Curtiss Falcon

Last updated
Falcon
Curtiss A-3 Falcon (SN 27-243).jpg
Curtiss A-3 Falcon. This was the first A-3 aircraft, later converted to O-1B.
RoleObservation, Attack
Manufacturer Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
Introduction 1925
RetiredOctober 1937
Primary users United States Army Air Corps
United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Number built338 USAAC [1]
150 USN/USMC

The Curtiss Falcon was a family of military biplane aircraft built by the American aircraft manufacturer Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company during the 1920s. Most saw service as part of the United States Army Air Corps as observation aircraft with the designations O-1 and O-11, or as the attack aircraft designated the A-3 Falcon.

Contents

U.S. Navy variants were used initially as fighter-bombers with the designation F8C Falcon, then as the first U.S. Marine Corps dive bombers with the name Helldiver. Two later generations of Curtiss dive-bombers were also named Helldiver.

The type was introduced in 1925 and saw first-line service in the United States until 1934. Curtiss Falcons fought in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 in Brazil, used by the forces of São Paulo.

Design and development

The Falcon XO-1 prototype was evaluated by the USAAC along with eleven other prototypes in 1924 and the Douglas XO-2 was declared the winner of that competition. So Curtiss re-engined the prototype with the Packard 1A-1500 for the 1925 trials, which it won. The engine failed to live up to expectations and the O-1 ordered by the Army was fitted with the 435 hp (324 kW) Curtiss V-1150 (D-12) engine. [1]

The aircraft was a conventional unequal-span biplane design with wooden wings, while the fuselage was built using aluminum tubing with steel tie rod bracing. [2] The landing gear was fixed and the tail included a balanced rudder with a rear skid originally, later changed to a tailwheel.[ citation needed ]

The initial A-3 Falcon order was placed in the winter of 1927 and delivery of the first plane was in October 1927. A total of 76 A-3s were received. Later, six aircraft were modified as pilot trainers with dual controls and redesignated A-3A. A second batch of 78 improved A-3Bs, based on the Curtiss O-1E, was purchased beginning in 1929.[ citation needed ]

Operational history

Curtiss OC-2s in flight, c. 1929 Curtiss OC-2.jpg
Curtiss OC-2s in flight, c. 1929

Reasonably successful as an observation aircraft, Falcons flew primarily in the 1st, 5th and 99th Observation Squadrons of the 9th Observation Group, Mitchel Field, New York. The A-3 Attack Falcon saw considerable use, in first-line service with the 8th, 13th and 19th Attack Squadrons of the 3rd Attack Group, Barksdale Field, Louisiana, and the 26th Attack Squadron in Hawaii from 1928 to 1934 and second-line service with reserve units until 1937.

The U.S. Navy introduced the F8C-1 and F8C-3 Falcon as a shipboard fighter in 1927–1928. They were later redesignated OC-1 and OC-2 for Marine Corps use as an observation/bomber. The F8C-4 Helldiver variant initially saw service with the Navy, and the first production batch of 25 was transferred in 1931 to the Marine Corps. A total of 34 F8Cs redesignated as O2C-1 observation aircraft were also transferred to the Naval Reserve in 1931, serving with squadrons VN-10RD9, VN-11RD9, and VN-12RD9. Most of the 63 newer F8C-5/O2C-1 Helldivers also served with the Marines, remaining in service until 1936. The type was featured in multiple Hollywood films: Flight (1929), Hell Divers (1932) and King Kong (1933).

Curtiss Falcon aircraft fought during the Brazil Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, under the flag of São Paulo. In Bolivia, the aircraft type also fought in the Chaco War (1932–1935), bombing Paraguayan troops. [3] [4] The Colombian Air Force used Falcon F-8 and O-1 in the Colombia-Peru War in 1932–3.

