The original Gaelic name of this clan was Conchie Dhu or Condochy Doye.
With the Clan Chattan Federation
The MacPhails were always considered to be of old Clan Chattan stock and closely related to MacPhersons, MacBeans and other Cattanach families that together formed the Clan Chattan Federation. Cattanach is still a surname associated to these clans.[1][2]
As Clan MacPhail proper
Originally the MacPhails had a stronghold until 1291 at Fassfern about 16 kilometers west of Fort William.[3]
The first MacPhails are reputed to have been descended from a Paul Cattanach. MacPhails, or Son of Paul, are mentioned early in the Kinrara manuscript stating that a Paul Gow MacPhail, "good sir" lived in the time of Duncan, 11th of MacKintosh. The term "good sir" was a custom mainly related to addressing clergymen.[4]
When the Chief of Clan MacKintosh, Angus, married the heiress of Clan Chattan in the 13th century, the majority of the Chattan families including most of Clan MacPhail moved to eastern Inverness-shire.[5][6]
In 1414, the name appears in a Retour of Inquest on Donald Thane of Calder's succession to the lands of Dunmaglass, Gillemore M'Phale being one of the inquest.[4]
In 1547, a MacPhail, Duncan Makconquhy Dow leased half the towns of Tullich and Elrick. This lease was inherited through generations.[2]
In 1566, a Andrew MacPhail is described in the Burgh Court Book as “minister of Inverness and Petty in the Erse/(Gaelic) tongue”.[7]
In 1595, Andrew M'Phail, minister at the Kirk of Croy and Findla MakPhail, one of the beillis of Inverness appear in a contract between the magistrates of Inverness and a Robert Waus.
In 1631, another MacPhail entered into a long lease to Invernarnie with the Laird of Kilravock. For 1000 Pound Scots he was granted a wadset and long tack of Invernarnie, which faced the river Nairn and lay within the Barony of Strathnairn in the Parish of Daviot and Dunlichty. The land also included Duglass and Dullatur facing the river Findhorn.[8] These lands were held by descendants until 1773, when the lease was not renewed. The unity of the family was destroyed and a large portion drifted southward to Argyllshire and were largely absorbed into urban life.[9]
In 1662, records from Inverness show debt from failed business agreements resulted in a public horning issued against a Duncan MacPhail and again in 1669 against his son Paul and his business partner Alexander Shaw of Tordarroch.[10]
A number of Clan Chattan bonds however signed through the 17th and 18th centuries continued to have MacPhail signatures still indicating their stature in the Federation.[2]
The last lineal MacPhail chief, Paul MacPhail died in Australia in the early 1900s.[3][12][13][14]
Conflicts and Feuds
As an integrated clan of the Chattan Federation, Clan MacPhail was obligated to answer the call of the superior Mackintosh Chief. More information on this aspect can be found on the Clan Chattan and Clan Mackintosh pages.
MacPhails were also involved individually in other conflicts. For example, around 1627, a Johne M'Phale of Inverness was recruited as a archer for Captain Alexander M'Naughtan in service of King Charles the 1st to support Protestants in France.[15]
Several MacPhails were apparently officers in the Mackintosh/Clan Chattan regiment in the '15. The heir to the MacPhail Chieftainship, was apparently deported to Virginia following his surrender after the Battle of Preston but died on board the ship.[16]
A MacPhail of the ’45 was evidently the last person to shake hands with Prince Charles Edward Stuart and to his death he never greeted anyone else with that hand.[17] Dr Charles Mackintosh of Drummond mentions in his Antiquarian Notes no 96 that when he lived in Gollanfield, in Petty, an old man of ninety known as John Oig told him he had known a Paul MacPhail of Ballenreich, who the day after the Battle of Culloden helped to dig a trench where many of the dead were interred and had known the man who had escaped with the Clan banner, which was the only one in the prince's army that did not fall in the enemy's hands. All the rest were burned by the common hangman in Edinburgh.[18] A auction of household goods of the Late Sir William Fraser and others in 1898 at Dowell's Auction House in Edinburgh presented a basket hilted sword said to have belonged to a MacPhail who had fought at Culloden, had been kept by his daughter Bell who eventually had sold it to Fraser.[19] Records also exist of the atrocities committed after the battle of which some MacPhails were victim to: "A woman brought to bed, Sunday before the battle, was Elspet MacPhail, in Gask; her husband is Donald MacIntosh, had her child born on the Sunday, who was called Alexander, of which one of the Dragoons took by the leg or thigh, and threw it about his hand, not head."[20]
Clan Symbols
