The Boeing 777, commonly referred to as the Triple Seven, is an American long-rangewide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. The 777 is the world's largest twinjet and the most-built wide-body airliner. The jetliner was designed to bridge the gap between Boeing's other wide body airplanes, the twin-engined 767 and quad-engined 747, and to replace aging DC-10 and L-1011trijets. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 program was launched in October 1990, with an order from United Airlines. The prototype aircraft rolled out in April 1994, and first flew in June of that year. The 777 entered service with the launch operator United Airlines in June 1995. Longer-range variants were launched in 2000, and first delivered in 2004.
The 777 can accommodate a ten–abreast seating layout and has a typical 3-class capacity of 301 to 368 passengers, with a range of 5,240 to 8,555 nautical miles [nmi] (9,700 to 15,840km; 6,030 to 9,840mi). The jetliner is recognizable for its large-diameter turbofan engines, raked wingtips, six wheels on each main landing gear, fully circular fuselage cross-section, and a blade-shaped tail cone. The 777 became the first Boeing airliner to use fly-by-wire controls and to apply a carbon composite structure in the tailplanes.
The original 777 with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 545,000–660,000lb (247–299t) was produced in two fuselage lengths: the initial 777-200 was followed by the extended-range -200ER in 1997; and the 33.25ft (10.13m) longer 777-300 in 1998. These have since been known as 777 Classics and were powered by 77,200–98,000lbf (343–436kN)General Electric GE90, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, or Rolls-Royce Trent 800 engines. The extended-range 777-300ER, with a MTOW of 700,000–775,000lb (318–352t), entered service in 2004, the longer-range 777-200LR in 2006, and the 777F freighter in 2009. These second-generation 777 variants have extended raked wingtips and are powered exclusively by 110,000–115,300lbf (489–513kN) GE90 engines. In November 2013, Boeing announced the development of the third generation 777X (variants include the 777-8, 777-9, and 777-8F), featuring composite wings with folding wingtips and General Electric GE9X engines, and slated for first deliveries in 2026.
As of 2018[update], Emirates was the largest operator with a fleet of 163 aircraft. As of November2024[update], more than 60 customers have placed orders for 2,302 Triple Sevens across all variants, of which 1,740 have been delivered. This makes the 777 the best-selling wide-body airliner, while its best-selling variant is the 777-300ER with 831 delivered. The airliner initially competed with the Airbus A340 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11; since 2015 it has mainly competed with the Airbus A350. First-generation 777-200 variants are to be supplanted by Boeing's 787 Dreamliner. As of May2024[update], the 777 has been involved in 31 aviation accidents and incidents, including five hull loss accidents out of eight total hull losses with 542 fatalities including 3 ground casualties.[4][5][6]
Development
Background
The Boeing 777-100 trijet concept was proposed in 1978 to compete with other trijets of the time.
In the early 1970s, the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar became the first generation of wide-body passenger airliners to enter service.[7] In 1978, Boeing unveiled three new models: the twin-engine or twinjet Boeing 7N7 (later named Boeing 757) to replace its 727, the twinjet Boeing 7X7 (later named 767 to challenge the Airbus A300, and a trijet "777" concept to compete with the DC-10 and L-1011.[8][9][10] The mid-size 757 and 767 launched to market success, due in part to 1980s' extended-range twin-engine operational performance standards (ETOPS) regulations governing transoceanic twinjet operations.[11] These regulations allowed twin-engine airliners to make ocean crossings at up to three hours' distance from emergency diversionary airports.[12] Under ETOPS rules, airlines began operating the 767 on long-distance overseas routes that did not require the capacity of larger airliners.[11] The trijet "777" was later dropped, following marketing studies that favored the 757 and 767 variants.[13] Boeing was left with a size and range gap in its product line between the 767-300ER and the 747-400.[14]
By the late 1980s, DC-10 and L-1011 models were expected to be retired in the next decade, prompting manufacturers to develop replacement designs.[15]McDonnell Douglas was working on the MD-11, a stretched successor of the DC-10,[15] while Airbus was developing its A330 and A340 series.[15] In 1986, Boeing unveiled proposals for an enlarged 767, tentatively named 767-X,[16] to target the replacement market for first-generation wide-bodies such as the DC-10,[12] and to complement existing 767 and 747 models in the company lineup.[17] The initial proposal featured a longer fuselage and larger wings than the existing 767,[16] along with winglets.[18] Later plans expanded the fuselage cross-section but retained the existing 767 flight deck, nose, and other elements.[16] However, airline customers were uninterested in the 767-X proposals, and instead wanted an even wider fuselage cross-section, fully flexible interior configurations, short- to intercontinental-range capability, and an operating cost lower than that of any 767 stretch.[12]
Airline planners' requirements for larger aircraft had become increasingly specific, adding to the heightened competition among aircraft manufacturers.[15] By 1988, Boeing realized that the only answer was a clean-sheet design, which became the twinjet 777.[19] The company opted for the twin-engine configuration given past design successes, projected engine developments, and reduced-cost benefits.[20] On December 8, 1989, Boeing began issuing offers to airlines for the 777.[16]
Alan Mulally served as the Boeing 777 program's director of engineering, and then was promoted in September 1992 to lead it as vice-president and general manager.[21][22] The design phase of the all-new twinjet was different from Boeing's previous jetliners, in which eight major airlines (All Nippon Airways, American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Delta Air Lines, Japan Airlines, Qantas, and United Airlines) played a role in the development.[23] This was a departure from industry practice, where manufacturers typically designed aircraft with minimal customer input.[24] The eight airlines that contributed to the design process became known within Boeing as the "Working Together" group.[23] At the group's first meeting in January 1990, a 23-page questionnaire was distributed to the airlines, asking what each wanted in the design.[12] By March 1990, the group had decided upon a baseline configuration: a cabin cross-section close to the 747's, capacity up to 325 passengers, flexible interiors, a glass cockpit, fly-by-wire controls, and 10percent better seat-mile costs than the Airbus A330 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11.[12]
The development phase of the 777 coincided with United Airlines's replacement program for its aging DC-10s.[25] On October 14, 1990, United became the launch customer with an order for 34 Pratt & Whitney-powered 777s valued at US$11billion (~$22.7billion in 2023) and options for 34 more.[26][27] The airline required that the new aircraft be capable of flying three different routes: Chicago to Hawaii, Chicago to Europe, and non-stop from Denver, a hot and high airport, to Hawaii.[25] ETOPS certification was also a priority for United,[28] given the overwater portion of United's Hawaii routes.[26] In late 1991, Boeing selected its Everett factory in Washington, home of 747 and 787 production, as the 777's final assembly line (FAL).[29] In January 1993, a team of United developers joined other airline teams and Boeing designers at the Everett factory.[30] The 240 design teams, with up to 40 members each, addressed almost 1,500 design issues with individual aircraft components.[31] The fuselage diameter was increased to suit Cathay Pacific, the baseline model grew longer for All Nippon Airways, and British Airways' input led to added built-in testing and interior flexibility,[12] along with higher operating weight options.[32]
The 777 was the first commercial aircraft to be developed using an entirely computer-aided design (CAD) process.[17][26][33] Each design drawing was created on a three-dimensional CAD software system known as CATIA, sourced from Dassault Systèmes and IBM.[34] This allowed engineers to virtually assemble the 777 aircraft on a computer system to check for interference and verify that the thousands of parts fit properly before the actual assembly process—thus reducing costly rework.[35] Boeing developed its high-performance visualization system, FlyThru, later called IVT (Integrated Visualization Tool) to support large-scale collaborative engineering design reviews, production illustrations, and other uses of the CAD data outside of engineering.[36] Boeing was initially not convinced of CATIA's abilities and built a physical mock-up of the nose section to verify its results. The test was so successful that additional mock-ups were canceled.[37] The 777 was completed with such precision that it was the first Boeing jetliner that did not require the details to be worked out on an expensive physical aircraft mock-up.[38] This helped the design program to limit costs to a reported $5 billion.[39]
Major assembly of the first aircraft began on January 4, 1993.[40] On April 9, 1994, the first 777, number WA001, was rolled out in a series of 15 ceremonies held during the day to accommodate the 100,000 invited guests.[41] The first flight took place on June 12, 1994,[42] under the command of chief test pilot John E. Cashman.[43] This marked the start of an 11-month flight test program that was more extensive than testing for any previous Boeing model.[44] Nine aircraft fitted with General Electric, Pratt & Whitney, and Rolls-Royce engines[42] were flight tested at locations ranging from the desert airfield at Edwards Air Force Base in California[45] to frigid conditions in Alaska, mainly Fairbanks International Airport.[46] To satisfy ETOPS requirements, eight 180-minute single-engine test flights were performed.[47] The first aircraft built was used by Boeing's nondestructive testing campaign from 1994 to 1996, and provided data for the -200ER and -300 programs.[48]
On May 15, 1995, United Airlines received the first Boeing 777-200 and made the first commercial flight on June 7.