Variants

[2]

U.S. Army Air Corps

A-3
Model 44, attack aircraft version of O-1B, armed with two 0.30 in (7.62 mm) machine guns and 200 lb (91 kg) of bombs; 66 built for the USAAC.
A-3A
Six A-3s converted into trainers.
A-3B
Model 37H, attack version of O-1E, with six machine guns, including two mounted in wings; 78 built.
Curtiss XA-4 Falcon Curtiss XA-4 parked.jpg
Curtiss XA-4 Falcon
XA-4
One A-3 with a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-1 Wasp radial piston engine. Scrapped in March 1932, but the design was the basis for the naval variants.
A-5
Proposed A-3 variant with Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror engine
A-6
Proposed A-3 variant with Curtiss H-1640 Chieftain engine
XBT-4 Curtiss XBT-4.jpg
XBT-4
XBT-4
Model 46, one O-1E converted into a basic trainer for the USAAC.
XO-1
Liberty 12A powered Prototype, later modified to use a Packard 1A-1500, one built.
O-1
Model 37A, two-seat observation aircraft, the first production model, ten built. One converted into the O-1 Special VIP transport.
O-1A
Two-seat observation aircraft, powered by the Liberty piston engine, one built.
O-1B
Model 37B, first major production version, powered by Curtiss D-12D (V-1150-3) engine; 45 ordered, 25 built and 20 diverted on the production line to the A-3.
O-1C
Four O-1Bs converted into VIP transports.
O-1E
Model 37I, variant powered by 435 hp (324 kW) Curtiss D-12E (V-1150-5) piston engine; 41 built.
O-1F
Model 37J, one O-1E converted into VIP transport.
O-1G
Model 38, final O-1 variant, powered by a 712 hp (531 kW) Wright R-1820F-2 Cyclone engine; 30 built for USAAC.
XO-11
Two O-1 modified as O-11 prototypes.
O-11
O-1 airframe powered by the Liberty V-1650 piston engine; 67 built concurrently with the O-1s.
XO-12
One XO-11 prototype redesignated XO-12.
XO-13
O-1 fitted with 720 hp (540 kW) Conqueror engine for the 1927 National Air Races.
XO-13A
Second XO-13, fitted with wing skin radiators.
O-13B
One O-1C fitted with a Conqueror engine, tested as an observation aircraft, and provided to Secretary of War.
YO-13C
Three O-1Es re-engined with 600 hp (450 kW) direct-drive Conqueror engines.
YO-13D
One O-11 fitted with supercharged Conqueror engine.
XO-16
One O-11 with Prestone cooling system.
XO-18
One O-1B testbed for Curtiss H-1640 Chieftain engine.
Y1O-26
One O-1E fitted with a geared Conqueror engine.
O-39
O-1G refitted with a Conqueror engine and cockpit canopy; ten built.

U.S. Navy and Marine Corps

Marine Corps Curtiss OC-2 Falcon, c. 1929 Curtiss OC-2 Falcon.jpg
Marine Corps Curtiss OC-2 Falcon, c. 1929
The XF8C-2 prototype Curtiss XF8C-2.jpg
The XF8C-2 prototype
The XF8C-4 prototype Curtiss XF8C-4.jpg
The XF8C-4 prototype
Curtiss F8C-5 Formation, circa 1930 Curtiss F8C-5 Formation, circa 1930.jpg
Curtiss F8C-5 Formation, circa 1930
The XF8C-7 Curtiss XF8C-7.jpg
The XF8C-7
A-3 Helldiver
Registry name of XF8C-8, not adopted by USN.
A-4 Helldiver
Civil version of XF8C-8 for use by Assistant Secretary of Navy David Ingalls. Later redesignated XF8C-7.
XF8C-1
Model 37C variant developed from XO-12; two built for the U.S. Navy.
F8C-1 Falcon
Model 37C powered by the 420 hp (310 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial piston engine; four built in 1928 for the U.S. Marine Corps as light bombers, fighters and observation aircraft, later redesignated OC-1.
XF8C-2
Model 49, one prototype for F8C Helldiver. Original crashed on first factory flight and was replaced by Curtiss with a second bearing identical sn.
F8C-3 Falcon
Second production batch of Navy Falcons; 21 built for USN/USMC in 1928, later redesignated OC-2.
XF8C-4
Second Helldiver prototype, modified tail skid assembly.
F8C-4 Helldiver
Model 49B, production dive-bomber variant for the USN/USMC; 25 built, later designated O2C.
F8C-5 Helldiver
Model 49B with ring cowling; 63 built in 1930–31, later designated O2C-1.
XF8C-6
Two F8C-5s modified with superchargers, slats, and wing flaps; one later modified as O2C-2.
XF8C-7
Redesignation of A-4 Helldiver, later redesignated XO2C-2.
XF8C-8
Two prototypes built with canopy-enclosed front cockpit, later redesignated O2C-2.
O2C-1 Helldiver
Redesignation of 63 F8C-5; 30 production O2C-1s in 1931.
O2C-2 Helldiver
Redesignation of XF8C-8s and one XF8C-6.
XOC-3
One XF8C-1 prototype fitted with a Chieftain engine.
XF10C-1
O2C-2 re-engined with a R-1510 engine, also temporary designated XS3C-1.

