Boeing-Stearman Model 75

Last updated

Model 75 (Stearman Kaydet)
Boeing PT-17-BW Kaydet '23 - 23 - U.S.Navy' (N7058Q) (50906088841).jpg
Boeing Stearman N7058Q in U.S. Navy markings
General information
TypeBiplane trainer
Manufacturer Stearman Aircraft / Boeing
Number built10,626 (includes model 70, 75 and 76) [1]
History
Introduction date1934
Variants American Airmotive NA-75

The Stearman (Boeing) Model 75 is an American biplane formerly used as a military trainer aircraft, of which at least 10,626 were built in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. [2] Stearman Aircraft became a subsidiary of Boeing in 1934. Widely known as the Stearman, Boeing Stearman, or Kaydet, it served as a primary trainer for the United States Army Air Forces, the United States Navy (as the NS and N2S), and with the Royal Canadian Air Force as the Kaydet throughout World War II. After the conflict was over, thousands of surplus aircraft were sold on the civilian market. In the immediate postwar years, they became popular as crop dusters and sports planes, and for aerobatic and wing walking use in air shows.

Contents

Design and development

A WAVE in a Boeing Stearman N2S United States Navy training aircraft WAVE parachute rigger with N2S c1944.jpg
A WAVE in a Boeing Stearman N2S United States Navy training aircraft
United States Navy N2S-2 at NAS Corpus Christi, 1943 N2S-2 NAS Corpus Christi 1943.jpg
United States Navy N2S-2 at NAS Corpus Christi, 1943
United States Navy NS-1s of the NAS Pensacola Flight School, 1936 Boeing-Stearman NS-1-1936.jpg
United States Navy NS-1s of the NAS Pensacola Flight School, 1936
Boeing Stearman E75 (PT-13D) of 1944 Stearman.e75.g-bswc.longshot.arp.jpg
Boeing Stearman E75 (PT-13D) of 1944
Vintage Boeing-Stearman Model 75, Breitling SA Breitling N74189.JPG
Vintage Boeing-Stearman Model 75, Breitling SA
Boeing Stearman (PT-13D) of the TALOA in Dirgantara Mandala Museum, Indonesia Stearman-TALOA.jpg
Boeing Stearman (PT-13D) of the TALOA in Dirgantara Mandala Museum, Indonesia
Boeing Stearman (PT-13) of the Israeli Air Force Boeing Stearman top view.jpg
Boeing Stearman (PT-13) of the Israeli Air Force
United States Navy N2S ambulance at NAS Corpus Christi, 1942 N2S Kaydet ambulance 1942.jpg
United States Navy N2S ambulance at NAS Corpus Christi, 1942
Boeing Stearman PT-17, Museum of Historical Studies Institute of Aerospace in Peru - Lima Stearman Modelo PT-17 en el IEHAP-Lima.jpg
Boeing Stearman PT-17, Museum of Historical Studies Institute of Aerospace in Perú – Lima
PT-17 "Kaydet" on display at the Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB 16 19 061 PT17.jpg
PT-17 "Kaydet" on display at the Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB
Boeing Stearman PT-17 Kaydet - Aeronautics Museum of Maracay Boeing Stearman PT-17 Kaydet.jpg
Boeing Stearman PT-17 Kaydet – Aeronautics Museum of Maracay

In late 1933, Stearman engineers Mac Short, Harold W. Zipp, and J. Jack Clark took a 1931 Lloyd Stearman design, and added cantilever landing gear and adjustable elevator trim tabs, to produce the Model 70. Able to withstand +12g and -9g, the aircraft was powered by a 210-hp Lycoming R-680, first flew on 1 January 1934, before flight tests were conducted at Wright Field, Naval Air Station Anacostia, and Pensacola. The Navy then requested a similar model built to Navy specifications, including a 200-hp Wright J-5 engine. The resultant Model 73, was designated NS-1 by the Navy, of which 41 were ordered, including enough spares to build another 20 aircraft. [3]

In the summer of 1934, Stearman engineers refined the Model 73 into the Model X75. The Army Air Corps evaluated the plane that autumn, powered by a 225-hp Wright R-760 or a 225-hp Lycoming R-680. In July 1935, the Army Air Corps ordered 26 with the Lycoming engine, designated the PT-13A, while the navy ordered an additional 20. In August 1936, the Army ordered an additional 50 PT-13As, followed by another 30 in October, and another 28 in December. Simultaneously, the company received orders for its primary trainer from the Argentinian navy, the Philippine Army Air Corps, and the Brazilian Air Force. In January 1937, the army ordered another 26 PT-13As. [3]

On 6 June 1941, the U.S. government issued Approved Type Certificate No. 743 for the civilian version of the Model 75. Designated the Model A75L3 (PT-13) and Model A75N1 (PT-17), about 60 were sold to civilian flights schools such as Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, and for export. [3] : 148 

On 15 March 1941, the company delivered the 1000th trainer to the Army, and the 1001st trainer to the Navy. Then on 27 August 1941, the company delivered the 2000th trainer to the Army. On 27 July 1944, the company delivered its 10,000th primary trainer. [3] : 145–148, 168 

The Kaydet was a conventional biplane of rugged construction, with a large, fixed tailwheel undercarriage, and accommodation for the student and instructor in open cockpits in tandem. The radial engine was usually not cowled, although some Stearman operators choose to cowl the engine, most notably the Red Baron Stearman Squadron.