Boeing delivered the first 777 to United Airlines on May 15, 1995.[49][50] The FAA awarded 180-minute ETOPS clearance ("ETOPS-180") for the Pratt & Whitney PW4084-engined aircraft on May 30, 1995, making it the first airliner to carry an ETOPS-180 rating at its entry into service.[51] The first commercial flight took place on June 7, 1995, from London Heathrow Airport to Dulles International Airport near Washington, D.C.[52] Longer ETOPS clearance of 207 minutes was approved in October 1996.[a]
On November 12, 1995, Boeing delivered the first model with General Electric GE90-77B engines to British Airways,[53] which entered service five days later.[54] Initial service was affected by gearbox bearing wear issues, which caused British Airways to temporarily withdraw its 777 fleet from transatlantic service in 1997,[54] returning to full service later that year.[45] General Electric subsequently announced engine upgrades.[45]
The first Rolls-Royce Trent 877-powered aircraft was delivered to Thai Airways International on March 31, 1996,[53] completing the introduction of the three powerplants initially developed for the airliner.[55] Each engine-aircraft combination had secured ETOPS-180 certification from its entry into service.[56] By June 1997, orders for the 777 numbered 323 from 25 airlines, including launch customers that had ordered additional aircraft.[42] Operations performance data established the consistent capabilities of the twinjet over long-haul transoceanic routes, leading to additional sales.[57] By 1998, the 777 fleet had approached 900,000 flight hours.[58] Boeing states that the 777 fleet has a dispatch reliability (rate of departure from the gate with no more than 15 minutes delay due to technical issues) above 99 percent.[59][60][61][62]
Improvement and stretching: -200ER/-300
Cathay Pacific introduced the stretched -300 variant on May 27, 1998.
After the baseline model, the 777-200, Boeing developed an increased gross weight variant with greater range and payload capability.[63] Initially named 777-200IGW,[64] the 777-200ER first flew on October 7, 1996,[65] received FAA and JAA certification on January 17, 1997,[66] and entered service with British Airways on February 9, 1997.[66] Offering greater long-haul performance, the variant became the most widely ordered version of the aircraft through the early 2000s.[63] On April 2, 1997, a Malaysia Airlines -200ER named "Super Ranger" broke the great circle "distance without landing" record for an airliner by flying eastward from Boeing Field, Seattle to Kuala Lumpur, a distance of 10,823 nautical miles (20,044km; 12,455mi), in 21 hours and 23 minutes.[58]
Following the introduction of the -200ER, Boeing turned its attention to a stretched version of the baseline model. On October 16, 1997, the 777-300 made its first flight.[65] At 242.4ft (73.9m) in length, the -300 became the longest airliner yet produced (until the A340-600), and had a 20 percent greater overall capacity than the standard length model.[67] The -300 was awarded type certification simultaneously from the FAA and JAA on May 4, 1998,[68] and entered service with launch customer Cathay Pacific on May 27, 1998.[65][69]
The first generation of Boeing 777 models, the -200, -200ER, and -300 have since been known collectively as Boeing 777 Classics.[70] These three early 777 variants had three engine options ranging from 77,200 to 98,000lbf (343 to 436kN): General Electric GE90, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, or Rolls-Royce Trent 800.[70]
To accommodate production of its new airliner, Boeing doubled the size of the Everett factory at the cost of nearly US$1.5billion (~$2.86billion in 2023)[26] to provide space for two new assembly lines.[25] New production methods were developed, including a turn machine that could rotate fuselage subassemblies 180 degrees, giving workers access to upper body sections.[34] By the start of production in 1993, the program had amassed 118 firm orders, with options for 95 more from 10 airlines.[75] Total investment in the program was estimated at over $4billion from Boeing, with an additional $2billion from suppliers.[76]
Initially second to the 747 as Boeing's most profitable jetliner,[77] the 777 became the company's most lucrative model in the 2000s.[78] An analyst established the 777 program, assuming Boeing has fully recouped the plane's development costs, may account for $400million of the company's pretax earnings in 2000, $50million more than the 747.[77] By 2004, the airliner accounted for the bulk of wide-body revenues for Boeing Commercial Airplanes.[79] In 2007, orders for second-generation 777 models approached 350 aircraft,[80] and in November of that year, Boeing announced that all production slots were sold out to 2012.[81] The program backlog of 356 orders was valued at $95billion at list prices in 2008.[82]
In 2010, Boeing announced plans to increase production from 5 aircraft per month to 7 aircraft per month by mid-2011, and 8.3 per month by early 2013.[83] In November 2011, assembly of the 1,000th 777, a -300ER, began when it took 49 days to fully assemble one of these variants.[84] The aircraft in question was built for Emirates airline,[84] and rolled out of the production facility in March 2012.[85] By the mid-2010s, the 777 had become prevalent on the longest flights internationally and had become the most widely used airliner for transpacific routes, with variants of the type operating over half of all scheduled flights and with the majority of transpacific carriers.[86][87] By April 2014, with cumulative sales surpassing those of the 747, the 777 became the best-selling wide-body airliner; at existing production rates, the aircraft was on track to become the most-delivered wide-body airliner by mid-2016.[88]
By February 2015, the backlog of undelivered 777s totaled 278 aircraft, equivalent to nearly three years at the then production rate of 8.3 aircraft per month,[89] causing Boeing to ponder the 2018–2020 time frame. In January 2016, Boeing confirmed plans to reduce the production rate of the 777 family from 8.3 per month to 7 per month in 2017 to help close the production gap between the 777 and 777X due to a lack of new orders.[90] In August 2017, Boeing was scheduled to drop 777 production again to five per month.[91] In 2018, assembling test 777-9 aircraft was expected to lower output to an effective rate of 5.5 per month.[92] In March 2018, as previously predicted, the 777 overtook the 747 as the world's most produced wide body aircraft.[93] Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, demand for new jets fell in 2020 and Boeing further reduced monthly 777 production from five to two aircraft.[94]
Second generation (777-X): -300ER/-200LR/F
The more powerful GE90 engine of later variants has a 128 in (330 cm) diameter fan up from 123 in (310 cm) in earlier variants, and curved blades instead of straight ones.
From the program's start, Boeing had considered building ultra-long-range variants.[95] Early plans centered on a 777-100X proposal,[96] a shortened variant of the -200 with reduced weight and increased range,[96] similar to the 747SP.[97] However, the -100X would have carried fewer passengers than the -200 while having similar operating costs, leading to a higher cost per seat.[96][97] By the late 1990s, design plans shifted to longer-range versions of existing models.[96]
In March 1997, the Boeing board approved the 777-200X/300X specifications: 298 passengers in three classes over 8,600nmi (15,900km; 9,900mi) for the 200X and 6,600nmi (12,200km; 7,600mi) with 355 passengers in a tri-class layout for the 300X, with design freeze planned in May 1998, 200X certification in August 2000, and introduction in September and in January 2001 for the 300X.[98] The 4.5ft (1.37m) wider wing was to be strengthened and the fuel capacity enlarged, and it was to be powered by simple derivatives with similar fans.[98] GE was proposing a 102,000lbf (454kN) GE90-102B, while P&W offered its 98,000lbf (436kN) PW4098 and R-R was proposing a 98,000lbf (437kN) Trent 8100.[98] Rolls-Royce was also studying a Trent 8102 over 100,000lbf (445kN).[99] Boeing was also studying a semi-levered, articulated main gear to help the take-off rotation of the proposed -300X, with its higher 715,600lb (324,600kg)MTOW.[100] By January 1999, its MTOW grew to 750,700lb (340,500kg), and thrust requirements increased to 110,000–114,000lbf (490–510kN).[101]
A more powerful engine in the thrust class of 100,000lbf (440kN) was required, leading to talks between Boeing and engine manufacturers. General Electric offered to develop the GE90-115B engine,[102] while Rolls-Royce proposed developing the Trent 8104 engine.[103] In 1999, Boeing announced an agreement with General Electric, beating out rival proposals.[102] Under the deal with General Electric, Boeing agreed to only offer GE90 engines on new 777 versions.[102]
Air France received the first 777-300ER on April 29, 2004.