Members of Clan MacPhail are entitled to wear a crest badge to show their allegiance to their clan chief. This crest badge contains the heraldic crest and heraldic motto of the clan chief. For Clan MacPhail, it is a Stag Salient. These elements, like the chief's coat of arms, are the heraldic property of the chief alone. The symbolism of Clan MacPhail is distinct from the majority of the Chattan Federation having no wildcat, but a stag. The most similar to this is with Clan Davidson, their close neighbors to the north. The Davidsons appears to have changed their crest to honor an important marriage to a Mackenzie of Gairloch and the MacPhails could have done something similar. The use of the stag with certain clans could also represent an association with the cult of Saint Giles. [21][22]
Clan badges are usually worn on a tam o' shanter or attached at the shoulder of a lady's tartan sash.[23]
The Arms of the Clan MacPhail Chief.Red Whortleberry: plant badge of Clan MacPhail.Clan MacPhail various tartans
Selection of a new Chief
In 2022, the clan has started the process to select a commander.[25]
Paul MacPhail, Chief of Clan MacPhail circa 1910
Close association with Clan MacKintosh
Since the 15th century, Clan MacPhail was found mainly in the lands of Inverernie about 8km west of Loch Moy, near the ancestral home of the MackIntosh's.[27][28]
In 1490, a Donald MacPhail witnessed a bond between the Lairds of Mackintosh and Kilravock and two years later between Mackintosh and the Dunbars. This MacPhail is identified as a tenant of Dullatur according to the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland.[29]
One of the earliest recorded MacPhail, a certain Gillies MacPhail married a Margaret Macintosh in 1500.[30] There was several other MacPhails that intermarried with MacKintoshes showing a close fraternity.[31]
A Anndra MacPhail, the parson of Croy wrote the history of the MacKintoshes down to the murder of the 15th chief in 1550 and that document has come to be known as the Croy Manuscript.
In 1708, a Coll MacDonell wrote to Paul MacPhail, who was the Chamberlain to the Laird of MacKintosh, explaining why he couldn't pay his rent, that had been due in 1707 and 1708, asking for relief.[32]
Close association with Clan MacBean
The MacPhail surname was also found with their neighbors and close relatives of Clan MacBean:
In 1490, Donald MacPhail of Clan MacBean witnessed a band between the lairds of MacIntosh and Kilravock.
In 1609, Angus MacPhail in Kinkell signed the Band of Union on behalf of Clan MacBean and as laird of Kinchyle in the Valuation Roll of 1644.[33]
Other Clans with smaller MacPhail Families
Other Clans also have small smatterings of MacPhails.
The other MacPhails of the East
In the Lands of Clan Grant
Records show Johannes McFaill was a parishioner in Duthil. Gillepatrik McFale lived in Glenurquhart in 1545. Duncan McFaill was a reader at Cromdale in 1584. Other variants of the name were noted later in Invera’en, Cromdale, Abernethy and Aberlour.[34]
The MacPhails that stayed in West
With Clan Cameron
The remnants of Clan MacPhail that stayed in the west and did not migrate with Clan MackIntosh in the 13th century, eventually integrated with Clan Cameron. They appear to have lived on Loch Eil at Fassfern. Some of these MacPhails were cited for cattle raiding with a Ewen Cameron on the Register of the Privy Council in 1547.
Variations on the name found with Clan Cameron include: MacKail, MacKell, MacPhail, MacVail, MacVaaile, MacVaill, MacVale and Paul.[35][36]
With Clan MacDonell of Glengarry
Some of the remaining Lochaber MacPhails also became a sept of Clan MacDonell of Glengarry and were mainly settled around Laroche. A well known MacPhail from this group was Big Archibald MacPhail, a cattle drover, who attacked a group of Campbells near the village of Killin in 1646.[37]The Dewar Manuscripts Vol.1 which contains Gaelic folktales includes the life of Big Archibald MacPhail.[38]
Another Archibald MacPhail fell foul of Coil MacDonell who was authorized to regulate fishing in the local lochs. In 1809, a letter to officials at Inverness he states: "I have sent to you with Sergeant Donald Macdonell, one Archibald MacPhail to jail at Inverness. He ought at least to be banished to Botany Bay, or to send him on board one of Her Majesty's ships, which last punishment is too good for him.”[39]
The MacPhails were always associated with Ardchattan Priory which had been originally founded by Duncan MacDougall of Lorn. At least one monk was named MacPhail. The signature of David MacPhail is found on a number of monastic documents between 1552 and 1564, some of which are also signed by Sir John MacPhail, rector or parson of nearby Kilnynvir. There is also references to MacPhails being hereditary physicians to the MacDougalls.[42]
When Clan Campbell influence increased in the area, these MacPhails, shifted their allegiance to them. The records of the Thane of Cawdor state that:
In 1533, a Sir John Mcfaell, a pope's knight, witnessed a bond of Manrent.