Operational history

Post-war usage

After World War II, thousands of surplus PT-17s were auctioned off to civilians and former military pilots. Many were modified for crop-dusting use, with a hopper for pesticide or fertilizer fitted in place of the front cockpit. Additional equipment included pumps, spray bars, and nozzles mounted below the lower wings. A popular approved modification to increase the maximum takeoff weight and climb performance involved fitting a larger Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior engine and a constant-speed propeller.

Variants

Data from: United States Navy aircraft since 1911, [4] Boeing aircraft since 1916 [5] 8,584 Model 70s, 75s and 76s were built, with additional "spares" bringing the number up to the sometimes quoted 10,346. [1]

USAAC/USAAF designations

The U.S. Army Air Forces Model 75 Kaydet had three different designations, PT-13, PT-17 and PT-18, depending on which type of radial engine was installed.

PT-13
Initial production version with Lycoming R-680-B4B engine, 26 built in 1936
PT-13A Model A75 with R-680-7 engine, 92 delivered from 1937 to 1938.
PT-13B R-680-11 engine, 255 delivered from 1939 to 1941.
PT-13C Six PT-13Bs modified for instrument flying.
PT-13D Model E75 with R-680-17 engine, 793 delivered
PT-17
Version with Continental R-670-5 engine, 2,942 delivered.
PT-17A 136 PT-17s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
PT-17B Three PT-17s modified with agricultural spraying equipment for pest control near army bases.
PT-17C Single PT-17 conversion with standardized Army-Navy equipment.
PT-18
Version with Jacobs R-755-7 engine, 150 built. Further production was cancelled as the engines were needed for other types of trainers.
PT-18A Six PT-18s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
PT-27
USAAF paperwork designation given to 300 D75N1/PT-17 aircraft supplied under Lend-Lease to the Royal Canadian Air Force. The last example built, FK108, had a canopy installed. [a] [6]

US Navy designations

NS
Up to 61 Model 73B1 delivered, powered by 220 hp (160 kW) Wright J-5/R-790 Whirlwind radials [7]
N2S
Known colloquially as the "Yellow Peril" from its overall yellow paint scheme.
N2S-1 Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-14 engine, 250 delivered.
N2S-2 Model B75 with Lycoming R-680-8 engine, 125 delivered in 1941.
N2S-3 Model B75N1 with Continental R-670-4 engine, 1,875 delivered.
N2S-4 Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-4 and -5 engines, 457 delivered of 579 ordered, including 99 PT-17s diverted from U.S. Army orders.
N2S-5 Model E75 with Lycoming R-680-17 engine, 1,450 delivered.

Company designations

Stearman 70
Company designation for prototype, powered by 215 hp (160 kW) Lycoming radial engine, designated XPT-943 for evaluation [8]
Model 73
Initial production version, 61 built for U.S. Navy as NS plus export variants [7]
Model 73L3
Version for the Philippines, powered by 200 hp (150 kW) R-680-4 or R-680C1 engines, seven built [9]
Model A73B1
Seven aircraft for Cuban Air Force powered by 235 hp (175 kW) Wright R-790 Whirlwind, delivered 1939–1940 [9]
Model A73L3
Improved version for the Philippines, three built [10]
Stearman 75
(or X75) Evaluated by the U.S. Army as a primary trainer, the X75L3 became the PT-13 prototype. Variants of the 75 formed the PT-17 family.
Stearman 76
Export trainer and armed version of the 75 with a gun ring and one or two fixed forward firing machine guns.
A76B4
5 built for Venezuela.
A76C3
15 built for Brazil.
B76C3
15 built with cameras for Brazil.
76D1
16 built for Argentina and three for Philippines as BT-1.
S76D1
seaplane version of 76D1 for Argentina
76D3
24 built for Philippine Constabulary as BT-1 armed advanced trainer, and 24 built for Cuba.

