Longest flights

Last updated

Over time, commercial airlines have established a number of scheduled ultra long-haul non-stop flights. These exceptionally long routes reduce the travel time between distant city pairs as well as the number of stops needed for passengers' travels, thereby increasing passenger convenience. [1] For an airline, choosing to operate long flights can also build brand image as well as loyalty among a set of flyers. [2] Therefore, competition among airlines to establish the longest flight occurs. [3]

Contents

Definition

Measurement method

The length of a flight can be defined in different ways. [4] The most common standard flight length measurement is by great-circle distance, a formula that calculates the shortest distance across the curvature of the earth for two airports' ARPs. [5] It is the only measurement that is constant on a given city-pair route and unaffected by operational variances. [6] For this reason it is the standard for communicating commercial aviation flight length and is used by governing agencies like ICAO, [7] flight schedule providers, [8] [9] [10] and airlines themselves. [11]

Alternative definitions

For the sake of disambiguation, other terms used in reference to alternative definitions of "longest flights" (and also incur operational variance) include:

  • Flight time – (the total time of a flight's operation) which varies based on multiple operational variables including: headings flown (see ground distance below), equipment capabilities, or even air traffic congestion (e.g., NAT-OTS and airport holding patterns). [12]
    • A subvariant of this is "Flight endurance" which is used in referring to a specific operated flight, usually recorded with observers, specialized equipment, or other such formal arrangements that are not commonly found in commercial flights. [13]
    • Flight scheduled time is another commonly reported figure that refers to the duration of a flight, published by a flight's operator. This is an unrelated/unreliable figure that incorporates further additional variables by airlines to reflect their operations and manage customer expectations that allow for variation in boarding procedures, anticipated time of day ground congestion, and even time allocated for remote stand operations). [14] [15]
  • Ground distance traveled – Measuring of the actual ground distance covered by a flight (using routing that is not entirely on a great-circle route and therefore greater). Flights commonly fly non-great-circle routes for operational reasons such as: favorable winds/meteorological conditions, regulatory/political restrictions, safety/equipment constraints (such as ASHTAMs and ETOPS limitations), or even cost savings (optimization of overflight payments). [16] [17]

Flight types

There are numerous different types of flights globally operated by different aircraft for different industries and purposes. The term "longest flight" is most commonly used in reference to flights that are commercial, passenger, and scheduled, such that the flight details are published and tickets are available for purchase. [18]

While the term "longest flight" is most commonly used in reference to non-stop flights, direct flights with stops (same flight number used for the full journey) might also be compared on some occasions. [19]

Current longest route

By great-circle distance

Since November 9, 2020, the longest active scheduled passenger flight by great-circle distance is Singapore Airlines Flights 23 and 24 [20] using an Airbus A350-900ULR between Singapore and New York–JFK at 15,349 kilometres (9,537 mi; 8,288 nmi). [21]

The longest ever scheduled passenger flight was Air Tahiti Nui's flight TN64 using a Boeing 787-9, flying non-stop from Faaʻa International Airport in Papeete, Tahiti to Paris–CDG, [22] a distance of 15,715 kilometres (9,765 mi; 8,485 nmi) in a scheduled duration of 16 hours, 20 minutes. [23] This route was operated from March to April 2020. [24] [25] [26]

This route was previously operated with a refueling stop at Los Angeles International Airport, where all passengers would disembark the aircraft and pass through United States Customs & Border Protection before re-boarding and continuing to Paris. However, to comply with COVID-19 pandemic restrictions banning European travelers from entering the United States, [27] the airline opted not to stop at Los Angeles during its flights in March–April 2020. The route was also made possible by the aircraft's reduced passenger load of about 150 passengers, [28] which eliminated the need to refuel. This route also set a record for the world's longest domestic passenger flight, as it flew between French territories.