On February 29, 2000, Boeing launched its next-generation twinjet program,[104] initially called 777-X,[95] and began issuing offers to airlines.[63] Development was slowed by an industry downturn during the early 2000s.[65] The first model to emerge from the program, the 777-300ER, was launched with an order for ten aircraft from Air France,[105] along with additional commitments.[63] On February 24, 2003, the -300ER made its first flight, and the FAA and EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency, successor to the JAA) certified the model on March 16, 2004.[106] The first delivery to Air France took place on April 29, 2004.[65] The -300ER, which combined the -300's added capacity with the -200ER's range, became the top-selling 777 variant in the late 2000s,[107] benefitting as airlines replaced comparable four-engine models with twinjets for their lower operating costs.[81]
The second long-range model, the 777-200LR, rolled out on February 15, 2005, and completed its first flight on March 8, 2005.[65] The -200LR was certified by both the FAA and EASA on February 2, 2006,[108] and the first delivery to Pakistan International Airlines occurred on February 26, 2006.[109] On November 10, 2005, the first -200LR set a record for the longest non-stop flight of a passenger airliner by flying 11,664 nautical miles (21,602km; 13,423mi) eastward from Hong Kong to London.[110] Lasting 22 hours and 42 minutes, the flight surpassed the -200LR's standard design range and was logged in the Guinness World Records.[111]
The production freighter model, the 777F, rolled out on May 23, 2008.[112] The maiden flight of the 777F, which used the structural design and engine specifications of the -200LR[113] along with fuel tanks derived from the -300ER, occurred on July 14, 2008.[114] FAA and EASA type certification for the freighter was received on February 6, 2009,[115] and the first delivery to launch customer Air France took place on February 19, 2009.[116][117]
By the late 2000s, the 777 was facing increased potential competition from Airbus' planned A350 XWB and internally from proposed 787 series,[80] both airliners that offer fuel efficiency improvements. As a consequence, the 777-300ER received engine and aerodynamics improvement packages for reduced drag and weight.[118] In 2010, the variant further received a 5,000lb (2,300kg)maximum zero-fuel weight increase, equivalent to a higher payload of 20–25 passengers; its GE90-115B1 engines received a 1–2.5 percent thrust enhancement for increased takeoff weights at higher-altitude airports.[118] Through these improvements, the 777 remains the largest twin-engine jetliner in the world.[119][120]
In 2011, the 787 Dreamliner entered service, the completed first stage a.k.a. the Yellowstone-2 (Y2) of a replacement aircraft initiative called the Boeing Yellowstone Project,[121] which would replace large variants of the 767 (300/300ER/400) but also small variants of the 777 (-200/200ER/200LR). While the larger variants of the 777 (-300/300ER) as well as the 747 could eventually be replaced by a new generation aircraft, the Yellowstone-3 (Y3), which would draw upon technologies from the 787 Dreamliner (Y2).[80] More changes were targeted for late 2012, including possible extension of the wingspan,[118] along with other major changes, including a composite wing, a new generation engine, and different fuselage lengths.[118][122][123] Emirates was reportedly working closely with Boeing on the project, in conjunction with being a potential launch customer for the new 777 generation.[124] Among customers for the aircraft during this period, China Airlines ordered ten 777-300ER aircraft to replace 747-400s on long-haul transpacific routes (with the first of those aircraft entering service in 2015), noting that the 777-300ER's per seat cost is about 20% lower than the 747's costs (varying due to fuel prices).[125]
Improvement packages
In tandem with the development of the third generation Boeing 777X, Boeing worked with General Electric to offer a 2% improvement in fuel efficiency to in-production 777-300ER aircraft. General Electric improved the fan module and the high-pressure compressor stage-1 blisk in the GE-90-115 turbofan, as well as reduced clearances between the tips of the turbine blades and the shroud during cruise. These improvements, of which the latter is the most important and was derived from work to develop the 787, were stated by GE to lower fuel burn by 0.5%. Boeing's wing modifications were intended to deliver the remainder. Boeing stated that every 1% improvement in the 777-300ER's fuel burn translates into being able to fly the aircraft another 75nmi (139km; 86mi) on the same load of fuel, or add ten passengers or 2,400lb (1,100kg) of cargo to a "load limited" flight.[126]
In March 2015, additional details of the "improvement package" were unveiled. The 777-300ER was to shed 1,800lb (820kg) by replacing the fuselage crown with tie rods and composite integration panels, similar to those used on the 787. The new flight control software would eliminate the need for the tail skid by keeping the tail off the runway surface regardless of the extent to which pilots command the elevators. Boeing was also redesigning the inboard flap fairings to reduce drag by reducing pressure on the underside of the wing. The outboard raked wingtip was to have a divergent trailing edge, described as a "poor man's airfoil" by Boeing; this was originally developed for the McDonnell Douglas MD-12 project. Another change involved elevator trim bias. These changes were to increase fuel efficiency and allow airlines to add 14 additional seats to the airplane, increasing per seat fuel efficiency by 5%.[127]
Mindful of the long time required to bring the 777X to the market, Boeing continued to develop improvement packages which improve fuel efficiency, as well as lower prices for the existing product. In January 2015, United Airlines ordered ten 777-300ERs, normally costing around $150million each but paid around $130million, a discount to bridge the production gap to the 777X.[128] In 2019, the -200ER unit cost was $306.6 million, the -200LR: $346.9 million, the -300ER: $375.5 million and 777F: $352.3 million.[129] The -200ER is the only Classic variant listed.
The roll out of the third generation Boeing 777X on March 13, 2019, featuring composite wings with folding tips and more efficient GE-9X engines.
