Comparison of commercial battery types

Last updated

This is a list of commercially-available battery types summarizing some of their characteristics for ready comparison.

Contents

Common characteristics

Cell chemistryAlso known as Electrode Re­charge­ableCom­mercial­izedVoltageEnergy density Specific power Cost † Discharge efficiencySelf-discharge rateShelf life
Anode Electro­lyte Cathode Cutoff Nominal100% SOC by mass by volume
yearVVVMJ/kg
(Wh/kg)		MJ/L
(Wh/L)		W/kgWh/$
($/kWh)		%%/monthyears
Lead–acid SLA
VRLA
PbAc		 Lead H2SO4 Lead dioxide Yes1881 [1] 1.75 [2] 2.1 [2] 2.23–2.32 [2] 0.11–0.14
(30–40) [2] 		0.22–0.27
(60–75) [2] 		180 [2] 5.44–13.99
(72–184) [2] 		50–92 [2] 3–20 [2]
Zinc–carbon Carbon–zinc Zinc NH4Cl Manganese (IV) oxide No1898 [3] 0.75–0.9 [3] 1.5 [3] 0.13
(36) [3] 		0.33
(92) [3] 		10–27 [3] 2.49
(402) [3] 		50–60 [3] 0.32 [3] 3–5 [4]
Zinc–air PRKOH Oxygen No1932 [5] 0.9 [5] 1.45–1.65 [5] 1.59
(442) [5] 		6.02
(1,673) [5] 		100 [5] 2.18
(460) [5] 		60–70 [5] 0.17 [5] 3 [5]
Mercury oxide–zinc Mercuric oxide
Mercury cell		NaOH/ KOH Mercuric oxide No1942– [6] 1996 [7] 0.9 [8] 1.35 [8] 0.36–0.44
(99–123) [8] 		1.1–1.8
(300–500) [8] 		2 [6]
Alkaline Zn/MnO
2
LR		KOH Manganese (IV) oxide No1949 [9] 0.9 [10] 1.5 [11] 1.6 [10] 0.31–0.68
(85–190) [12] 		0.90–1.56
(250–434) [12] 		50 [12] 0.39
(2574) [12] 		45–85 [12] 0.17 [12] 5–10 [4]
Rechargeable alkaline RAMKOHYes1992 [13] 0.9 [14] 1.57 [14] 1.6 [14]
Silver-oxide SRNaOH/ KOH Silver oxide No1960 [15] 1.2 [16] 1.55 [16] 1.6 [17] 0.47
(130) [17] 		1.8
(500) [17]
Nickel–zinc NiZnKOH Nickel oxide hydroxide Yes2009 [13] 0.9 [13] 1.65 [13] 1.85 [13] 13 [13]
Nickel–iron NiFe Iron KOHYes1901 [18] 0.75 [19] 1.2 [19] 1.65 [19] 0.07–0.09
(19–25) [20] 		0.45
(125) [21] 		1003.31–4.41
(227–302) [1] 		20–3030– [22] 50 [23] [24]
Nickel–cadmium NiCd
NiCad		 Cadmium KOHYes0.9–1.05 [26] 1.2 [27] 1.3 [26] 0.11
(30) [27] 		0.36
(100) [27] 		150–200 [28] 10 [13]
Nickel–hydrogen NiH
2
Ni-H
2		 Hydrogen KOHYes1975 [29] 1.0 [30] 1.55 [28] 0.16–0.23
(45–65) [28] 		0.22
(60) [31] 		150–200 [28] 5 [31]
Nickel–metal hydride NiMH
Ni-MH		 Metal hydride KOHYes1990 [1] 0.9–1.05 [26] 1.2 [11] 1.3 [26] 0.36
(100) [11] 		1.44
(401) [32] 		250–1,0002.65
(378) [1] 		30 [33]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride LSD NiMHYes2005 [34] 0.9–1.05 [26] 1.21.3 [26] 0.34
(95) [35] 		1.27
(353) [36] 		250–1,0000.42 [33]
Lithium–manganese dioxide Lithium
Li-MnO
2
CR
Li-Mn		 Lithium Manganese dioxide No1976 [37] 2 [38] 3 [11] 0.54–1.19
(150–330) [39] 		1.1–2.6
(300–710)
[39] 		250–400 [39] 15–10 [39]
Lithium–carbon monofluoride Li-(CF)
x
BR		 Carbon monofluoride No1976 [37] 2 [40] 3 [40] 0.94–2.81
(260–780) [39] 		1.58–5.32
(440–1,478)
[39] 		50–80 [39] 0.2–0.3 [41] 15 [39]
Lithium–iron disulfide Li-FeS
2
FR		 Iron disulfide No1989 [42] 0.9 [42] 1.5 [42] 1.8 [42] 1.07
(297) [42] 		2.1
(580) [43] 		10-20 [43]
Lithium–titanate Li
4Ti
5O
12
LTO
Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideYes2008 [44] 1.6–1.8 [45] 2.3–2.4 [45] 2.8 [45] 0.22–0.40
(60–110)		0.64
(177)		3,000– 5,100 [46] 0.39
(2539) [46] 		85 [46] 2–5 [46] 10–20 [46]
Lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO
2
ICR
LCO
Li‑cobalt [47] 		Graphite ‡ LiPF6/ LiBF4/ LiClO4 Lithium cobalt oxide Yes1991 [48] 2.5 [49] 3.7 [50] 4.2 [49] 0.70
(195) [50] 		2.0
(560) [50] 		2.21
(453) [1]
Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO
4
IFR
LFP
Li‑phosphate [47] 		Lithium iron phosphate Yes1996 [51] 2 [49] 3.2 [50] 3.65 [49] 0.32–0.58
(90–160) [50] [52] [53] 		1.20
(333) [50] [52] 		200 [54] –1,200 [55] 4.520 years [56]
Lithium manganese oxide LiMn
2O
4
IMR
LMO
Li‑manganese [47] 		Lithium manganese oxideYes1999 [1] 2.5 [57] 3.9 [50] 4.2 [57] 0.54
(150) [50] 		1.5
(420) [50] 		2.21
(453) [1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides LiNiCoAlO
2
NCA
NCR
Li‑aluminium [47] 		Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxideYes19993.0 [58] 3.6 [50] 4.3 [58] 0.79
(220) [50] 		2.2
(600) [50]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide LiNi
xMn
yCo
1-x-yO
2
INR
NMC [47]
NCM [50] 		Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideYes2008 [59] 2.5 [49] 3.6 [50] 4.2 [49] 0.74
(205) [50] 		2.1
(580) [50]

