Colour wheel theory of love

Last updated

The colour wheel of love by John A. Lee Colour Wheel of Love.jpeg
The colour wheel of love by John A. Lee

The colour wheel theory of love is an idea created by the Canadian psychologist John Alan Lee that describes six love [1] styles, using several Latin and Greek words for love. First introduced in his book Colours of Love: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving (1973), Lee defines three primary, three secondary, and nine tertiary love styles, describing them in the traditional colour wheel. The three primary types are called Eros, Ludus, and Storge, and the three secondary types are called Mania, Pragma, and Agape. [2]

Contents

Primary types of love

Eros

Eros is the Greek term for romantic, passionate, or sexual love, from which the term erotic is derived. Lee describes Eros as a passionate physical and emotional love feeling of wanting to satisfy, create sexual contentment, security, and aesthetic enjoyment for each other, it also includes creating sexual security for the other by striving to forsake options of sharing one's intimate and sexual self with outsiders. [3] It is a highly sensual, intense, passionate style of love. Erotic lovers choose their lovers by intuition or "chemistry". They are more likely to say they fell in love at first sight than those of other love styles.

Erotic lovers view marriage as an extended honeymoon, and sex as the ultimate aesthetic experience. They tend to address their lovers with pet names, such as "sweetie" or "sexy". An erotic lover can be perceived as a "hopeless romantic". The erotic lover wants to share and know everything about their loved one and often thinks of their partner in an idealized manner. The erotic lover's reaction to criticism from their partner is one of hurt and intense pain. The erotic lover's reaction to separation from the partner is agony and despair. Those of other love styles may see erotic lovers as unrealistic, or trapped in a fantasy.

The advantage of erotic love is that the hormones and emotions cause lovers to bond with each other, and feelings of lust and feelings of love alternatively reinforce each other. It is very relaxing for the person doing it. It affords a sense of security to both partners who recognize and see sexual complementation in each other and a sense of life's purpose. It requires both partners to accord validity to each other's sexual feelings, work on sustaining interest and maintain the sexual health of the relationship. A disadvantage is the possibility of the decay in attraction and the danger of living in a fantasy world. In its extreme, Eros can resemble naivety. A partner not as sexually inclined may also feel one's physical body being taken for granted and may perceive the Eros lover as looking for carnal gratification.

Examples of Eros may be seen in movies including The Blue Lagoon , Return to the Blue Lagoon , Pretty Woman , Working Girl , and Girl with a Pearl Earring .

Lee's recognizable traits: [4]

Ludus

Ludus means "game" or "school" in Latin. Lee uses the term to describe those who see love as a desire to want to have fun with each other, to do activities indoor and outdoor, tease, indulge, and play harmless pranks on each other. The acquisition of love and attention itself may be part of the game. [5]

Ludic lovers want to have as much fun as possible. When they are not seeking a stable relationship, they rarely or never become overly involved with one partner and often can have more than one partner at a time, in other words, a school of partners. They do not reveal their true thoughts and feelings to their partner(s), especially if they think they can gain some kind of advantage over their partner(s). The expectation may also be that the partner(s) should also be similarly minded. If a relationship materializes it will be about having fun and indulging in activities of varying degrees of learnedness together. This love style carries the likelihood of infidelity. In its most extreme form, ludic love can become sexual addiction.

Examples of Ludus in movies include Dangerous Liaisons , Cruel Intentions , and Kids .

Storge

Storge is the Greek term for familial love. Lee defines Storge as growing slowly out of friendship and based more on similar interests and a commitment to one another rather than on passion. However, he chooses Storge, rather than the term Philia (the usual term for friendship) to describe this kind of love.

There is a love between siblings, spouses, cousins, parents, and children. Storge necessitates certain familial loyalties, responsibilities, duties, and entitlements. The dwelling is to be a sanctuary for its members and all members of a family are to pull through together in difficult times. Except for marriage, all other relationships have existed often by blood for as long as the individuals have known each other. In marriage, a couple, who formerly did not accord each other this love, promises to extend and build this love and form a new bond of kinship. Family members hold each other in good esteem to the outside world. Insults undermine the connected family reputations. In many judicial systems, a family member cannot be asked to testify in court against a member of one's immediate family for a crime external to the family. Storgic love often develops gradually out of friendship, or out of extended duration of cohabitation. [6] The friendship in some cases can endure beyond the breakup of the relationship.