In November 2013, with orders and commitments totaling 259 aircraft from Lufthansa, Emirates, Qatar Airways, and Etihad Airways, Boeing formally launched the 777X program, the third generation of the 777, with two models: the 777-8 and 777-9.[130] The 777-9 is a further stretched variant with a capacity of over 400 passengers and a range of over 8,200nmi (15,200km; 9,400mi), whereas the 777-8 is slated to seat approximately 350 passengers and have a range of over 9,300nmi (17,200km; 10,700mi).[130] Both models are to be equipped with new generation GE9X engines and feature new composite wings with folding wingtips. The first member of the 777X family was projected to enter service in 2020 at the time of the program announcement. The roll-out of the prototype 777X, a 777-9 model, occurred on March 13, 2019.[131] The 777-9 first flew on January 25, 2020, with deliveries initially forecast for 2022 or 2023[132] and later delayed to 2025.[133]
Design
The planform view of a Boeing 777-300ER, with raked wingtips
Boeing introduced a number of advanced technologies with the 777 design, including fully digital fly-by-wire controls,[134] fully software-configurable avionics, HoneywellLCD glass cockpit flight displays,[135] and the first use of a fiber optic avionics network on a commercial airliner.[136] Boeing made use of work done on the cancelled Boeing 7J7 regional jet,[137] which utilized similar versions of the chosen technologies.[137] In 2003, Boeing began offering the option of cockpit electronic flight bag computer displays.[138] In 2013, Boeing announced that the upgraded 777X models would incorporate airframe, systems, and interior technologies from the 787.[139]
Fly-by-wire
In designing the 777 as its first fly-by-wire commercial aircraft, Boeing decided to retain conventional control yokes rather than change to sidestick controllers as used in many fly-by-wire fighter aircraft and in many Airbus airliners.[134] Along with traditional yoke and rudder controls, the cockpit features a simplified layout that retains similarities to previous Boeing models.[140] The fly-by-wire system also incorporates flight envelope protection, a system that guides pilot inputs within a computer-calculated framework of operating parameters, acting to prevent stalls, overspeeds, and excessively stressful maneuvers.[134] This system can be overridden by the pilot if deemed necessary.[134] The fly-by-wire system is supplemented by mechanical backup.[141]
Airframe and systems
An Emirates 777-300ER in September 2009, showing the circular fuselage profile, dihedral wings, and GE90 turbofan engines, the largest jet engine in service until surpassed by the General Electric GE9X.777-200ER of American Airlines in July 2007 with Trent 800 engines, extended slats, flaps, and six-wheel landing gear
The airframe incorporates the use of composite materials, accounting for nine percent of the original structural weight, while the third-generation models, the 777-8 and 777-9, feature more composite parts.[142] Composite components include the cabin floor and rudder, with the 777 being the first Boeing airliner to use composite materials for both the horizontal and vertical stabilizers (empennage).[143] The main fuselage cross-section is fully circular,[144][145] and tapers rearward into a blade-shaped tail cone with a port-facing auxiliary power unit.[146]
The wings on the 777 feature a supercritical airfoil design that is swept back at 31.6degrees and optimized for cruising at Mach0.83 (revised after flight tests up to Mach 0.84).[147] The wings are designed with increased thickness and a longer span than previous airliners, resulting in greater payload and range, improved takeoff performance, and a higher cruising altitude.[42] The wings also serve as fuel storage, with longer-range models able to carry up to 47,890 US gallons (181,300L) of fuel.[148] This capacity allows the 777-200LR to operate ultra-long-distance, trans-polar routes such as Toronto to Hong Kong.[149] In 2013, a new wing made of composite materials was introduced for the upgraded 777X, with a wider span and design features based on the 787's wings.[139]
Folding wingtips, 21 feet (6.40m) long, were offered when the 777 was first launched, to appeal to airlines who might use gates made to accommodate smaller aircraft, but no airline purchased this option.[150] Folding wingtips reemerged as a design feature at the announcement of the upgraded 777X in 2013. Smaller folding wingtips of 11 feet (3.35m) in length will allow 777X models to use the same airport gates and taxiways as earlier 777s.[139] These smaller folding wingtips are less complex than those proposed for earlier 777s, and internally only affect the wiring needed for wingtip lights.[139]
The aircraft features the largest landing gear and the biggest tires ever used in a commercial jetliner.[151] The six-wheel bogies are designed to spread the load of the aircraft over a wide area without requiring an additional centerline gear. This helps reduce weight and simplifies the aircraft's braking and hydraulic systems. Each tire of a 777-300ER six-wheel main landing gear can carry a load of 59,490lb (26,980kg), which is heavier than other wide-bodies such as the 747-400.[152] The aircraft has triple redundant hydraulic systems with only one system required for landing.[153] A ram air turbine—a small retractable device which can provide emergency power—is also fitted in the wing rootfairing.[154]
Interior
The Economy cabin of an Etihad Airways Boeing 777-300ER in a 3–3–3 layoutThe Royal Laurel Class (Business Class) cabin in a 1–2–1 reverse herringbone layout on an EVA Air 777-300ER
The original 777 interior, also known as the Boeing Signature Interior, features curved panels, larger overhead bins, and indirect lighting.[54] Seating options range from four[155] to six–abreast in first class up to ten–abreast in economy.[156] The 777's windows were the largest of any current commercial airliner until the 787, and measure 15 by 10 inches (380 by 250mm) for all models outside the 777-8 and -9.[157] The cabin also features "Flexibility Zones", which entails deliberate placement of water, electrical, pneumatic, and other connection points throughout the interior space, allowing airlines to move seats, galleys, and lavatories quickly and more easily when adjusting cabin arrangements.[156] Several aircraft have also been fitted with VIP interiors for non-airline use.[158] Boeing designed a hydraulically damped toilet seat cover hinge that closes slowly.[159]
In February 2003, Boeing introduced overhead crew rests as an option on the 777.[160] Located above the main cabin and connected via staircases, the forward flight crew rest contains two seats and two bunks, while the aft cabin crew rest features multiple bunks.[160] The Signature Interior has since been adapted for other Boeing wide-body and narrow-body aircraft, including 737NG, 747-400, 757-300, and newer 767 models, including all 767-400ER models.[161][162] The 747-8 and 767-400ER have also adopted the larger, more rounded windows of the original 777.
In July 2011, Flight International reported that Boeing was considering replacing the Signature Interior on the 777 with a new interior similar to that on the 787, as part of a move towards a "common cabin experience" across all Boeing platforms.[163] With the launch of the 777X in 2013, Boeing confirmed that the aircraft would be receiving a new interior featuring 787 cabin elements and larger windows.[139] Further details released in 2014 included re-sculpted cabin sidewalls for greater interior room, noise-damping technology, and higher cabin humidity.[164]
Air France has a 777-300ER sub-fleet with 472 seats each, more than any other international 777, to achieve a cost per available seat kilometer (CASK) around €.05, similar to Level's 314-seat Airbus A330-200, its benchmark for low-cost, long-haul.[165] Competing on similar French overseas departments destinations, Air Caraïbes has 389 seats on the A350-900 and 429 on the -1000.[165]French Bee's is even more dense with its 411 seats A350-900, due to 10-abreast economy seating, reaching a €.04 CASK according to Air France, and lower again with its 480 seats on the -1000.[165]
Engines
The initial 777 models (consisting of the 777-200, 777-200ER, 777-300) were launched with propulsion options from three manufacturers, GE Aviation, Pratt & Whitney, and Rolls-Royce,[166] giving the airlines their choice of engines from competing firms.[102] Each manufacturer agreed to develop an engine in the 77,200–98,000lbf (343–436kN) of thrust class for the world's largest twinjet, resulting in the General Electric GE90, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, or Rolls-Royce Trent 800 engines. The Trent 800 is the lightest of the three powerplants as it weighs 13,400 lb (6.078 t) dry,[167] while the GE90 is 17,400lb (7.89t),[168] and the PW4000 is 16,260lb (7.38t).[169][166]
For Boeing's second-generation 777 variants (777-300ER, 777-200LR, and 777F) greater thrust was needed to meet the aircraft requirements, and GE was selected as the exclusive engine manufacturer.[170][171] The higher-thrust variants, GE90-110B1 and -115B, have a different architecture from that of the earlier GE90 versions. GE incorporated an advanced larger diameter fan made from composite materials which enhanced thrust at low flight speeds. However, GE also needed to increase core power to improve net thrust at high flight speeds. Consequently, GE elected to increase core capacity, which they achieved by removing one stage from the rear of the HP compressor and adding an additional stage to the LP compressor, which more than compensated for the reduction in HP compressor pressure ratio, resulting in a net increase in core mass flow.[172] The higher-thrust GE90 variants are the first production engines to feature swept rotor blades. The nacelle has a maximum diameter of 166in (4,200mm).[173] Each of the 22 fan blades on the GE90-115B have a length of 4 feet (1.2 meters) and a mass of less than 50 pounds (23 kilograms).[174]
Variants
Boeing uses two characteristics – fuselage length and range – to define its 777 models.[14][175] Passengers and cargo capacity varies by fuselage length: the 777-300 has a stretched fuselage compared to the base 777-200. Three range categories were defined: the A-market would cover domestic and regional operations, the B-market would cover routes from Europe to the US West coast and the C-market the longest transpacific routes.[176] The A-market would be covered by a 4,200nmi (7,800km; 4,800mi) range, 516,000lb (234t) MTOW aircraft for 353 to 374 passengers powered by 71,000lbf (316kN) engines, followed by a 6,600nmi (12,200km; 7,600mi) B-market range for 286 passengers in three-class, with 82,000lbf (365kN) unit thrust and 580,000lb (263t) of MTOW, an A340 competitor, basis of an A-market 409 to 434 passengers stretch, and eventually a 7,600nmi (14,000km; 8,700mi) C-market with 90,000lbf (400kN) engines.[177]
When referring to different variants, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) code collapses the 777 model designator and the -200 or -300 variant designator to "772" or "773".[178] The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aircraft type designator system adds a preceding manufacturer letter, in this case "B" for Boeing, hence "B772" or "B773".[179] Designations may append a range identifier like "B77W" for the 777-300ER by the ICAO,[179] "77W" for the IATA,[178] though the -200ER is a company marketing designation and not certificated as such. Other notations include "773ER"[180] and "773B" for the -300ER.[181]
777-200
N774UA pictured in 2002, the second Boeing 777-200 produced
The initial 777-200 made its maiden flight on June 12, 1994, and was first delivered to United Airlines on May 15, 1995.[65] With a 545,000lb (247t) MTOW and 77,000lbf (340kN) engines, it has a range of 5,240 nautical miles (9,700km; 6,030mi) with 305 passenger seats in a three-class configuration.[182] The -200 was primarily aimed at US domestic airlines,[14] although several Asian carriers and British Airways have also operated the type. Nine different -200 customers have taken delivery of 88 aircraft,[2] with 55 in airline service as of 2018[update].[183] The competing Airbus aircraft was the A330-300.[184]
In March 2016, United Airlines shifted operations with all 19 of its -200s to exclusively domestic US routes, including flights to and from Hawaii, and added more economy class seats by shifting to a ten-abreast configuration (a pattern that matched American Airlines' reconfiguration of the type).[185][186]As of 2019[update], Boeing no longer markets the -200, as indicated by its removal from the manufacturer's price listings for 777 variants.[129]
777-200ER
A 777-200ER of British Airways in April 2014, its launch operator in February 1997.