“At the Arde on 14 February 1570, it was agreed and finalized between the honourable man John Campbell of Calder and his heirs that John Mcfaill, parson of Kilnynvir, John Mcfaill vicar of Kilmaille, Angus Mcfaill, Ewin Gillicallum, Iwir Sonnies and Dugall Mcfaill brother to the said John and their offspring become perpetual men to the said John Campbell of Calder and his heirs."[43]
Various MacPhails are also recorded in Campbell lands in the 17th and 18th century, apparently in one incident, after an argument with their neighbors, Macleans, moved inland to Argyll and Glenlyon. e.g. John MacPhail in Auchauaich around 1691.[44][11] MacPhails were mainly found in a narrow gorge between Loch Awe and Loch Etive, with a few becoming ship wrights.[45] The ferry from Portachoillan was run by Malcolm MacPhail from about 1800, then by his son John MacPhail from 1830 to 1860, then by his sons Neil and John.[46]
Separate and Distinct Lines
With Clan Mackay
A sept of the Clan Mackay by the surname of Polson who are also known as Siol Phail are, according to Sir Robert Gordon, 1st Baronet, descended from Neil, son of Neil, son of Donald Mackay, 5th of Strathnaver, chief of Clan Mackay. Although one of their ancestors, Neil Neilson Mackay, died fighting against his own Strathnaver kinsmen at the Battle of Drumnacoub in 1433, the Polsons later gravitated back towards their Strathnaver kindred.
At the Battle of Torran Du in 1517, the Polsons supported the Clan Mackay against the Murrays of Aberscross. In a list of men in Sutherland capable of carrying arms during the Jacobite rising of 1745, a number of Polsons appear in the parishes of Loth and Kildonan. However, according to historian Angus Mackay writing in 1906, the sept was no longer numerically strong and many of them had adopted the surname MacPhail or were now signing themselves as Mackay.[47]
With Clan Macleod of Lewis
Late 18th century Clan MacLeod tradition has it that MacPhails in their lands are descendants of Páll, son of Bálki, or Paal Baalkeson, His name appears as Pol filius Boke in the medieval Chronicle of Mann and as Paal Baccas in the 19th century Bannatyne manuscript; a 13th-century Hebridean lord who was an ally of Olaf the Black, king of Mann and the Isles. The Bannatyne manuscript states that Paal Baccas had a natural son, from whom descended a family that held the island of Berneray and other lands on Harris under the MacLeods. Matheson proposed that the MacPhails, originally from the Sand district on North Uist, and those from Carloway on Lewis, derived their surname from Páll.[48] There is a township on the northern tip of the Island called Baile Mhicphail (Macphail's village).
A group of sea crags called the Flannan Isles off the Isle of Lewis was regarded as a refuge of sanctity, as well as being a rich source of seabirds. On Maol nam Both, are found two stone beehive houses named, the MacPhail bothies, which are said to be the remains of two monks' cells, part of a small early Celtic monastic settlement.
Donald MacDonald, in his book Tales and Traditions of the Lewis, dedicates a short chapter to the MacPhails of Lewis. “The MacPhails made their power felt throughout the ages, and we find that they were used as wardens by the MacLeods of Lewis and placed along the west coast...to prevent the Macaulays of Uig from passing north to raid the Morrison territory”.[49][50]
Other Gaelic Derivatives
Irish Derivatives
McFall, McFaul and McPhails records are found clustered in Ulster especially around Antrim and Derry.They appear to date from the British Plantation period. These variants are in church registers of County Antrim. As an example, on August 29, 1824, Sarah Jane, daughter of William McFaul, was christened at Ballymena in that county.[51]
Other derivations found include MacPhóil, MacPóil, MacPaul, MacVail, Vail, Paulson, Polson and Powlson[52]
Manx Derivatives (no known connection)
MacPhaayl, Maelfabhail; From the book, Manx Names of 1890 by Arthur William Moore: "Phail is Anglicised from Maelfabhail. Maelfabhail, son of Muircheartach, slain by the Norsemen"
Other Complexities
Mac and Mc prefixes were also dropped by many Highland Gaelic families as they moved south to urban areas such as Glasgow and Edinburgh in their attempts to try to fit in. There was a level of discrimination especially in the aftermath of the Jacobite Rebellion where the more anglicized south had largely supported the government. MacPhail became Phail or even Paul.[53]
The derived surnames Paul and Paull was also one of antiquity in various parishes such as Daviot, Inverness-shire and Fintry, Stirlingshire. In 1654, it was also found in the Lothians and in Fife. Examples include John Paul from 1438, a "magister machinarum dominini regis", a Master of the King's machines which translates as either an engineer or the person who looked after the Kings ordnance (artillery) and is recorded in the Scottish Exchequer Rolls of having received two payments of £6/13s/4d for services rendered. Others include Robert Paule, a member of the council of the burgh of Stirling in 1528. John C. Paull in 1530, a sheriff of Dunbarton, Patrick Paule, witness at Tuliboil in 1546, Janet Paule in Edinburgh in 1659, Alexander Paull, mercator in Elgin in 1696.[54] A John and William Paul are also listed as prisoners of war after the Battle of Dunbar (1650) as having been captured by Cromwell's forces and were eventually transported as Indentured labor to the Plymouth Colony.[55] Paul's are also recorded in the Glasgow area by the 17th century, from High Kirk Baptisms and the Ramshorn Cemetery include Elizabeth Paul of 1609 and Agness Paul of 1774.[56] The most famous Paul must be John Paul Jones born July 6, 1747, Kirkbean, Kirkcudbright and is considered the founding father of the American Navy.
Not all Scottish Paul families however can trace their origins to Gaelic or Highland clan origins. Some Paul's around the Glasgow area appear to have a Flemish origin. A John Paul, arrived around 1512 to manufacture garments for the Scottish Court of James IV.[57]
Numerous MacPhail families migrated or were transported during the Highland Clearances to the colonies of America and Australia and their records have become difficult to trace. One such example where a Macdonald laird determined to evict about 600 persons from Sollas, in North Uist and forcibly emigrate them to Canada. Notices of ejectment were served with effect for the 15th of May 1849. Their goods were attached. Many were turned out of their houses, doors locked, and everything they possessed cattle, crops, and peats seized, whilst furniture was thrown out of doors. The season was however already too late to travel to Canada. They naturally rebelled. A MacPhail was arrested who obstructed the evictors and marched off to Lochmaddy by the police. His wife was the 2nd person evicted. Her three small children, dressed in nothing more than a single coat of coarse blanketing, who played about her knee, while the poor woman, herself half-clothed, with her face bathed in tears, and holding an infant in her arms, assured the Sheriff that she and her children were destitute and without food of any kind. The Sheriff sent for the Inspector of Poor, and ordered him to place the woman and her family on the poor’s roll.[58]
Status
Today MacPhails can generally track their origins from these four main migrations in Scotland, mainly showing fealty to larger clans in those regions:
MacPhails that migrated east with Clan Chattan Federation but with their own chief and allied to Clan Mackintosh.[59]
MacPhails that remained in the west and integrated with Clans such as Cameron from the 16th century forward.
With Clan Campbell and others around Argyll and generally not associated.
With Clan Mackay in the north of Scotland, but no evidence of association with the other three above.
Diaspora MacPhails can also be found in significant numbers in the following countries:
The poet John Leyden, was an enthusiastic collector of old folklore. He compiled a poem "The mermaid". It is based on a gaelic traditional ballad, called MacPhail of Colonsay, and the Mermaid of Corrivrekin. The story states that this MacPhail was carried off by a mermaid, that they lived together in a grotto beneath the sea and had five children, but finally he tired of her and escaped to land.[68]
Ballad of Mull
A cairn near Loch Spelve celebrates Dugald MacPhail (1819-1887), a bard who composed Ant-Muileach (The Isle of Mull) which became the island's anthem.[69] These MacPhail's where apparently known as cattle drovers for hundreds of years in this area.