Examples of Storge can be seen in movies including Love & Basketball , When Harry Met Sally... , and Zack and Miri Make a Porno .

Lee's recognizable traits:

Secondary types of love

According to Lee's colour wheel theory, there are three secondary types of love: mania, agape, and pragma.

Mania

Mania is derived from the Ancient Greek term μανία , from which the term "manic" is derived. Lee defines Manic love as flowing out of a desire to hold one's partner in high esteem and wanting to love and be loved in this way, seeing specialness in the interaction. This type of love tends to lead a partner into a type of madness and obsessiveness. On the colour wheel, it is represented by the colour purple, since it is a mix between Ludus and Eros. [7]

Manic lovers speak of their partners with possessives and superlatives, and they feel that they "need" their partners. Oftentimes, manic individuals are attracted to individuals who have low self-esteem and a weak self-concept. [8] This kind of love is expressed as a means of rescue, or reinforcement of value. Manic lovers value finding a partner through chance without prior knowledge of their financial status, education, background, or personality traits. Insufficient expression of Manic love by one's partner can cause one to perceive the partner as aloof, materialistic, and detached. In excess, mania becomes obsession, and obsessed manic lovers can thus come across as being very possessive and jealous.

Extreme examples of mania in popular culture include yandere anime and manga characters. Additionally, Manic love is a central theme in the films Endless Love , Fatal Attraction , Misery , Play Misty for Me , Swimfan , and Taxi Driver .

Lee's recognizable traits:

Agape

Agape is derived from ἀγάπη, an Ancient Greek term for altruistic love. Lee describes agape as an altruistic love, given by the lover who sees it as his obligation without expecting reciprocity. According to Lee, Agapic lovers are usually older and more emotionally mature, thus a love guided by will and reason than emotion or attraction. [9] Agape is a combination of Storge and Eros.

Agape is an all-giving, selfless love. A revised questionnaire based on an instrument in a previous study (Hendrick et al., 1984) entitled Altitude about sex and love was administered to a group of Psychology students. Results showed that Agapic lovers are willing to place their lover’s happiness and needs before their own and endure all suffering and all things for the sake of their lover. Whatever they own is their lover's and no argument or strife will change that unconditional love. [10] Agape love is often referenced with religious meaning and is signified by the colour orange.

Agapic lovers view their partners as blessings and wish to take care of them. The Agapic lover gets more pleasure from giving in a relationship than from receiving. They will remain faithful to their partners to avoid causing them pain and often wait patiently for their partners after a break-up. Agape requires one to be forgiving, patient, understanding, loyal, and willing to make sacrifices for their partner. An Agapic lover believes that this love is unconditional, though lovers taking an Agapic stance on relationships risk suffering from inattention to their own needs. The advantage of Agapic love is its generosity. A disadvantage is that it can induce feelings of guilt or incompetence in a partner. There is the potential to be taken advantage of. In its deviant form, agape can become Martyrdom. For principle, martyrdom for principle may be acceptable; martyrdom to maintain a relationship is considered psychologically unhealthy.

Examples of agape can be found in books and movies including The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry, Penelope in Homer's Odyssey , The Mission , Somewhere in Time , Titanic , Untamed Heart , Forrest Gump , and the Bible. [11]

Lee's recognizable traits:

Pragma

Pragma comes from the Ancient Greek term πρᾶγμα , meaning 'businesslike', from which terms like pragmatic are derived. Lee defines pragma as the most practical type of love, not necessarily derived out of true romantic love. Rather, pragma is a convenient type of love.

Pragmatic lovers have a notion of being of service which they perceive to be rational and realistic. While they may be sincere about being useful themselves it also translates to having expectations of a partner and of the relationship. They tend to select and reject partners based on what they perceive as desirable, compatible traits. Pragmatic lovers want to find value in their partners, and ultimately want to work with their partners to reach a common goal. [13] The practicality and realism of pragmatic love often contribute to the longevity of the relationship, as long as common goals and values remain shared for the duration. Excessive thinking along these lines causes a relationship to be seen for its utility or as a trade or exchange. The attitude of a pragmatic relationship can become disdainful and toxic if one partner sees the other as a burden. The emphasis within pragmatic relationships is on earning, affordability, child care, and/or home service. Pragmatic love as a form of cooperation or symbiosis should not be considered negative. In a collectivist culture where arranged marriage is practiced, pragmatic love is very common (Chaudhuri, 2004). Values are likely to be shared by a couple in developing countries, where survival and the building of wealth are often prioritized over other pursuits.

Examples of Pragma can be found in books, movies, and TV including Ordinary People , Pride and Prejudice (Charlotte), Little Women (Amy March and Fred Vaughn) and House of Cards (Frank and Claire Underwood). Political marriages are also considered to be examples of pragmatic love.

Lee's recognizable traits: [4]

Tertiary types of love

Lee defines nine types of tertiary types of love that are combinations of the previous six types of love. Each combination includes one primary and one secondary.

  1. Manic eros
  2. Manic ludus
  3. Manic storge
  4. Agapic eros
  5. Agapic ludus
  6. Agapic storge
  7. Pragmatic eros
  8. Pragmatic ludus
  9. Pragmatic storge

Though Lee names each of the tertiary types of love, he never found enough evidence to distinguish them fully. [14]

Measurement

Clyde Hendrick and Susan Hendrick of Texas Tech University expanded on this theory in the mid-1980s with their extensive research on what they called "love styles". Their study found that male students tend to be more Ludic, whereas female students tend to be Storgic and Pragmatic. [15] Whilst the Ludic love style may predominate in men under age thirty, studies on more mature men have shown that the majority of them do indeed mature into desiring monogamy, marriage, and providing for their family by age thirty. [16] [17]

Hendrick and Hendrick (1986) developed a self-report questionnaire measure of Lee's love styles, known as the Love Attitudes Scale (LAS). [10] A shortened version of the LAS, presumably for researchers trying to keep their surveys as concise as possible, was later published, [18] and other variations appear to have been used by some researchers. Respondents indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with the LAS items, examples of which include "My partner and I have the right physical 'chemistry'" (eros) and "Our love is the best kind because it grew out of a long friendship" (storge). Depending on the version of the LAS one administers, there are from 3 to 7 items for each of the six styles described above. A 2002 article illustrated the use of the LAS. [19]

Biological view

In 2007, researchers from the University of Pavia led by Dr Enzo Emanuele provided evidence of a genetic basis for individual variations in Lee's love styles, with Eros being linked to the dopamine system and mania to the serotonin system. [20] In this genetic study of 350 lovers, the Eros style was found to be present more often in those bearing the TaqI A1 allele of the DRD2 3' UTR sequence and the overlapping ANKK1 exon 8. This allele has been proposed to influence a wide range of behaviors, favoring obesity and alcoholism but opposing neuroticism-anxiety and juvenile delinquency. [21] This genetic variation has been hypothesized to cause a reduced amount of pleasure to be obtained from a given action, causing people to indulge more frequently. [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure. An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a spouse, which differs from the love for food. Most commonly, love refers to a feeling of strong attraction and emotional attachment.

Agape is "the highest form of love, charity" and "the love of God for [human beings] and of [human beings] for God". This is in contrast to philia, brotherly love, or philautia, self-love, as it embraces a profound sacrificial love that transcends and persists regardless of circumstance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Love triangle</span> Romantic relationship involving three people

A love triangle is a scenario or circumstance, usually depicted as a rivalry, in which two people are pursuing or involved in a romantic relationship with one person, or in which one person in a romantic relationship with someone is simultaneously pursuing or involved in a romantic relationship with someone else. A love triangle typically is not conceived of as a situation in which one person loves a second person, who loves a third person, who loves the first person, or variations thereof.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romance (love)</span> Type of love that focuses on feelings

Romance or romantic love is a feeling of love for, or a strong attraction towards another person, and the courtship behaviors undertaken by an individual to express those overall feelings and resultant emotions.