Civil and export

Civil Falcon
20 civil versions: Conqueror Mail plane; D-12 Mailplane; Lindbergh Special, sold to Charles Lindbergh; Liberty Mailplane, 14 single-seat mailplanes, powered by a Liberty piston engines, sold to National Air Transport.
Export Falcon
also South American D-12 Falcon. One seaplane version of the O-1B was sold to Colombia, followed by an order for 15 more. Another 10 Model 35Fs were sold to Peru. [5]
Colombia Cyclone Falcon
Model 37F fitted with the 712 hp (531 kW) Wright Cyclone radial piston engine. 100 built for Colombia.
Chilean Falcon
O-1E design built under license in Chile, 10 later sold to Brazil. One example ended up in Paraguay as passage fee for the remaining aircraft. It operated mostly as a VIP transport, but made at last one reconnaissance flight over the Chaco war fields armed with two 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine-guns from a Potez.
Bolivia Cyclone Falcon
Similar to Colombian Falcon, it was fitted with the 712 hp (531 kW) Wright SR-1820F-2 Cyclone radial piston engine. A total of nine were built for Bolivia in some odd variants from the Colombian ones. Bolivian Cyclone Falcons mounted one frontal .30 MG and most also one rear .30 MG instead of the two wing-mounted ones. Two had semi-cockpit canopies over pilots cockpit; two had windscreens instead of canopy in both cockpits, these two had no ring mount for rear machine gun.

Operators

Military operators

Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia
Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg  Brazil
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay
Flag of Peru (1825-1884).svg  Peru
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg  Philippines
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States

Civil operators

Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States

Specifications Model 37H (A-3B)

Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947, [6] United States military aircraft since 1909 [1]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtiss A-8</span> American attack aircraft

The Curtiss A-8 was a low-wing monoplane ground-attack aircraft built by the United States company Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, designed in response to a 1929 United States Army Air Corps requirement for an attack aircraft to replace the A-3 Falcon. The Model 59 "Shrike" was designated XA-8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtiss SB2C Helldiver</span> Carrier-based dive bomber aircraft

The Curtiss SB2C Helldiver is a dive bomber developed by Curtiss-Wright during World War II. As a carrier-based bomber with the United States Navy (USN), in Pacific theaters, it supplemented and replaced the Douglas SBD Dauntless. A few survivors are extant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas Y1B-7</span> American bomber/observation aircraft

The Douglas Y1B-7 was a 1930s American bomber aircraft. It was the first US monoplane given the B- 'bomber' designation. The monoplane was more practical and less expensive than the biplane, and the United States Army Air Corps chose to experiment with monoplanes for this reason. At the time the XB-7 was ordered, it was being tested by Douglas Aircraft as an observational plane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fokker XB-8</span> Dutch bomber prototype for the United States Army Air Corps

The Fokker XB-8 was a bomber built for the United States Army Air Corps in the 1930s, derived from the high-speed Fokker O-27 observation aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone</span> American WWII-era aircraft engine

The Wright R-2600 Cyclone 14 is an American radial engine developed by Curtiss-Wright and widely used in aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtiss Robin</span> Type of aircraft

The Curtiss Robin, introduced in 1928, was a high-wing monoplane built by the Curtiss-Robertson Airplane Manufacturing Company. The J-1 version was flown by Wrongway Corrigan who crossed the Atlantic after being refused permission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtiss SBC Helldiver</span> US navy biplane

The Curtiss SBC Helldiver was a two-seat scout bomber and dive bomber built by the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. It was the last combat military biplane procured by the United States Navy. Delivered in 1937, it became obsolete even before World War II and was kept well away from combat with Axis fighters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas XA-2</span> American attack aircraft prototype

The Douglas XA-2 was an American prototype attack aircraft converted from a Douglas O-2 observation aircraft in the spring of 1926 by Douglas Aircraft. Only one prototype aircraft was built and the type was not ordered into production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtiss P-6 Hawk</span> Fighter aircraft in use by the US Army Air Corps 1929-1937