An illustration of the great-circle route versus an optimized jetstream route between Los Angeles and Tokyo. Note the eastbound (to Los Angeles) route, opting to take a longer route (by ground distance) that uses the jetstream to save time and fuel. Greatcircle Jetstream routes.svg
An illustration of the great-circle route versus an optimized jetstream route between Los Angeles and Tokyo. Note the eastbound (to Los Angeles) route, opting to take a longer route (by ground distance) that uses the jetstream to save time and fuel.

By ground distance traveled

Routings may avoid great-circle routes, despite their shorter ground distance, for a variety of reasons, for example to avoid headwinds and/or use tailwinds to save time and fuel. [4]

Since November 9, 2020, the two longest flights (measured by ground distance traveled) are Singapore Airlines' flights SQ23 (second longest) and SQ24 (longest) between Singapore-Changi and New York–JFK in the U.S. Both of these flights have a geometrically optimal great-circle route near the North Pole of approximately 15,350 km (9,540 mi; 8,290 nmi). However, SQ24 to New York is typically flown a ground distance of around 17,250 km (10,720 mi; 9,310 nmi) [29] over the Pacific Ocean where jet streams can assist; while SQ23 back to Singapore sometimes opts, instead of the westward polar route, to fly a ground distance of 16,500 km (10,300 mi; 8,900 nmi) [30] eastward, across the Atlantic Ocean, when favorable jet streams winds are available to save both flying time and fuel.

Similarly, the two Air India flights from New Delhi to San Francisco, AI173 [31] and AI183, [32] fly an eastward ground distance of about 15,110 km (9,390 mi; 8,160 nmi) over the Pacific Ocean instead of a shorter westward great-circle route of about 13,300 km (8,300 mi; 7,200 nmi) over the Atlantic Ocean, to avoid prevailing westerly headwinds and save almost two hours of flying time. [33] Both these flights can travel with some variation in ground distance, with a report of 15,300 km (9,500 mi; 8,300 nmi) for the first such flight in 2016, [34] and it is not unheard of for particular flights to cover more than 16,000 km (9,900 mi; 8,600 nmi). [35]

Cathay Pacific flights from Hong Kong to New York–JFK will also sometimes fly 15,000 km (9,300 mi; 8,100 nmi) ground routes, instead of a 12,984 km (8,068 mi; 7,011 nmi) great-circle route, for the same reason. [36]

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, aircraft registered in or operated by multiple countries, including the European Union member states, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Switzerland, were banned from using Russian airspace. As a result, a number of flights from Japan to Europe now fly using a polar route over Alaska and northern Canada. For example, Swiss International Air Lines flight LX161 from Tokyo–Narita to Zurich often flies this route, sometimes covering a ground distance of 13,400 km (8,326 mi; 7,235 nmi) [37] or longer, compared to a great-circle distance of 9,618 km (5,976 mi; 5,193 nmi).

History

Since the first scheduled commercial passenger flight in 1914 that covered 34 kilometres (21 mi; 18 nmi), [38] [39] records for the longest flight (by great-circle distance) were rapidly set and continue to be set today.

1920s and 1930s

The Pan Am Martin M-130 'Hawaii Clipper' that flew the first commercial transpacific flight Martin 130 Clipper (4589907311).jpg
The Pan Am Martin M-130 'Hawaii Clipper' that flew the first commercial transpacific flight

The longest non-stop commercial flights of the 1930s were operated by flying boats, which were the predominant aircraft type of the time for long-range flight, in part because they did not require large airports capable of receiving large aircraft. [40]

1940s and 1950s

PBY Catalina G-AGKS of the Double Sunrise service Double sunrise 1943.jpg
PBY Catalina G-AGKS of the Double Sunrise service

1960s and 1970s

An El Al Boeing 707 (4X-ATB) that flew the longest flight in 1961 between New York City and Tel Aviv Boeing 707-458, El Al Israel Airlines AN1847056.jpg
An El Al Boeing 707 (4X-ATB) that flew the longest flight in 1961 between New York City and Tel Aviv
A Pan Am 747SP that operated the longest flight in 1976 between New York City and Tokyo N347SP Pan American World Airways Boeing 747SP inflight.jpg
A Pan Am 747SP that operated the longest flight in 1976 between New York City and Tokyo

