Chilo infuscatellus

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Chilo infuscatellus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Crambidae
Genus: Chilo
Species:
C. infuscatellus
Binomial name
Chilo infuscatellus
Snellen, 1890
Synonyms
  • Argyria coniortaHampson, 1919
  • Argyria sticticraspisHampson, 1919
  • Chilo tadzhikiellusGerasimov, 1949
  • Diatraea calaminaHampson, 1919
  • Diatraea shariinensisEguchi, 1933

Chilo infuscatellus, the yellow top borer or sugarcane shoot borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by the Dutch entomologist Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven in 1890. It is found in India, Myanmar, [1] Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines and on Java and Timor. [2]

Contents

Description

The adult moth has a body length of 30 to 40 mm (1+1⁄8 to 1+5⁄8 in). The hindwings are creamy white with pale, buff tips. [3]

Nature of Damage

Host plants

The larvae feed on a number of large plants in the grass family Poaceae; these include oats (Avena sativa), citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Java grass (Cyperus rotundus), jungle rice (Echinochloa colona), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), millet (Panicum), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) and maize (Zea mays). Young larvae eat small holes in the leaves, particularly the leaf sheaths. As they grow, the larvae feed on the tips of the shoots, killing the growing points, and later still, they bore into the stems, creating galleries and producing frass which drops from the holes. The stems become brittle and the dead hearts of the plants are characteristic of this pest. [4]

Control

Control of Chilo infuscatellus in sugar plantations is difficult. The plants are large and occupy the site for two or more years and insecticides are not normally practicable. A number of natural enemies can reduce the damage done by this pest; these include the tiny wasps of the genera Trichogramma and Telenomus , the egg parasitoid Cotesia flavipes, the fly Sturmiopsis inferens , various egg predators and the granulosis virus. [5] Destruction of dead plant material at the end of the growing season and the elimination of wild grasses can also be helpful. Adjusting planting dates and various cultural techniques have been used with varying degrees of success. [6]

Biological pest control through introduction of tachinid flies from Africa and the Caribbean has been attempted, but those flies have failed to become established. [4] Another fly, Sturmiopsis inferens , is a naturally occurring parasitoid of this moth in India and it has been successfully used as a biological control agent. [6] Trichogramma species have also been released experimentally but the results have been variable and inconsistent. [5] Other integrated pest control methods that have met with success include spraying the crop with granulosis virus, releasing Trichogramma chilonis , releasing Cotesia flavipes and mechanical control with removal and destruction of egg masses. By these means the incidence of the pest can be reduced to a low level. [7] Intercropping can be part of an integrated pest management plan, with the sugarcane pest's natural enemies being attracted by the planting of such crops as buckwheat, the flowers of which provide nectar to the adult parasitic insects and increase their fitness to breed. Good results have been obtained from intercropping sugarcane with soybean, okra, coriander and green beans, all of which proved attractive to the egg parasitoids and reduced prevalence of C. infuscatellus. [7]

Arvinth et al 2010 insert Cry1Ab along with a very constitutive promoter – the maize polyubiquitin promoter – to protect against C. infuscatellus. [8] They use both the Arencibia et al 1988 Agrobacterium technique and a gene gun process. [8] Both techniques produced effective protection against the pest but the Agrobacterium transformants were superior. [8]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Penicillaria jocosatrix</i> Species of moth

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<i>Chilo suppressalis</i> Species of moth

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<i>Busseola fusca</i> Species of moth

Busseola fusca is a species of moth that is also known as the maize stalk borer. It is known from Ethiopia.

<i>Maliarpha separatella</i> Species of moth

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<i>Eldana</i> Genus of moths

Eldana is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae containing only one species, the African sugar-cane borer, which is commonly found in Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa. Adults have pale brown forewings with two small spots in the centre and light brown hindwings, and they have a wingspan of 35mm. This species is particularly relevant to humans because the larvae are a pest of the Saccharum species as well as several grain crops such as sorghum and maize. Other recorded host plants are cassava, rice and Cyperus species. When attacking these crops, E. saccharina bores into the stems of their host plant, causing severe damage to the crop. This behavior is the origin of the E. saccharrina's common name, the African sugar-cane borer. The African sugar-cane borer is a resilient pest, as it can survive crop burnings. Other methods such as intercropping and parasitic wasps have been employed to prevent further damage to crops.

<i>Tirathaba rufivena</i> Worms that eat oil-/coconut-palm flowers

Tirathaba rufivena, the coconut spike moth, greater coconut spike moth or oil palm bunch moth, is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It is found from south-east Asia to the Pacific islands, including Malaysia, the Cook Islands, the Philippines and the tropical region of Queensland, Australia. They are considered as a minor pest.

