During that time, 774 such craft were made. The first Model 560 prototype, a stretched version of the Citation S/II, flew in August 1987 and was certified on December 9, 1988.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation Sovereign</span> Super mid-size business jet

The Cessna Citation Sovereign is an American business jet developed by Cessna, part of the Cessna Citation family. Announced at the 1998 NBAA convention, the Model 680 made its maiden flight in February 2002, certification was awarded on June 2, 2004, and deliveries began in late September. The Citation Excel fuselage was stretched and joined with an all-new, larger wing and more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PW306C engines for increased maximum takeoff weight and a 3,200 nmi (5,900 km) range. The improved Sovereign+ was announced at the October 2012 NBAA for a first flight in April 2013 and deliveries in December, with added winglets and an improved flight deck and engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulfstream G280</span> Type of aircraft

The Gulfstream G280 is a twin-engine business jet built by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) for Gulfstream Aerospace. It began delivery to users in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation Longitude</span> Super-midsize American business jet first flown in 2016

The Cessna Citation Longitude is a business jet produced by Cessna, part of the Cessna Citation family. It remains the largest business jet by Cessna. Announced at the May 2012 EBACE, the Model 700 made its first flight on October 8, 2016, with certification obtained in September 2019. The aluminum airframe has the fuselage cross-section of the Citation Latitude, stretched by a seat row. Powered by Honeywell HTF7000 turbofans, it has a new ~28° swept wing and a T-tail for a 3,500 nmi (6,500 km) range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cessna Citation Latitude</span> Mid-size business jet

The Cessna Citation Latitude is a business jet built by Cessna. The Model 680A was announced at the 2011 NBAA convention, the prototype first flew on 18 February 2014, it achieved FAA certification on June 5, 2015, and first deliveries began on August 27. It retains the Model 680 Sovereign wing, twin P&WC PW306D turbofans and cruciform tail and adds a new stand-up circular fuselage with a flat floor, which was kept in the stretched, re-winged, and re-engined Cessna Citation Longitude.

References

  1. 1 2 Jon Lake (12 March 2019). "Final Citation X+ delivered after 22-year run <". Flightglobal.
  2. 1 2 3 Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN   0-7106-2537-5. p. 600.
  3. "Cessna Citation X Specification and Description Preliminary". March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-15.
  4. ReadyJetGo (31 October 2019). "Cessna Citation X". Medium. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  5. "Citation XLS+".
  6. Cessna. Model 750 Pilot's Operating Handbook. Wichita, KS: Cessna Aircraft Company.
  7. 1 2 "Citation X+ Pilot Report".
  8. "Winglet Technology Nearing Completion of Cessna Citation X Elliptical Winglet Flight Testing". Orlando, FL: Sky Control. 5 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  9. Croft, John (10 October 2008). "New winglet manufacturer excels on Citation X". Washington DC: Flightglobal . Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  10. Fred George (May 22, 2018). "Swan Song For Citation X: Farewell To World's Fastest Civil Aircraft". Business & Commercial Aviation.
  11. "2006 General Aviation Statistical Databook" (PDF). GAMA. February 12, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2018. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
  12. "2017 Annual Report" (PDF). GAMA. 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. EASA.IM.A.097" (PDF). EASA. January 7, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
  14. "Citation X+". Cessna. 2015. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
  15. 1 2 3 "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. T00007WI" (PDF). FAA. July 29, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2019.