On 24 September 1949, the XT-28 (company designation NA-159) was flown for the first time, designed to replace the T-6 Texan. The T-28A arrived at the Air Proving Ground, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, in mid-June 1950, for suitability tests as an advanced trainer by the 3200th Fighter Test Squadron, with consideration given to its transition, instrument, and gunnery capabilities.[2] Found satisfactory, a contract was issued and between 1950 and 1957, a total of 1,948 were built.
Following the T-28's withdrawal from U.S. military service, a number were remanufactured by Hamilton Aircraft into two versions called the Nomair. The first refurbished machines, designated T-28R-1 were similar to the standard T-28s they were adapted from, and were supplied to the Brazilian Navy. Later, a more ambitious conversion was undertaken as the T-28R-2, which transformed the two-seat tandem aircraft into a five-seat cabin monoplane for general aviation use. Other civil conversions of ex-military T-28As were undertaken by PacAero as the Nomad Mark I and Nomad Mark II[3]
After becoming adopted as a primary trainer by the USAF, the United States Navy and Marine Corps adopted it as well. Although the Air Force phased out the aircraft from primary pilot training by the early 1960s, continuing use only for limited training of special operations aircrews and for primary training of select foreign military personnel, the aircraft continued to be used as a primary trainer by the Navy (and by default, the Marine Corps and Coast Guard) well into the early 1980s.
The largest single concentration of this aircraft was employed by the U.S. Navy at Naval Air Station Whiting Field in Milton, Florida, in the training of student naval aviators. The T-28's service career in the U.S. military ended with the completion of the phase-in of the T-34C turboprop trainer. The last U.S. Navy training squadron to fly the T-28 was VT-27 "Boomers", based at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas, flying the last T-28 training flight in early 1984. The last T-28 in the Training Command, BuNo 137796, departed for Naval District Washington on 14 March 1984, in order to be displayed permanently at Naval Support Facility Anacostia, D.C.[4]
In 1963, a Royal Lao Air Force T-28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory, a Thai national, defected to North Vietnam. Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded. Within six months the T-28 was refurbished and commissioned into the North Vietnamese Air Force as its first fighter aircraft.[5] Lt. Saibory later trained NVAF pilot Nguyen Van Ba in the operation of the T-28, where Nguyen flew the T-28 in its first successful interception against an SVNAF C-123 Provider on 15 February 1964, earning the NVAF its first-ever aerial victory.[6]
T-28s were supplied to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) in support of ARVN ground operations, seeing extensive service during the Vietnam War in RVNAF hands, as well as the Secret War in Laos. A T-28 Trojan was the first US fixed wing attack aircraft (non-transport type) lost in South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. Capt. Robert L. Simpson, USAF, Detachment 2A, 1st Air Commando Group, and Lt. Hoa, RVNAF, were shot down by ground fire on August 28, 1962, while flying close air support. Neither crewman survived. The USAF lost 23 T-28s to all causes during the war, with the last two losses occurring in 1968.[7]
The T-28B and D were the primary ground attack aircraft of Khmer Air Force in Cambodia during the war there, largely provided from the U.S. Military Equipment Delivery Team and maintained by Air America.[9] On the night of 21 January 1971, PAVN sappers managed to get close enough to destroy the majority at Pochentong airbase. Replacements were quickly shipped in. On 17 March 1973 a pilot of a T-28, said to be Capt. So Petra, a common-law husband of one of the daughters of the overthrown Prince Norodom Sihanouk, machine gunned and bombed the palace of Lon Nol in an attempt to assassinate him, killing at least 20 and wounding 35, before defecting to Khmer Rouge held lands.[10]
France's Armée de l'Air used locally re-manufactured Trojans, T-28S Fennec, for close support missions in Algeria.[11]
Nicaragua replaced its fleet of 30+ ex-Swedish P-51s with T-28s in the early 1960s,[12] with more aircraft acquired in the 1970s and 1980s.[13]
MicroProse purchased a T-28B in 1988 for use in marketing their flight simulator video games, and named it "Miss MicroProse". USAF reserve pilot Bill Stealey would fly with games journalists for this purpose, and ran a competition called I Cheated Death with Major Bill which selected three fans to fly with him on a "stunt-filled flight lesson". The plane was later sold to a flight school in Cincinnati.[18]
Aerobatics and warbird display
Many retired T-28s were subsequently sold to private civil operators, and due to their reasonable operating costs are often found flying or displayed as warbirds today.