The Curtiss P-6 Hawk is an American single-engine biplane fighter introduced into service in the late 1920s with the United States Army Air Corps and operated until the late 1930s prior to the outbreak of World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas O-38</span> Type of aircraft

The Douglas O-38 was an observation airplane used by the United States Army Air Corps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtiss P-1 Hawk</span> 1923 fighter biplane family by Curtiss

The P-1 Hawk was a 1920s open-cockpit biplane fighter aircraft of the United States Army Air Corps. An earlier variant of the same aircraft had been designated PW-8 prior to 1925.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consolidated P-30</span> American two-seat fighter

The Consolidated P-30 (PB-2) was a 1930s United States two-seat fighter aircraft. An attack version called the A-11 was also built, along with 2 Y1P-25 prototypes and YP-27, Y1P-28, and XP-33 proposals. The P-30 is significant for being the first fighter in United States Army Air Corps service to have retractable landing gear, an enclosed and heated cockpit for the pilot, and an exhaust-driven turbo-supercharger for altitude operation.


The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk was a WWII fighter aircraft that was developed from the P-36 Hawk, via the P-37. Many variants were built, some in large numbers, under names including the Hawk, Tomahawk, and Kittyhawk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heinkel He 50</span> German World War II-era dive bomber

The Heinkel He 50 was a German World War II-era dive bomber, originally designed for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Serving in Luftwaffe prewar dive-bombing units, the He 50 served until almost the end of World War II as a night harassment bomber.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas O-31</span> US military observation aircraft introduced 1930

The Douglas O-31 was the Douglas Aircraft Company's first monoplane observation straight-wing aircraft used by the United States Army Air Corps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas O-2</span> Type of aircraft

The Douglas O-2 was a 1920s American observation aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company, powered by the Liberty engine of WW1 fame, with some later variants using other engines. It was developed into several version, with 879 being produced in total. It was used in combat by the Chinese Air Force in the 1930s and also was that basis for a successful mailplane version.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consolidated PT-11</span> Type of aircraft

The Consolidated Model 21 was an American two-seat training aircraft built by the Consolidated Aircraft Company. It was used by the United States Army Air Corps with the designation PT-11 and the United States Coast Guard under the designation N4Y.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtiss Model R</span> Type of aircraft

The Curtiss Model R was a utility aircraft produced for the United States Army and Navy during World War I. It was a conventional, two-bay biplane with slightly staggered wings of unequal span. The aircraft was provided with two open cockpits in tandem and fixed tailskid undercarriage, but many were built for the Navy with twin floats replacing the wheels. During the course of the war, Model Rs were used for general liaison and communication duties, as well for observation, training, and as air ambulances. In practice, the Curtiss powerplants supplied with these aircraft proved insufficient and were mostly replaced with Liberty engines. The Navy's Model R-3 floatplane had extended-span, three-bay wings, and was intended for use as a torpedo bomber. Some of these were later fitted with wheeled undercarriage and transferred to the Army as bombers under the designation Model R-9.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loening OL</span> Type of aircraft

The Loening OL, also known as the Loening Amphibian, was an American two-seat amphibious biplane designed by Grover Loening and built by Loening for the United States Army Air Corps and the United States Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas-Morse O-19</span> Type of aircraft

The Thomas-Morse O-19 was an American observation biplane built by the Thomas-Morse Aircraft Company for the United States Army Air Corps.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter M. (1964). United States military aircraft since 1909 (New ed.). New York: Putnam. p. 179. ISBN   0-85177-816-X.
  2. 1 2 Eden, Paul; Moeng, Soph, eds. (2002). The complete encyclopedia of world aircraft. London, NI 9PF: Barnes & Noble Books. p. cover. ISBN   0-7607-3432-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. Hagedorn, Dan; Sapienza, Antonio Luis (2000). Aircraft of the Chaco War. Schiffer Pub. p. 144. ISBN   0-7643-0146-2.
  4. Corum, James S. (3 February 2003). "O Poder Aéreo na Guerra do Chaco" [Air Power in the Chaco War]. Air & Space Power Journal (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  5. Bowers 1979 , p. 311.
  6. Bowers, Peter M. (1979). Curtiss aircraft, 1907–1947. London: Putnam. pp. 292–302. ISBN   0370100298.
  7. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography