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Communist movements in India refers to the various social and political movements led by communists in India. Communism in India has existed since the 1920s. Some of the major events are listed below.
Communists were actively involved in various movements from the 1920s. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was founded in 1936, which predominantly became active in India. By 1942, AIKS and communists dominated the peasant movement in the country. The members of AIKS or Kisan Sabha were mostly communists. This created a political and social base for communists among the peasant section of India. Sahajanand Saraswati, Karyanand Sharma, Bhogendra Jha were most notable leaders of the movements. [1] Afterwards Bakasht movement (1946-1952), Madhubani movement, Darbhanga movement [2]
During the 1920s and the early 1930s the Communist Party existed but was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. A Communist Group was founded in Tashkent on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International by M.N. Roy. Roy made contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal. Small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab, Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed). [3]
During 1946, sharecroppers had contracted to give half of their harvest to the landlords. Soon sharecroppers began to assert that they would pay only one-third and that before division the crop would stay in their godowns and not that of the Jotedars. In September 1946 Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha decided to launch the Tebhaga movement. The peasant movement led by Communist Party of India broke out in Kakdwip, Sonarpur, Bhangar and Canning. In many areas the agitations turned violent, and landlords fled, leaving parts of the countryside in the hands of Kisan Sabha. The movement resulted in clashes between Jotedars and Bargadars (sharecroppers). "Tebhaga" meantime one third portion of the whole. [4] The prominent leaders of the movement were: Kansari Halder, Ganesh Das, Ashok Bose and Rash Behari Ghosh. Peasant leaders like Gajen Malik, Manik Hazra, Jatin Maity, Bijoy Mondal and others rose to prominence. The movement continued till 1950, when the Bargadari Act was enacted. [5] [6]
Communists or more precisely Communist Party of India (Marxist) has done multiple subsequent peasant and farmer's movements in Rajasthan. In 2000, the Kisan Sabha led by communists laid siege to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and demanded an increase in the number of hours they were supplied with power each day. In 2004, the CPI(M) again started a movement in Shri Gangangar district bordering the Shekhawati region, against the reduction in their water allowance from the Indira Gandhi Canal. This resulted death of four farmers as Rajasthan Police opened fire on the agitating farmers. The government had to agree to increase the water allowance. In 2005, CPI(M) again agitated against to a hike in electricity tariffs, by conducting sit-in in state capital, Jaipur which subsequently resulted decreasing the tariffs. [7]
A large farmer's movement started in Rajasthan on 1 September 2017 to promote farmer's loan waivers, minimum support price and other demands under the leadership of Akhil Bhartiya Kishan Sabha (AIKS). [8] Kisan Sabha, President, Amra Ram, Former MLA Pema Ram, Hetram Benwal, Pawan Duggal, Mangal Singh Yadav, Bhagirath Netar, Sagar Mal Khachariya and others were leading the movement. [9] Sikar was the center of movement, so it is known as "Sikar Kisan Andolan". [10] Thousands of farmers gathered in Sikar Mandhi on 1 September, and said their Padav would continue until demands were accepted. Kishan Padav(Hindi: किसान पड़ाव) continued in Sikar and Other Districts including Bikaner, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu, Churu, Hanumangarh, Shri Ganganagar, Alwar till 10 September. [11] During this, government imposed Section 144 and also blocked Internet services in Sikar. [12] When the demands were not accepted, on 10 September, AIKS called a Statewide Indefinite Highway Strike. After beginning from Sikar, this movement spread throughout Rajasthan, it had a widespread impact in 14 districts. [10] Meanwhile, Sikar and other cities were also kept under strike. Traders and many organizations supported the Farmer's Movement. [13] [14] On 11th day, on the call of the Kisan Sabha, the farmers blocked highways and all other major and minor roads. [15] [11] [16] Then the government invited the delegation of farmers for the talks on 11 September. After 2 days long talk government buckled on 13 September night and accepted the demand of farmers. [8] [17] The movement was withdrawn after the demands were accepted. [18] [19] [20]
At the jail, Irabot met Indian communist leaders like Hemanga Biswas and Jyotirmoy Nandi. He was greatly influenced by them. [21]
Irabot was finally permitted to enter Manipur in March 1946. In Manipur he organised a new party called the Manipur Praja Mandal in April 1946. He attended two sessions of the Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha before he was expelled from the membership of the Working Committee of the Mahasabha on the charge of being a member of the Communist Party of India. He attended the second congress of the CPI held at Calcutta from 28 Feb to 6 March 1948. [22] [23]