The B-market 777-200ER ("ER" for Extended Range), originally known as the 777-200IGW (increased gross weight), has additional fuel capacity and an increased MTOW enabling transoceanic routes.[64] With a 658,000lb (298 t) MTOW and 93,700lbf (417kN) engines, it has a 7,065nmi (13,084km; 8,130mi) range with 301 passenger seats in a three-class configuaration.[187] It was delivered first to British Airways on February 6, 1997.[65] Thirty-three customers received 422 deliveries, with no unfilled orders as of 2019[update].[2]
As of 2018[update], 338 examples of the -200ER are in airline service.[183] It competed with the A340-300.[188] Boeing proposed the 787-10 to replace it.[189] The value of a new -200ER rose from US$110million at service entry to US$130million in 2007; a 2007 model 777 was selling for US$30million ten years later, while the oldest ones had a value around US$5–6million, depending on the remaining engine time.[190]
The engine can be delivered de-rated with reduced engine thrust for shorter routes to lower the MTOW, reduce purchase price and landing fees (as 777-200 specifications) but can be re-rated to full standard.[191]Singapore Airlines ordered over half of its -200ERs de-rated.[191][192]
The 777-200LR Worldliner ("LR" for Long Range), the C-market model, entered service in 2006 as one of the longest-range commercial airliners.[193][194] Boeing nicknamed it Worldliner as it can connect almost any two airports in the world,[110] although it is still subject to ETOPS restrictions.[195] It holds the world record for the longest nonstop flight by a commercial airliner.[110] It has a maximum design range of 8,555 nautical miles (15,844km; 9,845mi)as of 2017[update].[187] The -200LR was intended for ultra long-haul routes such as Los Angeles to Singapore.[95]
Developed alongside the -300ER, the -200LR features an increased MTOW and three optional auxiliary fuel tanks in the rear cargo hold.[193] Other new features include extended raked wingtips, redesigned main landing gear, and additional structural strengthening.[193] As with the -300ER and 777F, the -200LR is equipped with wingtip extensions of 12.8ft (3.90m).[193] The -200LR is powered by GE90-110B1 or GE90-115B turbofans.[196] The first -200LR was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines on February 26, 2006.[109][197] Twelve different -200LR customers took delivery of 61 aircraft.[198] Airlines operated 50 of the -200LR variant as of 2018[update].[183] Emirates is the largest operator of the LR variant with 10 aircraft.[199] The closest competing aircraft from Airbus are the discontinued A340-500HGW[193] and the current A350-900ULR.[200]
777 Freighter
A 777F of FedEx Express, the largest operator of the type
The 777 Freighter (777F) (unofficially referred to as 777-200LRF by some cargo airlines)[201] is an all-cargo version of the twinjet, and shares features with the -200LR; these include its airframe, engines,[202] and fuel capacity.[148] With a maximum payload of 228,700lb (103,700kg) (similar to the 243,000lb (110,000kg) of the Boeing 747-200F), it has a maximum range of 9,750nmi (18,057km; 11,220mi)) or 4,970nmi (9,200km; 5,720mi)) at its max structural payload.[203][204][201]
The 777F also features a new supernumerary area, which includes four business-class seats forward of the rigid cargo barrier, full main deck access, bunks, and a galley.[205] As the aircraft promises improved operating economics compared to older freighters,[81] airlines have viewed the 777F as a replacement for freighters such as the Boeing 747-200F, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and McDonnell Douglas MD-11F.[113][206]
The first 777F was delivered to Air France on February 19, 2009.[116]As of April2021[update], 247 freighters have been ordered by 25 different customers with 45 unfilled orders.[2] Operators had 202 of the 777F in service as of 2018[update].[183]
Launched at the Paris Air Show on June 26, 1995, its major assembly started in March 1997 and its body was joined on July 21, it was rolled-out on September 8 and made its first flight on October 16.[207] The 777-300 was designed to be stretched by 20%: 60 extra seats to 368 in a three-class configuration, 75 more to 451 in two classes, or up to 550 in all-economy like the 747SR. The 33ft (10.1m) stretch is done with 17ft (5.3m) in ten frames forward and 16ft (4.8m) in nine frames aft for a 242ft (73.8m) length, 11ft (3.4m) longer than the 747-400. It uses the -200ER 45,200USgal (171,200L) fuel capacity and 84,000–98,000lbf (374–436kN) engines with a 580,000 to 661,000lb (263.3 to 299.6t) MTOW.[207]
It has ground maneuvering cameras for taxiing and a tailskid to rotate, while the proposed 716,000lb (324.6t) MTOW -300X would have needed a semi-levered main gear. Its overwing fuselage section 44 was strengthened, with its skin thickness going from the -200's 0.25 to 0.45in (6.3 to 11.4mm), and received a new evacuation door pair. Its operating empty weight with Rolls-Royce engines in typical tri-class layout is 343,300lb (155.72t) compared to 307,300lb (139.38t) for a similarly configured -200.[207] Boeing wanted to deliver 170 -300s by 2006 and to produce 28 per year by 2002, to replace early Boeing 747s, burning one-third less fuel with 40% lower maintenance costs.[207]
With a 660,000lb (299t) MTOW and 90,000lbf (400kN) engines, it has a range of 6,005 nautical miles (11,121km; 6,910mi) with 368 passengers in three-class.[182] Eight different customers have taken delivery of 60 aircraft of the variant, of which 18 were powered by the PW4000 and 42 by the RR Trent 800 (none were ordered with the GE90, which was never certified on this variant[208]),[2] with 48 in airline service as of 2018[update].[183] The last -300 was delivered in 2006 while the longer-range -300ER started deliveries in 2004.[2]
777-300ER
A 777-300ER, the best-selling variant, of the launch operator Air France
The 777-300ER ("ER" for Extended Range) is the B-market version of the -300. Its higher MTOW and increased fuel capacity permits a maximum range of 7,370 nautical miles (13,650km; 8,480mi) with 392 passengers in a two-class seating arrangement.[187] The 777-300ER features extended raked wingtips, a strengthened fuselage and wings and a modified main landing gear.[209] Its wings have an aspect ratio of 9.0.[210] It is powered by the GE90-115B turbofan, the world's most powerful jet engine with a maximum thrust of 115,300lbf (513kN).[211]
Following flight testing, aerodynamic refinements have reduced fuel burn by an additional 1.4%.[107][212] At Mach0.839 (495kn; 916km/h), FL300, -59°C and at a 513,400lb (232.9t) weight, it burns 17,300lb (7.8t) of fuel per hour. Its operating empty weight is 371,600lb (168.6t).[213] The projected operational empty weight is 371,610lb (168,560kg) in airline configuration, at a weight of 477,010lb (216,370kg) and FL350, total fuel flow is 15,000lb/h (6,790kg/h) at Mach0.84 (495kn; 917km/h), rising to 19,600lb/h (8,890kg/h) at Mach0.87 (513kn; 950km/h).[214]
Since its launch, the -300ER has been a primary driver of the airplane's sales past the rival A330/340 series.[215] Its direct competitors have included the Airbus A340-600 and the A350-1000.[80] Using two engines produces a typical operating cost advantage of around 8–9% for the -300ER over the A340-600.[216] Several airlines have acquired the -300ER as a 747-400 replacement amid rising fuel prices given its 20% fuel burn advantage.[81] The -300ER has an operating cost of $44 per seat hour, compared to an Airbus A380's roughly $50 per seat hour and $90 per seat hour for a Boeing 747-400 as of 2015[update].[217]
The first 777-300ER was delivered to Air France on April 29, 2004. [218][219] The -300ER is the best-selling 777 variant, having surpassed the -200ER in orders in 2010 and deliveries in 2013.[2]As of 2018[update], 784 300ERs were in service,[183] A total of 831 were built with the last delivered to Aeroflot in 2021.[220]
Unveiling of the first 777X variant, the 777-9, on March 13, 2019
The third-generation of the 777, launched as the 777X, is to feature new GE9X engines and new composite wings with folding wingtips.[130] It was launched in November 2013 with two variants: the 777-8 and the 777-9.[130] The 777-8 provides seating for 395 passengers and has a range of 8,745nmi (16,196km; 10,064mi), while the 777-9 has seating for 426 passengers and a range of over 7,285nmi (13,492km; 8,383mi).[221] A longer 777-10X, 777X Freighter, and 777X BBJ variants have also been proposed.[222]
Versions of the 777 have been acquired by government and private customers. The main purpose has been for VIP transport, including as an air transport for heads of state, although the aircraft has also been proposed for other military applications.
777 Business Jet (777 VIP) – the Boeing Business Jet version of the 777 that is sold to corporate customers. Boeing has received orders for 777 VIP aircraft based on the 777-200LR and 777-300ER passenger models.[223][224] The aircraft are fitted with private jet cabins by third party contractors,[223] and completion may take three years.[225]
KC-777 – this was a proposed tanker version of the 777. In September 2006, Boeing announced that it would produce the KC-777 if the United States Air Force (USAF) required a larger tanker than the KC-767, able to transport more cargo or personnel.[226][227][228] In April 2007, Boeing offered its 767-based KC-767 Advanced Tanker instead of the KC-777 to replace the smaller Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker under the USAF's KC-X program.[229] Boeing officials have described the KC-777 as suitable for the related KC-Z program to replace the wide-body McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender.[230]
In 2014, the Japanese government chose to procure two 777-300ERs to serve as the official air transport for the Emperor of Japan and Prime Minister of Japan.[231] The aircraft, operated by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force under the callsign Japanese Air Force One, entered service in 2019 and replaced two 747-400s - the 777-300ER was specifically selected by the Ministry of Defense owing to its similar capabilities to the preceding 747 pair.[232] Besides VIP transport, the 777s are also intended for use in emergency relief missions.[231]
In 2014, the USAF examined the possibility of adopting modified 777-300ERs or 777-9Xs to replace the Boeing 747-200 aircraft used as Air Force One.[238] Although the USAF had preferred a four-engine aircraft, this was mainly due to precedent (existing aircraft were purchased when the 767 was just beginning to prove itself with ETOPS; decades later, the 777 and other twin jets established a comparable level of performance to quad-jet aircraft).[238] Ultimately, the Air Force decided against the 777, and selected the Boeing 747-8 to become the next presidential aircraft.[239]
Aftermarket freighter conversions
In the 2000s, Boeing began studying the conversion of 777-200ER and -200 passenger airliners into freighters, under the name 777 BCF (Boeing Converted Freighter).[240] The company has been in discussion with several airline customers, including FedEx Express, UPS Airlines, and GE Capital Aviation Services, to provide launch orders for a 777 BCF program.[241]
777-300ER Special Freighter (SF)
In July 2018, Boeing was studying a 777-300ER freighter conversion, targeted for the volumetric market instead of the density market served by the production 777F.[242] After having considered a -200ER P2F program, Boeing was hoping to conclude its study by the Fall as the 777X replacing aging -300ERs from 2020 will generate feedstock.[242] New-build 777-300ERs may maintain the delivery rate at five per month, to bridge the production gap until the 777X is delivered.[243] Within the 811 777-300ERs delivered and 33 to be delivered by October 2019, GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) anticipates up to 150-175 orders through 2030, the four to five month conversion costing around $35 million.[244]
In October 2019, Boeing and Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI) launched the 777-300ERSF passenger to freighter conversion program with GECAS ordering 15 aircraft and 15 options, the first aftermarket 777 freighter conversion program.[244] In June 2020, IAI received the first 777-300ER to be converted, from GECAS.[245] In October 2020, GECAS announced the launch operator from 2023: Michigan-based Kalitta Air, already operating 24 747-400Fs, nine 767-300ERFs and three 777Fs.[245] IAI should receive the first aircraft in December 2020 while certification and service entry was scheduled for late 2022.[244] By March 2023, IAI had completed the first flight of a 777-300ER Special Freighter, converted for AerCap, as it had a backlog over 60 orders.[246]
The 777-300ER Special Freighter has a maximum payload of 224,000lb (101.6t), a range of 4,500nmi (8,300km; 5,200mi) and shares the door aperture and aft position of the 777F.[244] It has a cargo volume capacity of 28,900cuft (819m3), 5,800 cu ft (164 m3) greater than the 777F (or 25% more) and can hold 47 standard 96 x 125 in pallet (P6P) positions, 10 more positions than a 777F or eight more than a 747-400F.[244] With windows plugged, passenger doors deactivated, fuselage and floor reinforced, and a main-deck cargo door installed, the 777-300ERSF has 15% more volume than a 747-400BCF.[245]
Boeing has used 777 aircraft in two research and development programs. The first program, the Quiet Technology Demonstrator (QTD) was run in collaboration with Rolls-Royce and General Electric to develop and validate engine intake and exhaust modifications, including the chevrons subsequently used in the 737 MAX, 747-8 and 787 series. The tests were flown in 2001 and 2005.[247]
A further program, the ecoDemonstrator series, is intended to test and develop technologies and techniques to reduce aviation's environmental impact. The program started in 2011, with the first ecoDemonstrator aircraft flying in 2012. Various airframes have been used since to test a wide variety of technologies in collaboration with a range of industrial partners. 777s have been used on three occasions as of 2024. The first of these, a 777F in 2018, performed the world's first commercial airliner flights using 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).[248] In 2022-4, the testbed is a 777-200ER.[249]
Boeing customers that have received the most 777s are Emirates, Singapore Airlines, United Airlines, ILFC, and American Airlines.[2] Emirates is the largest airline operator as of 2018[update],[183] and is the only customer to have operated all 777 variants produced, including the -200, -200ER, -200LR, -300, -300ER, and 777F.[2][250] The 1,000th 777 off the production line, a -300ER set to be Emirates' 102nd 777, was unveiled at a factory ceremony in March 2012.[85]
In 2017, 777 Classics are reaching the end of their mainline service: with a -200 age ranging from three to 22 years, 43 Classic 777s or 7.5% of the fleet have been retired. Values of 777-200ERs have declined by 45% since January 2014, faster than Airbus A330s and Boeing 767s with 30%, due to the lack of a major secondary market but only a few budget, air charters and ACMI operators. In 2015, Richard H. Anderson, then Delta Air Lines' chairman and chief executive, said he had been offered 777-200s for less than US$10million.[70] To keep them cost-efficient, operators densify their 777s for about US$10million each, like Scoot with 402 seats in its dual-class -200s, or Cathay Pacific which switched the 3–3–3 economy layout of 777-300s to 3–4–3 to seat 396 on regional services.[70]
As of May2024[update], the 777 had been involved in 31 aviation accidents and incidents,[254] including a total of eight hull losses (five in-flight accidents), resulting in 542 fatalities (including three fatalities due to ground casualties), along with three hijackings.[255][256][4][5][6] The first fatality involving the twinjet occurred in a fire while an aircraft was being refueled at Denver International Airport in the United States on September 5, 2001, during which a ground worker sustained fatal burns.[257] The aircraft, operated by British Airways, sustained fire damage to the lower wing panels and engine housing; it was later repaired and returned to service.[257][258]
The first hull loss occurred on January 17, 2008, when a 777-200ER with Rolls-Royce Trent 895 engines, flying from Beijing to London as British Airways Flight 38, crash-landed approximately 1,000 feet (300m) short of Heathrow Airport's runway 27L and slid onto the runway's threshold. There were 47 injuries and no fatalities. The impact severely damaged the landing gear, wing roots and engines.[259][260] The accident was attributed to ice crystals suspended in the aircraft's fuel clogging the fuel-oil heat exchanger (FOHE).[253][261] Two other minor momentary losses of thrust with Trent 895 engines occurred later in 2008.[262][252] Investigators found these were also caused by ice in the fuel clogging the FOHE. As a result, the heat exchanger was redesigned.[253][263]
The second hull loss occurred on July 29, 2011, when a 777-200ER scheduled to operate as EgyptAir Flight 667 suffered a cockpit fire while parked at the gate at Cairo International Airport before its departure.[264] The aircraft was evacuated with no injuries,[264] and airport fire teams extinguished the fire.[265] The aircraft sustained structural, heat and smoke damage, and was written off.[264][265] Investigators focused on a possible short circuit between an electrical cable and a supply hose in the cockpit crew oxygen system.[264]
The third hull loss occurred on July 6, 2013, when a 777-200ER, operating as Asiana Airlines Flight 214, crashed while landing at San Francisco International Airport after touching down short of the runway. The 307 surviving passengers and crew on board evacuated before fire destroyed the aircraft. Two passengers, who had not been wearing their seatbelts, were ejected from the aircraft during the crash and were killed.[266] A third passenger died six days later as a result of injuries sustained during the crash.[267] These were the first fatalities in a crash involving a 777 since its entry into service in 1995.[268][267][269] The official accident investigation concluded in June 2014 that the pilots committed 20 to 30 minor to significant errors in their final approach. Deficiencies in Asiana Airlines' pilot training and in Boeing's documentation of complex flight control systems were also cited as contributory factors.[270][271][272]
The fourth hull loss occurred on March 8, 2014, when a 777-200ER carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew, en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing as Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, was reported missing. Air Traffic Control's last reported coordinates for the aircraft were over the South China Sea.[273][274] After the search for the aircraft began, Malaysia's prime minister announced on March 24, 2014, that after analysis of new satellite data it was now to be assumed "beyond reasonable doubt" that the aircraft had crashed in the Indian Ocean and there were no survivors.[275][276] The cause remains unknown, but the Malaysian Government in January 2015, declared it an accident.[277][278] US officials believe the most likely explanation to be that someone in the cockpit of Flight 370 re-programmed the aircraft's autopilot to travel south across the Indian Ocean.[279][280] On July 29, 2015, an item later identified as a flaperon from the still missing aircraft[281] was found on the island of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean, consistent with having drifted from the main search area.[282]
The fifth hull loss occurred on July 17, 2014, when a 777-200ER, bound for Kuala Lumpur from Amsterdam as Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17), was shot down by an anti-aircraft missile while flying over eastern Ukraine.[283] All 298 people (283 passengers and 15 crew) on board were killed, making this the deadliest crash involving the Boeing 777.[284] The incident was linked to the ongoing War in Donbas.[285][286] On the basis of the Dutch Safety Board and the Joint Investigation Team official conclusions of May 2018, the governments of the Netherlands and Australia hold Russia responsible for the deployment of the Buk missile system used in shooting down the airliner from territory held by pro-Russian separatists.[287]
The sixth hull loss occurred on August 3, 2016, when a 777-300 crashed while landing and caught fire at Dubai Airport at the end of its flight as Emirates Flight 521.[288] The preliminary investigation indicated that the aircraft was attempting a landing during active wind shear conditions. The pilots initiated a go-around procedure shortly after the wheels touched-down onto the runway; however, the aircraft settled back onto the ground, apparently due to late throttle application. As the undercarriage was in the process of being retracted, the aircraft landed on its rear underbody and engine nacelles, resulting in the separation of one engine, loss of control and subsequent crash.[289] There were no passenger casualties of the 300 people on board, but one airport fireman was killed fighting the fire. The aircraft's fuselage and right wing were irreparably damaged by the fire.[288][290]
The seventh hull loss occurred on November 29, 2017, when a Singapore Airlines 777-200ER experienced a fire while being towed at Singapore Changi Airport. An aircraft technician was the only occupant on board and evacuated safely. The aircraft sustained heat damage and was written off.[291] Another fire occurred on July 22, 2020 to an Ethiopian Airlines 777F while at the cargo area of Shanghai Pudong International Airport. The aircraft sustained heat damage and was written off as the eighth hull loss.[292]
On February 20, 2021, a 777-200 operating as United Airlines Flight 328 suffered a failure of its starboard engine. The cowling and other engine parts fell over a Denver suburb. The captain declared an emergency and returned to land at the Denver airport.[293] An immediate examination, before any formal investigation, found that two fan blades had broken off. One blade had suffered metal fatigue and may have chipped another blade, which also broke off.[294] Boeing recommended suspending flights of all 128 operational 777s equipped with Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines until they had been inspected. Several countries also restricted flights of PW4000-equipped 777s in their territory.[294] In 2018, there had been a similar issue on United Airlines Flight 1175 from San Francisco to Hawaii, involving another 777-200 equipped with the same engine type.[295]
On May 21, 2024, Singapore Airlines Flight 321, operated by a 777-300ER, encountered severe turbulence over the Andaman Sea that injured 104 passengers[296] and led to the death of one passenger (who died of a suspected heart attack).[297]
Aircraft on display
The 777 prototype, B-HNL (ex. N7771), on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum, after 6 years in Boeing's test fleet followed by 18 years of commercial service
The first prototype, a Boeing 777-200, B-HNL (ex. N7771), was built in 1994 and originally used by Boeing for flight testing and development. In 2000, it was sold to Cathay Pacific (as no delivery slots were available for newly-built 777s) and refurbished for passenger service.[298][299] After 18 years of commercial service, B-HNL was retired in mid-2018 amid press reports that it was to be displayed at the Museum of Flight in Seattle.[300] On September 18, 2018, Cathay Pacific and Boeing announced that B-HNL would be donated to the Pima Air & Space Museum near Tucson, Arizona, where it would be placed on permanent display.[301]
Three retired Saudia 777-200ER aircraft, formerly registered HZ-AKG, HZ-AKK, and HZ-AKP, respectively, were transported by road from Jeddah to Riyadh in September 2024 to be displayed at the Riyadh Season exhibition.[302][303] The fuselage of each aircraft was to be used as a tourist attraction featuring aviation-themed exhibits and/or dining and retail options.[302]
The Boeing 767 is an American wide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. The aircraft was launched as the 7X7 program on July 14, 1978, the prototype first flew on September 26, 1981, and it was certified on July 30, 1982. The initial 767-200 variant entered service on September 8, 1982, with United Airlines, and the extended-range 767-200ER in 1984. It was stretched into the 767-300 in October 1986, followed by the extended-range 767-300ER in 1988, the most popular variant. The 767-300F, a production freighter version, debuted in October 1995. It was stretched again into the 767-400ER from September 2000.