Platonic love is a type of love in which sexual desire or romantic features are nonexistent or have been suppressed, sublimated, or purgated, but it means more than simple friendship.

<i>Philia</i> Affection; one of the ancient Greek forms of love

Philia is one of the four ancient Greek words for love: philia, storge, agape and eros. In Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, philia is usually translated as "friendship" or affection. The complete opposite is called a phobia.

Ancient Greek philosophy differentiates main conceptual forms and distinct words for the Modern English word love: agápē, érōs, philía, philautía, storgē, and xenía.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eros (concept)</span> Ancient Greek philosophical concept of sensual or passionate love

Eros is a concept in ancient Greek philosophy referring to sensual or passionate love, from which the term erotic is derived. Eros has also been used in philosophy and psychology in a much wider sense, almost as an equivalent to "life energy". The Protestant philosopher C. S. Lewis posits it as one of the four ancient Greek words for love in Christianity, alongside storge, philia, and agape.

The triangular theory of love is a theory of love developed by Robert Sternberg. In the context of interpersonal relationships, "the three components of love, according to the triangular theory, are an intimacy component, a passion component, and a commitment component."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Storge</span> Familial love, natural or instinctual affection to one such as a family member

Storge, or familial love, refers to natural or instinctual affection, such as the love of a parent towards offspring and vice versa.

<i>The Four Loves</i> 1960 book by C. S. Lewis

The Four Loves is a 1960 book by C. S. Lewis which explores the nature of love from a Christian and philosophical perspective through thought experiments. The book was based on a set of radio talks from 1958 which had been criticised in the U.S. at the time for their frankness about sex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</span> Homosexuality in ancient Greek society

In classical antiquity, writers such as Herodotus, Plato, Xenophon, Athenaeus and many others explored aspects of homosexuality in Greek society. The most widespread and socially significant form of same-sex sexual relations in ancient Greece amongst elite circles was between adult men and pubescent or adolescent boys, known as pederasty. Certain city-states allowed it while others were ambiguous or prohibited it. Though sexual relationships between adult men did exist, it is possible at least one member of each of these relationships flouted social conventions by assuming a passive sexual role according to Kenneth Dover, though this has been questioned by recent scholars. It is unclear how such relations between same-sex partners were regarded in the general society, especially for women, but examples do exist as far back as the time of Sappho.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erotic humiliation</span> Consensual use of humiliation in a sexual context

Erotic humiliation or Sexual humiliation is a consensual psychological humiliation performed in order to produce erotic excitement or sexual arousal. This can be for either the person(s) being humiliated and demeaned or the person(s) humiliating, or both. It is sometimes performed before spectators, including through pornography and webcam modeling. It may be part of BDSM and other sexual roleplay, or accompanied by the sexual stimulation of the genitals of one or both parties in the activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pederasty in ancient Greece</span> Social institution of ancient Greece

Pederasty in ancient Greece was a socially acknowledged romantic relationship between an older male and a younger male usually in his teens. It was characteristic of the Archaic and Classical periods. The influence of pederasty on Greek culture of these periods was so prevalent that it has been called "the principal cultural model for free relationships between citizens."

<i>Deus caritas est</i> 2005 papal encyclical by Pope Benedict XVI

Deus caritas est, subtitled De Christiano Amore, is a 2005 encyclical, the first written by Pope Benedict XVI, in large part derived from writings by his late predecessor, Pope John Paul II. Its subject is love, as seen from a Christian perspective, and God's place within all love. Charity is one of the three theological virtues; and the other two were treated in two successive encyclicals, one signed by Benedict and one written substantially by him but signed by his successor Pope Francis . This text begins with a reflection on the forms of love known in Greek philosophy—eros, agape, philia (friendship)—and their relationship with the teachings of Jesus.