<i>Sesamia inferens</i> Species of moth

Sesamia inferens, the Asiatic pink stem borer, gramineous stem borer, pink borer, pink rice borer, pink rice stem borer, pink stem borer, purple borer, purple stem borer or purplish stem borer, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found from Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar to Japan and the Solomon Islands. A polyphagous species, it is a major pest in many crops worldwide.

<i>Scirpophaga incertulas</i> Species of moth

Scirpophaga incertulas, the yellow stem borer or rice yellow stem borer, is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Afghanistan, Nepal, north-eastern India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sumba, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Taiwan, China and Japan.

<i>Chilo sacchariphagus</i> Species of moth

Chilo sacchariphagus, the spotted borer, is a moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Wenceslas Bojer in 1856 and was originally found in South and South-East Asia, where there are three subspecies:

<i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i> Species of moth

Ostrinia furnacalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae, the grass moths. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854 and is known by the common name Asian corn borer since this species is found in Asia and feeds mainly on corn crop. The moth is found from China to Australia, including in Java, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Borneo, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Micronesia. The Asian corn borer is part of the species complex, Ostrinia, in which members are difficult to distinguish based on appearance. Other Ostrinia such as O. orientalis, O. scapulalis, O. zealis, and O. zaguliaevi can occur with O. furnacalis, and the taxa can be hard to tell apart.

Chilo auricilius, the gold-fringed rice stemborer or terai borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Gerald C. Dudgeon in 1905. It is found in India, Taiwan, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, as well as on Sulawesi, Borneo, Sangir Island and the Moluccas. The larvae bore into and feed on the stems of various grass family plants including sugarcane, rice and maize.

Chilo partellus, the spotted stalk borer or spotted stem borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1885. It is found in India, Pakistan, Iran, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and on Mayotte.

Bissetia steniellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was first described by the British entomologist George Hampson in 1899. It is found in India and Vietnam where it is commonly known as the Gurdaspur borer because the larvae bore their way into and feed on the stems of sugarcane.

Scirpophaga excerptalis, the white top borer or sugarcane top borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in southern Asia from the Indian Subcontinent in the west to southern China in the east, south to New Guinea, possibly Australia and the Solomon Islands.

Sturmiopsis inferens is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It is native to Asia and is a parasitoid of various moth species whose larvae feed inside the stems of sugarcane, rice and other large grasses, including the Gurdaspur borer and the sugarcane shoot borer.

Trichogramma japonicum is a minute wasp parasitoid from the Trichogrammatidae family in the order Hymenoptera. T. japonicum parasitizes the eggs of many pest species, especially Lepidoptera found in many monocultures. They are entomophagous parasitoids that deposit their eggs inside the host species' egg, consuming the host egg material and emerging from the egg once development is complete. T. japonicum can be found naturally in rice ecosystems, but are dispersed commercially to many monocultures as a biological control. The mitochondrial genomes of T. japonicum are significantly rearranged when comparing it to related insects.

Naranga diffusa, the rice green semilooper, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in many agricultural based countries such as Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, China, Hong Kong, Iran, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam.

References

  1. ↑ "GlobIZ search". Global Information System on Pyraloidea. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  2. ↑ Savela, Markku. "Chilo Zincken, 1817". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  3. ↑ Practical Zoology: Vol. 3. Rastogi Publications. 2009. p. 107. ISBN   978-81-7133-871-9.
  4. 1 2 "Yellow top borer of sugarcane (Chilo infuscatellus)". Plantwise Technical Factsheet. Plantwise Knowledge Bank. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  5. 1 2 Mukerji, K.J.; Upadhyay, Rajeev H.; Chamola, O.B.P.; Dueby, P. (2009). Integrated Pest And Disease Management. APH Publishing. pp. 364–365. ISBN   978-81-313-0475-4.
  6. 1 2 Srikanth, J.; Salin, K.P.; Kurup, N.K.; Bai, K. Subadra (2009). "Assessment of the tachinid Sturmiopsis inferens as a natural and applied biological control agent of sugarcane shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus) in southern India". Sugar Technology. 11 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1007/s12355-009-0009-5. S2CID   25193029.
  7. 1 2 Sithanantham, S.; Ballal, Chandish R.; Jalali, S.K.; Bakthavatsalam, N. (2013). Biological Control of Insect Pests Using Egg Parasitoids. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 165, 196. ISBN   978-81-322-1181-5.
  8. 1 2 3 Arruda, Paulo (2012). "Genetically modified sugarcane for bioenergy generation". Current Opinion in Biotechnology . Elsevier. 23 (3): 315–322. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.10.012. ISSN   0958-1669. PMID   22093808. S2CID   2912874.
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