Variants
An early-production U.S. Navy T-28B in 1954A tailhook-equipped T-28C after trapping aboard USSTarawa(CVA-40), in 1955T-28D at Degerfeldairfield (2017)A turboprop-powered YAT-28E in 1964
U.S. Navy land-based trainer version with 1,425hp (1,063kW)Wright R-1820-86 radial engine driving a three-bladed propeller and fitted with a belly-mounted speed brake; 489 built from new and 17 converted from T-28.[22][21]
T-28C
U.S. Navy version, a T-28B with shortened propeller blades and tailhook for carrier-landing training; 299 built.[21][23]
T-28D Nomad
T-28Bs converted for the USAF in 1962 for the counter-insurgency, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and forward air controller roles in Vietnam. Fitted with two underwing hardpoints. The later T-28D-5 had ammo pans inside the wings that could be hooked up to hardpoint-mounted gun pods for a better center of gravity and aerodynamics; 321 converted by Pacific Airmotive (Pac-Aero).
T-28 Nomad Mark II - Wright R-1820-76A (1,425hp (1,063kW))
T-28 Nomad Mark III - Wright R-1820-80 (1,535hp (1,145kW))[25]
Fairchild AT-28D
Attack model of the T-28D used for Close Air Support (CAS) missions by the USAF and allied Air Forces in Southeast Asia, which were nicknamed "Tangos" by their pilots.[26] It was fitted with six underwing hardpoints and the rocket-powered Stanley Yankee ejection seat;[27] 72 converted by Fairchild Hiller.
YAT-28E
Experimental development of the counter-insurgency T-28D. It was powered by a 2,445hp (1,823kW)Lycoming YT-55L-9turboprop, and armed with two 12.7mm (0.50in) machine guns and up to 6,000lb (2,700kg) of weapons on 12 underwing hardpoints. Three prototypes were converted from T-28As by North American, with the first model flying on 15 February 1963. The project was canceled in 1965.[28]
T-28S Fennec
Ex-USAF T-28As converted in 1959 for use by the French Armée de l'Air, replacing the Morane-Saulnier MS.733A. It was flown by their Escadrilles d'Aviation Légère d'Appui (EALA; "Light Aviation Support Squadrons") in the counterinsurgency role in North Africa from 1959 to 1962. Fitted with an electrically powered sliding canopy, side-armor, a 1,200hp (895kW)Wright R-1820-97 supercharged radial engine (the model used in the B-17 bomber),[29] and four underwing hardpoints.[30] It is referred to as the "S" variant because its engine had a supercharger on it; it has also been referred to as the T-28F variant– with the "F" standing for France.[citation needed]
For fire support missions it usually carried two double-mount 12.7mm (0.50in) machine gun pods (with 100 rounds per gun) and two MATRA Type 122 6 x 68mm (2.7in) rocket pods.[30] It could also carry on paired hardpoints a 120kg (260lb)HE or GP "iron" bomb, a MATRAType 361 36 x 37mm (1.5in) rocket pod, a SNEB 7 x 55mm (2.2in) rocket pod, or a MATRA Type 13 single-rail, MATRA Type 20 or Type 21double-rail, MATRA Type 41quadruple-rail (2 x 2), or MATRA Type 61 or Type 63sextuple-rail (3 x 3) SERAM T10 heavy rocket launchers.[30] Improvised napalm bombs (called bidons spéciaux, or "special cans") were created by dropping gas tanks loaded with octagel-thickened fuel inside, then later igniting or detonating the spilled fuel with white phosphorus rockets.[30]
Total 148 airframes bought from Pacific Airmotive (Pac Aero) and modified by Sud-Aviation in France. After the war the French government offered them for sale from 1964 to 1967.[11] They sold most of them to Morocco and Argentina.[11]The Fuerza Aérea de Nicaragua (FAN) purchased four of these ex-Morocco aircraft during 1979.[citation needed] Argentina later sold some to Uruguay and Honduras.[11]
T-28P
T-28S Fennec aircraft sold to the Argentinian Navy as carrier-borne attack aircraft. They were given shortened propeller blades and a tailhook to allow carrier landings.[31]
T-28R Nomair
An attempt by Hamilton Aircraft Company of Tucson, Arizona to make a civilianized Nomad III-equivalent out of refurbished ex-USAF T-28As. It had a Wright Cyclone R-1820-80 engine to make it fast and powerful, but had to lengthen the wingspan by seven feet to reduce the stall speed to below a "street-legal" 70 knots.[25][32] The prototype flew for the first time in September 1960, and the FAA Type Certificate was received on 15 February 1962.[32] At the time, the T-28-R2 was the fastest single-engined standard category aircraft available in the United States. It had been flown to a height of 38,700ft (11,800m).
