Cessna O-2 Skymaster

Last updated

O-2 Skymaster
O-2 Skymaster-1 (cropped).jpg
O-2A Skymaster
General information
Type Observation aircraft
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Cessna
StatusLimited service
Primary users United States Air Force (historical)
Number built532
History
ManufacturedMarch 1967 - June 1970
Introduction dateMarch 1967
First flightJanuary 1967
Retired2010 (United States)
Developed from Cessna Skymaster

The Cessna O-2 Skymaster (nicknamed "Oscar Deuce") is a military version of the Cessna 337 Super Skymaster, used for forward air control (FAC) and psychological operations (PSYOPS) by the US military between 1967 and 2010.

Contents

Design and development

The O-2 lacks the 337 propeller spinner 67-21300 Cessna O-2A Skymaster, pic2.JPG
The O-2 lacks the 337 propeller spinner

In 1966, the United States Air Force (USAF) commissioned Cessna to build a military variant of the Model 337 Skymaster to supplement the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog in the role of forward air control. [1]

Both the civilian and military Skymasters were low-cost twin-engine piston-powered aircraft, with one engine in the nose of the aircraft and a second in the rear of the fuselage. The push-pull configuration provided centerline thrust, allowing simpler operation than the low-wing mounting of most twin-engine light aircraft, and allowed a high wing to be used, providing clear observation below and behind the aircraft.

Modifications made for the military configuration included fore-and-aft seating for a pilot and observer, instead of the six seats of the civilian version; installation of view panels in the doors (for improved ground observation); installation of flame-retardant foam in the wing-mounted fuel tanks (slightly increasing weight, and reducing maximum fuel capacity by 3%); installation of military, rather than civilian, communication and navigation equipment and antennas; removal of propeller spinners; increased gross weight (5,400 lb vs. 4,400 lb in civilian version), with component strengthening as required to support the increase; and removal of interior upholstery.

The O-2 first flew in January 1967, and the plane went into production shortly thereafter in March. Performance (especially at cruising altitudes) was degraded due to the added antennas and significant weight increase, but was considered sufficient for the anticipated low-level operation.

Operational history

United States

U.S. Air Force

O-2B Skymaster dropping leaflets over Vietnam O-2 Skymaster.jpg
O-2B Skymaster dropping leaflets over Vietnam

The USAF took delivery of the O-2 Skymaster in March 1967 and the O-2A also entered the U.S. Army's inventory during 1967, from USAF stock. By June 1970, when production stopped, a total of 532 O-2s had been built for the USAF. [1]

During the Vietnam War, the O-2A was introduced as a replacement for the O-1 Bird Dog, in the forward air control (FAC) aircraft and served in that role with the 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron. The O-2B was equipped with loudspeakers and a leaflet dispenser for use in the psychological operations (PSYOPS) role.

While it was intended that the Skymaster be replaced in the FAC mission by the OV-10 Bronco, the O-2A continued to be used for night missions after the OV-10's introduction, due to the OV-10's high level of cockpit illumination, rendering night reconnaissance impractical. [2] The O-2 was phased out completely after additional night upgrades to the OV-10. [3] [4]

A total of 178 USAF O-2 Skymasters were lost in the Vietnam War, to all causes. [5]

Following the Vietnam War, the O-2 continued to operate with both U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard units into the late 1980s.

U.S. Navy

Six former USAF O-2A airframes were transferred to the U.S. Navy in 1983 for use as range controllers with Attack Squadron 122 (VA-122), the Pacific Fleet Replacement Squadron for the A-7 Corsair II at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California. These aircraft were later transferred to Strike Fighter Squadron 125 (VFA-125), the F/A-18 Hornet FRS at NAS Lemoore, in 1986 for use in the same range control role. [6] These O-2A aircraft were eventually replaced by T-34C Turbomentor aircraft transferred from the Naval Air Training Command.

U.S. Army

Of the six USN aircraft mentioned above, two were transferred to the U.S. Army in late 1990. [6] USAF O-2As were augmented by the 1990 aircraft transfer from the Navy. Several disassembled USAF O-2s remain in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. [6] Two O-2As were used at Laguna Army Airfield, Arizona as part of testing programs carried out by the Yuma Proving Ground. These were retired in October 2010 and sent to a museum. [7]

South Vietnam

35 USAF O-2 aircraft were later transferred to and operated by the former Republic of Vietnam Air Force. [4]

El Salvador

During the Salvadoran Civil War, the Salvadoran Air Force received a total of 23 O-2As and 2 O-2Bs from the United States, the first arriving in 1981. They were employed to observe the movements of FMLN formations and direct air strikes against them, playing a major role in forcing the rebel movement to abandon large-scale operations.

Near the end of the war in 1990, the rebels' acquisition of SA-7 missiles resulted in the loss of two O-2As, while another was destroyed by mortar fire, and two more were lost in crashes. [8]

Civilian use

CAL FIRE

In the mid-1970s, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, or CAL FIRE, found that the contractor-owned air attack aircraft, mostly single-engine Cessna 182s and Cessna 210s, did not provide the airspeed and safety needed for the department's new air tanker program. In 1974, Senior Air Operations Officer Cotton Mason inspected 40 USAF O-2s at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The best 20 were selected and shipped to Fresno, California. These aircraft had been FAC aircraft in Vietnam and were shipped back to the United States in containers, and were disassembled and on pallets when they arrived at Fresno. A crew of California Conservation Corps (CCC) members under the supervision of a CDF Battalion Chief, who was an FAA Certificated Mechanic with Inspection Authorization (IA), reassembled the aircraft.

They were placed in service in 1976, and served CAL FIRE for more than 20 years, until replaced by a fleet of OV-10 Broncos. [9]

Variants

Planform view showing attachment points Cessna O-2A Skymaster (20063249288).jpg
Planform view showing attachment points
O-2A
Version designed for use in forward air control missions, with underwing ordnance hard points to hold rockets, gun pods or flares. [1] 513 delivered. [4]
O-2B
Version designed for psychological warfare, equipped with loudspeakers and a leaflet dispenser, and not armed. [1] Thirty-one former civil 337s were converted to O-2Bs. [10]

Operators

Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti
An O-2A of the Imperial Iranian Air Force Cessna O-2A of IIAF.jpg
An O-2A of the Imperial Iranian Air Force
State Flag of Iran (1964).svg Iran
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea
Flag of South Vietnam.svg  South Vietnam
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe

Aircraft on display

Displayed at the Museum of Aviation (Warner Robins) Cessna O-2A Skymaster '71380' 'Big Herb' (11457394796).jpg
Displayed at the Museum of Aviation (Warner Robins)

Specifications (O-2)

O-2 Line drawing Cessna O-2 Skymaster line.gif
O-2 Line drawing

Data from [40]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

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