Other designations

Stearman XPT-943
Designation assigned to the X70 evaluated at Wright Field
Stearman Kaydet
Name used for aircraft in Royal Canadian Air Force service
American Airmotive NA-75
Single-seat agricultural conversion of Model 75, fitted with new, high-lift wings [11]

Operators

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Brazilian Air Force Model A75L3 and 76. [15]
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force received 301 PT-27s under Lend Lease. [16]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Republic of China
Republic of China Air Force received 150 PT-17s under Lend-Lease, [17] and 104 refurbished aircraft post war in Taiwan. The ROCAF used them until 1958. [18]
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia
Colombian Air Force [14]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala [19]
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran
Imperial Iranian Air Force [19]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Israeli Air Force purchased 20 PT-17s. [20]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Mexican Air Force [19]
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Air Force [ citation needed ]
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay
Paraguayan Air Force [14]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru
Peruvian Air Force [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg  Philippines
Philippine Army Air Corps [15]
Philippine Air Force [19]
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
United States Army Air Corps/United States Army Air Forces [15]
United States Marine Corps [ citation needed ]
United States Navy [15]
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela
Venezuelan Air Force [15]
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Air Force

Surviving aircraft

A considerable number of Stearmans remain in flying condition throughout the world, as the type remains a popular sport plane and warbird.

Argentina

Argentine Naval Aviation N2S-5 preserved in flight condititon Ultimo Stearman de la Aviacion Naval en vuelo.jpg
Argentine Naval Aviation N2S-5 preserved in flight condititon

Australia

Austria

Brazil

Canada

Colombia

Iceland

Indonesia

Israel

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Peru

Spain

Switzerland

Taiwan

United States

Boeing-Stearman NS2-S at the Arkansas Air & Military Museum in Fayetteville, Arkansas Arkansas Air & Military Museum May 2017 20 (Boeing-Stearman NS2-S).jpg
Boeing-Stearman NS2-S at the Arkansas Air & Military Museum in Fayetteville, Arkansas
Boeing-Stearman Kaydet at the Air Zoo Air Zoo December 2019 071 (Boeing-Stearman PT-17-N2S-5 Kaydet).jpg
Boeing-Stearman Kaydet at the Air Zoo
Boeing Stearman at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum Cavanaugh Flight Museum-2008-10-29-047 (4270577964).jpg
Boeing Stearman at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum
Boeing Stearman at the College Park Aviation Museum North Pole Stearman.JPG
Boeing Stearman at the College Park Aviation Museum

Specifications (PT-17)

3-view line drawing of the Boeing N2S-3 Boeing N2S-3 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Boeing N2S-3

Data from United States Military Aircraft since 1909 [116]

General characteristics

Performance

An iconic movie image is a Stearman cropduster chasing Cary Grant across a field in North by Northwest (the airplane that chased Grant was actually a Naval Aircraft Factory N3N Canary; the plane that hits the truck is a Stearman).[ citation needed ] A heavily modified PT-17 variant was used as the Tornado in the Sonic The Hedgehog 2 Film.

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

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References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ However, extensive publication of pictures of this airframe resulted in the misconception that all PT-27s had canopies.