1980s and 1990s

South African Airways' first 747-400, that launched the longest non-stop flight in 1991 from New York City to Johannesburg ZS-SAV 19910623 LHR 0206 (39426922235).jpg
South African Airways' first 747-400, that launched the longest non-stop flight in 1991 from New York City to Johannesburg

2000s

2010s and 2020s

A Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900ULR (one of only seven ever produced) just after landing in into New York JFK from Singapore after completing the world's current longest non-stop flight. Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900 ULR at New York JFK.jpg
A Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900ULR (one of only seven ever produced) just after landing in into New York JFK from Singapore after completing the world's current longest non-stop flight.

In the late 2000s/early 2010s, rising fuel prices coupled with the Great Recession caused the cancellation of many ultra long-haul, non-stop flights. [125] This included the services provided by Singapore Airlines from Singapore to both Newark and Los Angeles that were ended in late 2013. [126] [127] But, as fuel prices have since decreased and more fuel-efficient aircraft have come into service, many ultra long-haul routes were reinstated or newly scheduled. [125]

Other record flights (non-scheduled)

Boeing 777-200LR (N6066Z) flew a demonstration flight from Hong Kong to London non-stop in 2005 in an unusual east-bound route, setting a new world record at the time for a commercial airliner at 21,602 kilometers covered in 22 hours 42 minutes. Boeing 777-200LR banking over mountain.jpg
Boeing 777-200LR (N6066Z) flew a demonstration flight from Hong Kong to London non-stop in 2005 in an unusual east-bound route, setting a new world record at the time for a commercial airliner at 21,602 kilometers covered in 22 hours 42 minutes.

Promotional and delivery flights

A number of promotional or delivery flights have extended the record of longest non-stop flights by a commercial aircraft:

Non-scheduled commercial flights

Qantas 747-400 City of Canberra (VH-OJA) flew from London to Sydney non-stop during its 1989 promotional flight, flying 17,000 kilometers in about 20 hours. VH-OJA taking off from Sydney on its final flight.jpg
Qantas 747-400 City of Canberra (VH-OJA) flew from London to Sydney non-stop during its 1989 promotional flight, flying 17,000 kilometers in about 20 hours.

Airliners

The longest-range Airbus jetliner in service is the Airbus A350-900ULR, which is capable of flying 18,000 kilometres (11,000 mi; 9,700 nmi). [161] [162] The A380 is capable of flying 15,200 kilometres (9,400 mi; 8,200 nmi) with 544 passengers. The standard A350-900 can fly 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi; 8,100 nmi) with 325 passengers. [163]

The longest-range Boeing airliner in service is the 777-200LR, which can cover 17,395 kilometres (10,809 mi; 9,393 nmi) with 301 passengers. [164] [165] Boeing also considered developing a 777-200LR derivative for Qantas. It would feature three additional auxiliary fuel tanks (six total), a lighter interior derived from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, as well as lower density seating. This aircraft would have the ability to fly between Sydney and London with a range of just over 18,500 kilometres (11,510 mi; 10,000 nmi). [166] The announced Boeing 777-8 will be capable of flying 16,170 kilometres (10,050 mi; 8,730 nmi) with 350 to 375 passengers. [167] The Boeing 787-9 can fly 14,140 kilometres (8,790 mi; 7,630 nmi) with 290 passengers. [168]

Many long-haul, non-stop routes that used to be uneconomical to operate are being made viable by the Airbus A330neo, the Airbus A350 XWB, and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. [169]

Longest passenger flights

Non-stop flights (top 30, by great-circle distance)

The following table lists the world's longest non-stop scheduled passenger routes by great-circle distance. The actual distance flown, however, can be longer than the great-circle distance for a variety of reasons, such as avoiding severe weather, taking advantage of favorable winds aloft, detouring around closed airspace, and diverting around conflict zones.