The Airbus A340 is a long-range, wide-body passenger airliner that was developed and produced by Airbus. In the mid-1970s, Airbus conceived several derivatives of the A300, its first airliner, and developed the A340 quadjet in parallel with the A330 twinjet. In June 1987, Airbus launched both designs with their first orders and the A340-300 took its maiden flight on 25 October 1991. It was certified along with the A340-200 on 22 December 1992 and both versions entered service in March 1993 with launch customers Lufthansa and Air France. The larger A340-500/600 were launched on 8 December 1997; the A340-600 flew for the first time on 23 April 2001 and entered service on 1 August 2002.
A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft and in the largest cases as a jumbo jet, is an airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast. The typical fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 m. In the typical wide-body economy cabin, passengers are seated seven to ten abreast, allowing a total capacity of 200 to 850 passengers. Seven-abreast aircraft typically seat 160 to 260 passengers, eight-abreast 250 to 380, nine- and ten-abreast 350 to 480. The largest wide-body aircraft are over 6 m (20 ft) wide, and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations.
EVA Airways Corporation is a Taiwanese international airline headquartered in Taoyuan City. It is one of the two largest airlines in Taiwan along with state-owned China Airlines. The privately owned airline operates passenger and dedicated cargo services to over 40 international destinations in Asia, Australia, Europe & North America. Its network fully consists of international routes, with no domestic routes. It is rated as a 5-star airline by Skytrax, and is the second largest airline based in Taiwan after China Airlines. EVA Air is headquartered at Taoyuan International Airport in Luzhu, Taoyuan City. The company slogan is "Sharing the World, Flying Together".
The Boeing 747-400 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, an advanced variant of the initial Boeing 747. The "Advanced Series 300" was announced at the September 1984 Farnborough Airshow, targeting a 10% cost reduction with more efficient engines and 1,000 nautical miles [nmi] of additional range. Northwest Airlines became the first customer with an order for 10 aircraft on October 22, 1985. The first 747-400 was rolled out on January 26, 1988, and made its maiden flight on April 29, 1988. Type certification was received on January 9, 1989, and it entered service with Northwest on February 9, 1989.
The Pratt & Whitney PW4000 is a family of dual-spool, axial-flow, high-bypass turbofan aircraft engines produced by Pratt & Whitney as the successor to the JT9D. It was first run in April 1984, was FAA certified in July 1986, and was introduced in June 1987. With thrust ranging from 50,000 to 99,040 lbf, it is used on many wide-body aircraft.
The General Electric GE90 is a family of high-bypass turbofan aircraft engines built by GE Aerospace for the Boeing 777, with thrust ratings from 81,000 to 115,000 pounds-force. It entered service with British Airways in November 1995. It is one of three engines for the 777-200 and -200ER, and the exclusive engine of the -200LR, -300ER, and 777F. It was the largest jet engine, until being surpassed in January 2020 by its successor, the 110,000 lbf (490 kN) GE9X, which has a larger fan diameter by 6 inches (15 cm). However, the GE90-115B, the most recent variant of the GE90, is rated for a higher thrust than the GE9X.
Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA) is a division of the Boeing Company. It designs, assembles, markets, and sells commercial aircraft, including the 737, 767, 777, and 787, along with freighter and business jet variants of most. The division employs nearly 35,000 people, many working at the company's division headquarters in Renton, Washington or at more than a dozen engineering, manufacturing, and assembly facilities, notably the Everett Factory and Renton Factory, and the South Carolina Factory.
Emirates SkyCargo is a cargo airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. As of 2020, it is the fourth largest cargo airline worldwide in terms of the total freight tonne-kilometres flown and international freight tonne-kilometres flown.
Precision Manuals Development Group is a commercial add-on aircraft developer for the Microsoft Flight Simulator, Lockheed Martin Prepar3D, and X-Plane series. The company was founded by Robert S. Randazzo, who stated that his ultimate goal was to develop the software to the point where it could be used by airlines and manufacturers to supplement pilot training. The company is based out of Las Vegas, Nevada but has several employees in countries such as Belgium, South Africa, and Canada. It has eight employees as of 2018, with a collection of beta testers which include multiple aviation professionals.
The Boeing 747-8 is the final series of the large, long-range wide-body airliners in the Boeing 747 family from Boeing Commercial Airplanes. The 747-8 is the largest variant of the 747 and Boeing's largest aircraft. After introducing the 747-400, Boeing considered larger 747 versions as alternatives to the proposed double-deck Airbus A3XX, later developed as the Airbus A380. The stretched 747 Advanced was launched as the 747-8 on November 14, 2005, for a market forecast of 300 aircraft using engines and other technology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The first 747-8F Freighter performed its maiden flight on February 8, 2010, and the passenger 747-8I Intercontinental followed suit on March 20, 2011. The cargo version was first delivered in October 2011 and the airliner began commercial service in June 2012.
A twinjet or twin-engine jet is a jet aircraft powered by two engines. A twinjet is able to fly well enough to land with a single working engine, making it safer than a single-engine aircraft in the event of failure of an engine. Fuel efficiency of a twinjet is better than that of aircraft with more engines. These considerations have led to the widespread use of aircraft of all types with twin engines, including airliners, fixed-wing military aircraft, and others.
Emirates is one of the two flag carrier airlines of the United Arab Emirates and is currently the largest airline in the Middle East. The airline's fleet is composed of three wide-bodied aircraft families, the Airbus A350, Airbus A380, and Boeing 777. The airline also has the Boeing 777X and Boeing 787 aircraft on order.
The Boeing 777X is the latest series of the long-range, wide-body, twin-engine jetliners in the Boeing 777 family from Boeing Commercial Airplanes. The changes for 777X include General Electric GE9X engines, composite wings with folding wingtips, greater cabin width and seating capacity, and technologies from the Boeing 787. The 777X was launched in November 2013 with two variants: the 777-8 and the 777-9. The 777-8 provides seating for 395 passengers and has a range of 8,745 nmi while the 777-9 has seating for 426 passengers and a range of over 7,285 nmi.
A four-engined jet, sometimes called a quadjet, is a jet aircraft powered by four engines. The presence of four engines offers increased power and redundancy, allowing such aircraft to be used as airliners, freighters, and military aircraft. Many of the first purpose-built jet airliners had four engines, among which stands the De Havilland Comet, the world's first commercial jetliner. In the decades following their introduction, their use has gradually declined due to a variety of factors, including the approval of twin-engine jets to fly farther from diversion airports as reliability increased, and an increased emphasis on fuel efficiency.
British Airways operates a fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft. It operates a single-aisle fleet of Airbus aircraft, including the Airbus A320-200 and the Airbus A320neo. It also operates a twin-aisle aircraft fleet of the Airbus A350-1000, Airbus A380, Boeing 777 and 787.
Ethiopian Airlines operates a fleet of Airbus A350, Boeing 737, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Boeing 787 and Bombardier Dash Q-400 aircraft.
Qatar Airways operates a fleet of both narrow-body and wide-body aircraft, using the Airbus A320, Airbus A330, Airbus A350, Airbus A380, Boeing 737 MAX, Boeing 777, and Boeing 787 Dreamliner, totaling 256 aircraft.
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Glenday, Craig (2007). Guinness World Records. London/New York: HiT Entertainment. ISBN978-0-9735514-4-0.
Newhouse, John (2008). Boeing versus Airbus: The Inside Story of the Greatest International Competition in Business. London: Vintage. ISBN978-1-4000-7872-1.
Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (1996). Boeing 777. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International. ISBN0-7603-0091-7.
Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (2001). Boeing 777: The Technological Marvel. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint. ISBN0-7603-0890-X.
Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (2009). Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Osceola, Wisconsin: Zenith Press. ISBN978-0-7603-2815-6.
Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (1999). Modern Boeing Jetliners. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint. ISBN0-7603-0717-2.
Sabbagh, Karl (1995). 21st Century Jet: The Making of the Boeing 777. New York: Scribner. ISBN0-333-59803-2.
Wells, Alexander T.; Rodrigues, Clarence C. (2004). Commercial Aviation Safety. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN0-07-141742-7.
Yenne, Bill (2002). Inside Boeing: Building the 777. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Press. ISBN0-7603-1251-6.
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