T-28R-1 Nomair I
A military trainer that had a tandem cockpit, dual instrumentation and flying controls, and hydraulically-actuated rearward-sliding canopy.[25][33] Six were sold in 1962 as carrier-landing trainers to the Brazilian Navy and were modified with a carrier arrestor hook. They were later transferred to the Brazilian Air Force.[32]
T-28R-2 Nomair II
Modified to have a cramped five-seater cabin (one pilot and two rows of two passengers) that opened from the port side.[25][33] Ten aircraft were modified in all; one was sold to a high-altitude photographic company.[32]
RT-28
Photo reconnaissance conversion for counter-insurgency use with Royal Lao Air Force. Number of conversions unknown.[34][35]
Cuban Air Force - 10 T-28As were ordered by the Batista regime but were never delivered owing to an arms embargo,[42][43] although at least one T-28 seems to have been acquired at some stage which was put on display at a museum at Playa Girón[44][45]
A T-28A of the USAF MuseumT-28B BuNo 138266 in 2008YAT-28E 0-13786
Many T-28s are on display throughout the world. In addition, a considerable number of flyable examples exist in private ownership, as the aircraft is a popular sport plane and warbird.
T-28B Bu 140016, Located at Jandakot Airport in Western Australia. Owned by AOG Services and registered as VH-KAN. Imported from the US in 2014 and formerly N46984.[citation needed]
Philippines
T-28A
109 - Philippine Air Force Museum. Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base Pasay, Metro Manila[67]
7760 -Basilio Fernando Air Base. Lipa, Batangas[68]
612 - Villa Escudero Plantations and Resort. Tiaong, Quezon [69]
AT-28D
137701 - Major Danilo Atienza Air Base, Cavite City, Cavite, Philippines.
114645 - Clark Air Base, Angeles City, Pampanga Philippines[70][71]
100310 - Edwin Andrews Air Base, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
138339 - Owned by Skydoc 1989–present (2019) Springfield, Illinois performing with the Trojan Horsemen 2003–2017, and Trojan Thunder 2017–present.[103]
The Northrop T-38 Talon is a two-seat, twinjet supersonic jet trainer designed and produced by the American aircraft manufacturer Northrop Corporation. It was the world's first supersonic trainer as well as the most produced.
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↑ Meier, Sid; Noonan, Jennifer Lee (2020). Sid Meier's memoir! a life in computer games (Firsted.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-1324005872.
↑ Troung, Albert Grandolini; Cooper, Tom (13 November 2003). "Laos, 1948-1989; Part 1". acig.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
↑ Troung, Albert Grandolini; Cooper, Tom (13 November 2003). "Laos, 1948-1989; Part 2". acig.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
↑ Secrets of US Air Operations in North Vietnam (Bí mật các chiến dịch không kích của Mỹ vào Bắc Việt Nam(in Vietnamese)). Hanoi: People's Police Publisher, p. 513.
Avery, Norm. North American Aircraft: 1934–1998, Volume 1. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1998. ISBN0-913322-05-9.
Compton, Frank. "November 79 Zulu: the Story of the North American Nomad". Sport Aviation, June 1983.
Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN978-1-912174-23-2.
Darke, Stephen M. (Winter 2013). "The North American T-28D". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria. Vol.39, no.156. pp.147–155. ISSN0262-8791.
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Further reading
Adcock, Al. T-28 Trojan in Action. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. 1989. ISBN0-89747-211-X
Cupido, Joe., "Veteran United: A T-28D Trojan Meets Up with a Former Pilot." Air Enthusiast, No. 83, September/October 1999, pp.16–20 ISSN0143-5450
Genat, Robert. "Final Tour of Duty - North American's T-28 Trojans". North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1996. ISBN0-933424-61-2
Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (2010). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.). North American T-28 Fennec. Serie Aeronaval (in Spanish). Vol.28. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. ISBN978-987-1682-02-7.
External links
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