Notes

  1. 1 2 Bowers, 1989, p.255
  2. ↑ National Museum of the United States Air Force gives the figure 10,346 but this includes the equivalent airframes in manufactured spare parts.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Phillips, Edward (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History. North Branch, MN: specialtypress. pp. 118–126. ISBN   9781580070874.
  4. ↑ Bowers, Peter M.; Swanborough, Gordon (1990). United States Navy aircraft since 1911. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 494–495. ISBN   0870217925.
  5. ↑ Bowers, Peter M. (1989). Boeing aircraft since 1916 (3rd ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 251–269. ISBN   978-0870210372.
  6. ↑ Mayborn, Mitch; Bowers, Peter M. (1973). Stearman Guidebook. Dallas, Texas: Flying Enterprise Publications. p. 31.
  7. 1 2 Bowers 1989, pp. 252–253.
  8. ↑ Bowers 1989, pp. 251–252.
  9. 1 2 Bowers 1989, p. 253.
  10. ↑ Bowers 1989, p. 254.
  11. ↑ Taylor 1965, p. 178.
  12. ↑ Bowers 1989, p. 268.
  13. 1 2 Núñez Padín, Jorge (2000). "BOEING STEARMAN N2S KAYDET". Fuerzas Navales (in Spanish). Jorge N. Padín. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Andrade 1979, p. 159
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Andrade 1979, p. 158
  16. ↑ Bowers 1989, p. 265.
  17. ↑ Bowers 1989, p. 262.
  18. ↑ Bowers 1989, pp. 260–261.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Boeing-Stearman Kadyet". Military Factory. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  20. ↑ Nordeen 1991, p. 27.
  21. ↑ "Civil Aircraft Register entry VH-EYC". Civil Aviation Safety Authority . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  22. ↑ "Civil Aircraft Register entry VH-USE". Civil Aviation Safety Authority . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  23. ↑ "PT-17 Stearman The Flying Bulls". The Flying Bulls . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  24. ↑ "BOEING STEARMAN A75L3 – Kaydet". Museu Aeroespacial. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  25. ↑ "BOEING STEARMAN A76C3". Museu Aeroespacial. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  26. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing N2S-3 Kaydet, s/n 0131 ARA, c/n 75-7631, c/r LV-FGD". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "Boeing PT-17 Stearman". Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  28. ↑ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GVTI]". Transport Canada. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing PT-13D Kaydet, s/n 42-17456 USAAF, c/n 75-5619, c/r C-GVTI". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  30. ↑ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GZAL]". Transport Canada. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  31. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing N2S-3 Kaydet, s/n 05284 USN, c/n 75-6458, c/r C-GZAL". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-FOXU]". Transport Canada. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  33. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing PT-13B Kaydet, s/n 5293 USN, c/n 75-6467, c/r C-FOXU". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  34. ↑ "Aviation". Reynolds Museum. Government of Alberta. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  35. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing N2S-4 Kaydet, s/n 30083 USN, c/n 75-3522, c/r CF-UWK". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  36. ↑ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GSDK]". Transport Canada. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  37. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing N2S-5 Kaydet, s/n 61105 USN, c/n 75-5227, c/r C-GSDK". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  38. ↑ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GQUA]". Transport Canada. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  39. ↑ "Klondike Airways Vintage Biplane Tours – The Stearman". Klondike Airways. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  40. ↑ "Aircraft Registry Lookup [TF-KAU]". Icelandic Transport Authority. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  41. ↑ Magnússon, Guðmundur (25 April 2019). "The oldest airplane in Iceland". mbl.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  42. ↑ Marteinsson, Ólafur; Marteinsson, Þorsteinn (23 April 2020). "Stearman, Reykjavík Airfield. March 20, 1943". World War II Crash Sites in Iceland. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  43. ↑ "Museum TNI AU Dirgantara Mandala Yogyakarta Indonesia". aviationmuseum.eu. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  44. ↑ "MAAM – The Widow's Web – Recovery". maam.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  45. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing N2S-5 Kaydet, s/n 2752 IDF, c/n 75-5096, c/r 4X-AIK". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  46. ↑ "EPS-6084 | Boeing PT-17 Kaydet | Mexico – Air Force | Santiago_MN". JetPhotos. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  47. ↑ "Boeing Stearman – Oostwold Airport" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  48. ↑ Vlaanderen, Annelies (17 May 2020). "Historisch vliegtuigje van Seppe naar Schiphol 100 jaar na eerste commerciële vlucht KLM". BN DeStem . Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  49. ↑ "Aerial Visuals – Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing PT-13D Kaydet, s/n 42-17701 USAAF, c/n 75-5864, c/r N1944S". www.aerialvisuals.ca. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  50. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-647". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  51. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-2055". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  52. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-2100". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  53. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-2724". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  54. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-3132". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  55. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-3655". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  56. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-4245". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  57. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-5064". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  58. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-5907". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  59. ↑ "Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-8025A". Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  60. ↑ "Boeing Stearman Kaydet – IDA". Infante de Orleans. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  61. ↑ "Boeing – Stearman Kaydet". Infante de Orleans. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  62. ↑ "Swiss Aircraft Register entry HB-RBG". Federal Office for Civil Aviation of Switzerland . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  63. ↑ "Boeing PT13D Stearman "HB-RBG" Geschichte". Fliegermuseum Altenrhein. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  64. ↑ "PT-17教練機". Aviation Education Exhibit Hall. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  65. ↑ "Stearman Model 70". Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  66. ↑ "Stearman PT-13A Kaydet (A75)". The Museum of Flight. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  67. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing PT-13A Kaydet, s/n 37-0099 USAAF, c/n 75-0055, c/r N8FL". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  68. ↑ "HISTORY: Boeing PT-17 Stearman". Mississippi State University . Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  69. ↑ "Airframe Dossier – Stearman-Boeing PT-17 Kaydet, s/n 41-7960 USAAF, c/n 75-1519, c/r N53129". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  70. ↑ "Stearman PT-17 (Model 75) 'Kaydet'". New England Air Museum. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  71. ↑ "BOEING A75N1 (PT-17) STEARMAN KADET". Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  72. ↑ "OUR WORLD WAR TWO AIRCRAFT". Military Aviation Museum. 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
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Bibliography

Videography

  • Stearman, Lloyd. Stearmans, You Gotta Love Them. Lap Records, 2005. (NTSC Format)
External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Primary Flight Training: Attitudes of Flight (Part 1) – training film featuring the N2S
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