For the purposes of this table, multiple flights operated by the same airline between the same airports are counted as one flight, while different airlines operating between the same airports are counted separately. Also, each airport pair is counted separately, even though some cities have multiple airports supporting long-range flights (e.g. Heathrow and Gatwick airports serving London, and Haneda and Narita serving Tokyo).

Direct flights with stops (top 25, by city pair great-circle distance)

An illustration of a San Francisco to Singapore "non-stop" flight (green) versus a "direct" flight (purple) Direct versus non-stop.gif
An illustration of a San Francisco to Singapore "non-stop" flight (green) versus a "direct" flight (purple)

A direct flight between an origin and final destination has an intermediate stop, with all segments having the same flight number and using the same aircraft. [220] In the following table, the "Origin – Destination" column lists the great-circle distance between the origin and final destination, excluding the stop. The "All Sectors" column lists the total great-circle distance from the origin to the stop to the final destination.

Discontinued non-stop flights

Longest passenger flights (by aircraft type)

The sections below gives two separate views. The first one lists all the commercial passenger aircraft types and their currently scheduled and operating longest non-stop flight. The second section lists the longest non-stop flight ever regularly scheduled and operated by that commercial passenger aircraft type.

Current

The table below lists the current longest (by great-circle distance) non-stop flights operated by different types of aircraft.

Records

The table below lists the longest (by great-circle distance) regularly scheduled non-stop revenue flights ever operated by different types of aircraft. The table does not include special promotional or delivery flights, such as shown above.

Future routes

Scheduled services

New and soon to be launched non-stop flights with distances exceeding 12,952 kilometres (8,048 mi; 6,994 nmi), placing them on the top 30 list, have been announced:

FromToAirlineFlight numberDistanceScheduled durationAircraftFirst flight
Flag of the United States.svg Dallas/Fort Worth Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Cathay Pacific CX 89713,072 km (8,123 mi; 7,058 nmi)16:10 [342] A350-1000April 24, 2025 [343] [note 31]

Envisioned services (by distance)