Irabot could not attend the first meeting of the Manipur Legislative Assembly held on 18 October 1948 because of the warrant against him. Irabot formed an underground Communist Party of Manipur on 29 October 1948 and carried out armed struggle against the government. He died on 26 September 1951 at the foothills of the Anggo Hills. [24]
During Satyagraha Movement in Goa, Communist Party of India decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Countrywide lists of satyagrahis were prepared, who were then sent to Goa borders in a series of memorable satyagrahas, which has few parallels in the annuls of the history. Batches after batches defied the Portuguese police and military, entered the borders of Goa, raised Indian Tricolour, and were fired upon and lathi-charged brutally. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured. [25] [26]
The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated as CPI(M)) is a communist political party in India. It is the largest communist party in India in terms of membership and electoral seats, and one of the six national parties of India. The party was founded through a splitting from the Communist Party of India in 1964 and it quickly became the dominant faction.
The Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest communist party in India. The CPI was founded in modern-day Kanpur on 26 December 1925.
The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS), or Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha, is the peasant front of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and works for farmer's rights, peasant rights, and anti-feudal movement in India.
Tebhaga movement (1946–1947) was significant peasant agitation, initiated in Bengal by the All India Kisan Sabha of peasant front of the Communist Party of India.
All India Kisan Sabha, is the peasant or farmers' wing of the Communist Party of India, an important peasant movement formed by Sahajanand Saraswati in 1936.
The Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) or SUCI(C) is an anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist communist party in India. The party was founded by Shibdas Ghosh, Nihar Mukherjee and others in 1948.
Hannan Mollah is an Indian communist politician and a senior leader of the All India Kisan Sabha. He was the member of Indian parliament and elected as the Lok Sabha for eight times from constituency of Uluberia in Howrah district of West Bengal, mollah is the member of Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
A peasant movement is a social movement involved with the agricultural policy, which claims peasants rights.
Hijam Irabot, also known as Jana Neta Hijam Irabot, was a politician and leader of Communist party of India and revolutionary social activist from Manipur. He fought against the social evils of the society. He later was jailed for supporting the second Nupi Lan, 1939. In the June/July 1948 election to the Manipur Assembly, Irabot won from the Utlou Constituency.
Jangal Santhal, also known as Jangal Santal was an Indian political activist.
Hare Krishna Konar was an Indian Marxist revolutionary, peasant leader, agricultural theorist, and politician who was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and was the chief architect of India's first and largest agrarian reform in West Bengal. Between the 1960s and 1970s, he became one of the principal leaders of Communist movements in India. In 1932, Konar was deported to the Cellular Jail of the Andamans for 6 years at the age of 18 for his involvement in the Begut Robbery case of the Jugantar Party; there he took part in the first hunger strike, and in 1935 he founded the Communist Consolidation and led the historical second hunger strike.
Benoy Krishna Konar was an Indian communist politician and a firebrand peasant leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was the President of the All India Kisan Sabha and a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly for 8 years. Konar was the one who led the most infamous Sainbari murder.
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In 1964, a major split occurred in the Communist Party of India. The split was the culmination of decades of tensions and factional infighting. When India became independent in 1947, differences arose of how to adapt to the new situation. As relations between the Nehru government and the Soviet Union improved, a faction that sought cooperation with the dominant Indian National Congress emerged within CPI. This tendency was led by S.A. Dange, whose role in the party hierarchy became increasingly controversial. When the Sino-Indian War broke out in 1962 Dange's opponents within CPI were jailed, but when they were released they sought to challenge his leadership. In 1964 the party was finally divided into two, with the left faction forming the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The split had a lot of regional variations. It also impacted other organizations, such as trade union and peasant movements. The split has been studied extensively by scholars, who have sought to analyze the various domestic and international factors involved.
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