Clan Mackenzie is a Scottish clan, traditionally associated with Kintail and lands in Ross-shire in the Scottish Highlands. Traditional genealogies trace the ancestors of the Mackenzie chiefs to the 12th century. However, the earliest Mackenzie chief recorded by contemporary evidence is Alexander Mackenzie of Kintail who died some time after 1471. Traditionally, during the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Mackenzies supported Robert the Bruce, but feuded with the Earls of Ross in the latter part of the 14th century. During the 15th and 16th-centuries the Mackenzies feuded with the neighboring clans of Munro and MacDonald. In the 17th century the Mackenzie chief was made Earl of Seaforth in the peerage of Scotland. During the Scottish Civil War of the 17th century the Mackenzies largely supported the Royalists. During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the chief and clan of Mackenzie supported the Jacobite cause. However, during the Jacobite rising of 1745 the clan was divided with the chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose, supporting the British-Hanoverian Government and his relative, George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie, supporting the Jacobites.
Clan Mackay is an ancient and once-powerful Highland Scottish clan from the far North of the Scottish Highlands, but with roots in the old Kingdom of Moray.
Clan Shaw is a Highland Scottish clan and is a member of the Chattan Confederation.
Clan Chattan is a unique confederation of Highland clans. The clan is distinctive in highland clan history in that it was acknowledged to be a community or confederation, of twelve separate Scottish clans, who each had their own clan chief recognized under Scottish law, but who were united under and bound to a superior chief of the confederation for mutual solidarity, sustenance and protection in the Middle Ages and early modern period in the Scottish Highlands.
Clan Mackintosh is a Scottish clan from Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. The chiefs of the clan are the Mackintoshes of Mackintosh. Another branch of the clan, the Mackintoshes of Torcastle, are the chiefs of Clan Chattan, a historic confederation of clans.
Clan Macpherson is a Highland Scottish clan and a member of the Chattan Confederation.
Clan Cameron is a West Highland Scottish clan, with one main branch Lochiel, and numerous cadet branches. The Clan Cameron lands are in Lochaber and within their lands lies Ben Nevis which is the highest mountain in the British Isles. The Chief of the clan is customarily referred to as simply "Lochiel".
Clan Davidson is a Highland Scottish clan and a member of the Chattan Confederation.
The Battle of Mulroy was a Scottish clan battle fought in August 1688 in the Lochaber district of Scotland. It was fought between the Clan Mackintosh who were supported by government troops under Kenneth Mackenzie of Suddie against the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch who were supported by the Clan Cameron over disputed lands in the Braes of Lochaber. The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.
Clan MacBean, is a highland Scottish clan and is a member and historic sept of Clan Chattan.
The Battle of the North Inch was a staged battle between the Clan Chattan and the "Clan Quhele" in September 1396. Thirty men were selected to represent each side in front of spectators, including King Robert III of Scotland and his court, on land that is now the North Inch park in Perth, Scotland.
Tor Castle is a ruined castle, about 3 miles north east of Fort William, Highland, Scotland, west of the River Lochy and east of the Caledonian Canal, near Torlundy.
The Battle of Craig Cailloch was a Scottish clan battle fought in 1441 between the Clan Cameron and Clan Mackintosh. The two clans had defected from Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross during his war with James I of Scotland. Alexander lost the war but was subsequently appointed Justiciar of Scotia by James and became reconciled to the Chattans. Alexander encouraged the Chattans to invade the lands of the Camerons which resulted in a battle on Craig Cailloch in 1441. The battle was bloody and several leading Chattan men were killed. Afterwards Malcolm Mackintosh led further raids into Cameron territory to avenge the deaths. Donald Dubh, leader of the Camerons was later forced into exile in Ireland.
The Independent Highland Companies were irregular militia raised from the Scottish clans of the Scottish Highlands by order of the British government between 1603 and 1760 in order to help keep the peace and enforce the law in the Highlands and were recognized as such by the government. The officers of the Independent Highland Companies were commissioned as officers of the British Army but the Independent Companies were not recognized as official regiments of the line of the army. The Independent Highland Companies were the progenitors of the Highland Regiments of the British Army that began when ten Independent Highland Companies were embodied to form the Earl of Crawford's Highland Regiment that was numbered the 43rd Regiment of Foot in 1739.
Donald Mackay, 5th of Strathnaver, was the fifth chief of the ancient Clan Mackay, a Scottish clan of the Scottish Highlands.
The surname Gow is a sept of the Clan Macpherson, a Highland Scottish clan. The Clan Macpherson are in turn a member of the confederation of the Clan Chattan. Within the clan the surname Smith is considered synonymous with that of Gow and this is due to the family's progenitor being either of the surname Smith or of having been of the occupation of Blacksmith. They are known in Scottish Gaelic as the Sliochd an Gobh Cruim which means "the race of the crooked smith".