Services that never began

See also

Notes

    1. ↑ Note The "Double Sunrise" route continued to be operated from July 18, 1945 until April 6, 1946 by Qantas Liberators (loaned from BOAC) and Qantas Avro Lancastrians, but with shorter flown distances (departing what is now PER, stopping for refuelling at the RAF base at Minneriya, and landing at what is now CMB) and shorter flight times (faster cruise speeds). [72]
    2. ↑ Service began on June 28, 2004, at which point it was the longest non-stop commercial flight. This flight was operated using an A340-500 in an all business class configuration of 100 seats from 2008 until the route's cancellation on November 23, 2013. [172] [173]
      The route was revived on 11 Oct 2018 using an A350-900 operating until 25 Mar 2020 when it was ended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
      The route was subsequently restarted on March 27, 2022 using an A350-900ULR with 67 business class and 94 premium economy seats.
    3. ↑ This flight was previously operated by QR from February 6, 2017 - April 19, 2020 using Boeing 777-200LR aircraft. At the time of its launch (Feb 2017) it was the longest flight in the world. It was resumed by Qatar Airways on September 1, 2023.
    4. ↑ The PER-LHR flight was originally launched on March 24, 2018, it paused its operations during COVID with its last flight operated on September 22, 2021, (and a replacement QF9 flight was subsequently temporarily operated from DRW). The PER-LHR Route was subsequently resumed on 23 May 2022. [177]
    5. ↑ Service began on March 2, 2016, operated by Boeing 777-200LR between March 3, 2016 and October 29, 2016 before being upgauged to the A380. It was suspended between March 29, 2020 and December 2, 2022.
    6. 1 2 The outbound leg is a direct flight from Shenzhen to Mexico City. The returning leg, however, makes a refueling stop at Tijuana due to wind directions and the reduced takeoff performance due to the high elevation of Mexico City.
    7. ↑ This route was first launched on February 3, 2004 by Singapore Airlines using an A340-500, at which point it was the world's longest non-stop commercial flight. [190]
    8. ↑ Service began Jan 9, 2021 using the Boeing 777-200LR aircraft and the route was initially operated until Mar 26, 2022. It was resumed on Dec 2, 2022.
    9. ↑ The date given for the start of Qantas Flight 8 is when it began flying non-stop after switching to the Airbus A380-800 from the Boeing 747-400ER. Previously, QF 8 required a stop in Brisbane, though the eastbound QF 7 from Sydney was always non-stop. The first flight of QF 7 was May 16, 2011. [195]
    10. ↑ This route has also been operated by a Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
    11. ↑ DL201 originally began on June 9, 2009 operated by a 777-200LR. [202] It ended on April 20, 2020 prior to relaunching 16 months later on August 1, 2021 operated by an A350-900. [203] This route was first operated (in an eastbound direction, ATL-JNB only) non-stop by South African Airways with a Boeing 747-400 on Feb 1, 2000, which was the longest commercial flight at the time.
    12. ↑ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
    13. ↑ This route was primarily operated by the Boeing 777-200LR between January 1, 2016 and July 1, 2020, with some sporadic operation by the Boeing 777-300ER.
    14. ↑ Note the westbound part of this route was previously operated by Qantas with their 747-400ER until Sep 29, 2014 as part of the DFW-BNE-SYD triangle route. This flight is the first nonstop commercial flight eastbound from BNE to DFW.
    15. ↑ This route has also been operated by a Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
    16. ↑ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
    17. ↑ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
    18. ↑ Service on this route previously began on April 1, 2001 by United Airlines using Boeing 747-400 aircraft, at which time it was the world's longest daily non-stop commercial flight. United subsequently ended the route on Sep 1, 2001. Cathay Pacific formerly operated this route with the Airbus A340-600 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft. [217]
    19. ↑ This is a relaunch of the SIN-SEA route operated by Singapore Airlines from Sep 3, 2019 – Mar 22, 2020.
    20. ↑ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
    21. ↑ In 2019, El Al, had announced 3 scheduled "trial flights" TLV-MEL and tickets were placed on sale, however due to the travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic, they only operated the first of the three planned flights but still on a commercial basis, not as a repatriation flight (TLV-PER two weeks prior followed by TLV-MEL in April). [248] This route continues to be examined for future operation by El Al, see Envisioned services
    22. ↑ This was the longest flight ever operated by Delta Air Lines. [250]
    23. ↑ This route continues to be scheduled with tickets on sale, even though it has not operated in several years. It is not expected that this route will resume operation in the near future due to the ban on American carriers using Russian airspace, which is needed for this route.
    24. ↑ EK 213 now operates to nearby Miami International Airport with the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft.
    25. ↑ BR 32 now operates to nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport also with the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft.
    26. ↑ This was the world's longest flight from its commencement in 1996 until its cancellation in 1998. Now operates to nearby Hong Kong International Airport with the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft.
    27. ↑ The flight number appears to have corresponded to each day of the week that the flight operated.
    28. ↑ Service began in late 1982, and continued as PA 815 until United bought Pan Am's Pacific route network in April 1985. On February 12, 1986, the flight was renumbered to UA 815.
    29. ↑ Service began on March 1, 2001, and continued as CO 99 until shortly before United and Continental merged in early 2012. On February 15, 2012, the flight was renumbered to UA 117, and subsequently again renumbered to UA 179 on December 15, 2014. The last flight was on February 4, 2020.
    30. ↑ The Double Sunrise flight numbers were 1Q[*] (eastbound to Perth eastbound), and 2Q[*] (westbound to Koggala), the number after the Q was sequential and used for both directions once from 1Q1 and 2Q1 through to 1Q133 [327]
    31. ↑ Note this route was previously operated by American Airlines from June 11 2014 - Feb 15 2020 [344] [345]

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