<i>The Art of Loving</i> 1956 philosophy book

The Art of Loving is a 1956 book by psychoanalyst and social philosopher Erich Fromm. It was originally published as part of the World Perspectives series edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen. In this work, Fromm develops his perspective on human nature from his earlier works, Escape from Freedom and Man for Himself – principles which he revisits in many of his other major works. He criticizes the popular conception of love and asserts that "love is the only provision for a sane and satisfying human existence".

Terminology within polyamory looks at the evolution and meaning of the word "polyamory" itself, as well as alternative definitions and concepts which closely relate to it.

Casual dating or a casual relationship is a physical and emotional relationship between two people who may have casual sex or a near-sexual relationship while staying loyal to each other without necessarily demanding or expecting the additional commitments of a more formal romantic relationship. Motives for casual relationships vary. There are significant gender and cultural differences in acceptance of and breadth of casual relationships, as well as in regrets about action/inaction in those relationships.

Philosophy of love is the field of social philosophy and ethics that attempts to describe the nature of love.

Theories of love can refer to several psychological and sociological theories:

References

  1. ↑ Lee, John A. (1976). Lovestyles. Abacus.
  2. ↑ Garth , F. O., Simpson , J. A., Campbell , L., & Overall , N. C. (2019). The Science of Intimate Relationships (second). Wiley-Blackwell .
  3. ↑ Lee, John A. Colours of Life: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving. new press. p. 15.
  4. 1 2 Sternberg, Robert. The Psychology of Love. Yale University Press. p. 51.
  5. ↑ Lee, John A. Colours of Life: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving. p. 16.
  6. ↑ Russell A. Dewey. "Six Types of Love. Chapter 16: Sex, Friendship, and Love". www.psywww.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  7. ↑ Hu, J. X., & Nash, S. T. (2019). Marriage and the family: Mirror of a diverse Global Society. Routledge.
  8. ↑ Laswell, T.E. & Laswell, M.E. (1976). I Love You but I'm not in Love With You. Journal of Marriage and Family Counselling, 38, 211-224.
  9. ↑ Lee John A. A Typology of Styles of Loving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1977;3(2):173-182. doi:10.1177/014616727700300204
  10. 1 2 Hendrick C, Hendrick SS (Feb 1986). "A theory and method of love". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 50 (2): 392–402. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.392.
  11. ↑ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  12. ↑ Sternberg, Robert. The Psychology of Love. Yale University Press. p. 48.
  13. ↑ Chao, Y. S. (2012). Intercultural Communications: Impacts on marriage and family relationships. WestBow Press.
  14. ↑ Lee, John A. Colours of Life: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving. new press. p. 156.
  15. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2014-12-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ↑ Winking, Jeffrey; Kaplan, Hillard; Gurven, Michael; Rucas, Stacey (7 July 2007). "Why do men marry and why do they stray?". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1618): 1643–1649. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0437. PMC   2169272 . PMID   17456459.
  17. ↑ Walum, Hasse; Westberg, Lars; Henningsson, Susanne; Neiderhiser, Jenae M.; Reiss, David; Igl, Wilmar; Ganiban, Jody M.; Spotts, Erica L.; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Eriksson, Elias; Lichtenstein, Paul (16 September 2008). "Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (37): 14153–14156. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10514153W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803081105 . PMC   2533683 . PMID   18765804.
  18. ↑ Hendrick C, Hendrick SS, Dicke A (1998). "The Love Attitudes Scale: Short form". J Pers Soc Psychol. 15 (2): 147–59. doi:10.1177/0265407598152001. S2CID   145583028.
  19. ↑ Fricker J, Moore S (2002). "Relationship Satisfaction: The role of Love Styles and Attachment Styles". Current Research in Social Psychology. 7 (11). Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
  20. ↑ Emanuele E, Brondino N, Pesenti S, Re S, Geroldi D (Dec 2007). "Genetic loading on human loving styles". Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 28 (6): 815–21. PMID   18063936.
  21. ↑ "NCBI Gene summary for DRD2 (interim reference)".
  22. ↑ "Milkshake study reveals brain's role in obesity". Reuters. 16 October 2008.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.