Angus McBean, or as he was otherwise known by his family Æneas McBean was a Scottish minister and Covenanter. He was the last Presbyterian minister deposed under Episcopacy.
Malcolm Beg Mackintosh was the tenth chief of the Clan Mackintosh, a Scottish clan of the Scottish Highlands. He was also chief of the confederation of clans known as the Clan Chattan.
Lachlan Mor Mackintosh, 16th of Mackintosh was the chief of the Clan Mackintosh, a Scottish clan of the Scottish Highlands. He was also chief of the confederation of clans that was known as the Clan Chattan.
Ferquhard Mackintosh, 12th of Mackintosh was the chief of the Clan Mackintosh, a Scottish clan of the Scottish Highlands. He was also chief of the confederation of clans known as the Clan Chattan.
References
↑ Mackintosh, Lachalan of Mackintosh (30th Chief of Clan Mackintosh) (1997). The History of The Clan Mackintosh and The Clan Chattan (3rded.). The Pentland Press. Quoting: 1st edition (1948) by Margaret Mackintosh of Mackintosh and 2nd edition (1982){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
1 2 3 Mackintosh-Shaw, A. Historical Memoir of the House and Clan Of Mackintosh and of the Clan Chattan, R. Clay and Sons, and Taylor, London 1880 5. MacPhails. pg 542-544
↑ Records of Inverness, Vol. 1, pp. lvi-lvii, 146. In the Thirds of Benefices for 1572 Macphail/Brebner is described as minister of Farnua (Kirkhill) and “exhorter at Petty and the Yrishche kirk of Invernes”, G. Donaldson, Accounts of Collectors of Thirds of Benefices, 1561-1572 (Edinburgh, 1949), pp. 215-7. In 1706 the population of Inverness was “about 4000 persons above the age of fourteen, 3000 and more of whom can only speak the Gaelic language”, Alexander Mitchell (ed.), Inverness Kirk Session Records, 1661-1800 (Inverness, 1902), p. 25.
↑ Douglas, A (14 February 1963). "The MacPhails". The Weekly Scotsman.
↑ Historical memoirs of the House and Clan of Mackintosh and of the Clan Chattan by Alexander Mackintosh Shaw, printed for the author by R. Clay and sons and Taylor, London 1880. pg 544
1 2 The Clan Phail: The History of a People, John E. Mackfall, Quacks Books, 2000.
↑ Jacobite memoirs of the rebellion of 1745 edited. From the manuscripts of the late right rev. Robert Forbes, A.M. Bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church, by Robert Chambers, Author of “Traditions of Edinburgh,” &c. Edinburgh: William & Robert Chamber, Waterloo Place; and Longman & CO. London. 1834. Chapter Barbarities after Culloden, Pg 213
↑ Mackfall, E (2010). The Clan Phail: The History of a People. 96 pages revised
↑ Eyre-Todd, G. The Highland clans of Scotland, their history and traditions, 1862-1937 pg 334
↑ Minor Septs of Clan Chattan. no. III.—The MacPhails of Inverairnie. An account of the confederation of Clan Chattan; its kith and kin. Prepared as the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow, Pat Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, LL.D., F.S.A., SCOT. Glasgow: John MacKay, "Celtic Monthly' Office, 9 Blythswood Drive, 1898.
↑ Dunlop, J. Ph.D. The Clan Mackintosh, The spearhead of the Clan Chattan, W.& A.K. Johnston's Clan Histories, 1960 W.& A.K. Johnston & G.W. Bacon Ltd
↑ Letters of Two Centuries: Chiefly connected with Inverness and the Highlands, from 1616 to 1815. Edited, and each introduced with explanatory and illustrative remarks by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, M.P., F.S.A. SCOT., Author of "Antiquarian Notes"; " Invernessiana"; etc. Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. 1890. Page 148
↑ MackIntosh, A.M. History of the Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan
↑ Fraser, C.I.The Clan Cameron, A patriarchy beset of the Clan Cameron, W.& A.K. Johnston's Clan Histories, 1953 W.& A.K. Johnston & G.W. Bacon Ltd
↑ Dorson, R.M, Sources for the Traditional History of the Scottish Highlands and Western Islands, Journal of the Folklore Institute, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, Special Issue: Folklore and Traditional History (Aug. - Dec., 1971), pp. 147-184, Indiana University Press
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