^† Cost in inflation-adjusted 2023 USD.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics

Cell chemistryCharge efficiencyCycle durability
%# 100% depth of discharge (DoD) cycles
Lead–acid 50–92 [2] 50–100 [60] (500@40%DoD [2] [60] )
Rechargeable alkaline 5–100 [13]
Nickel–zinc 100 to 50% capacity [13]
Nickel–iron 65–805,000
Nickel–cadmium 70–90500 [25]
Nickel–hydrogen 8520,000 [31]
Nickel–metal hydride 66300–800 [13]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery 500–1,500 [13]
Lithium cobalt oxide 90500–1,000
Lithium–titanate 85–906,000–10,000 to 90% capacity [46]
Lithium iron phosphate 902,500 [54] –12,000 to 80% capacity [61]
Lithium manganese oxide 90300–700

Thermal runaway

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here. [62]

Cell chemistryOverchargeOverheat
OnsetOnsetRunawayPeak
SOC% °C°C°C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide 150 [62] 165 [62] 190 [62] 440 [62]
Lithium iron phosphate 100 [62] 220 [62] 240 [62] 21 [62]
Lithium manganese oxide 110 [62] 210 [62] 240 [62] 100+ [62]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide 125 [62] 140 [62] 195 [62] 260 [62]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 170 [62] 160 [62] 230 [62] 100+ [62]

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li–polymer vs. LTO

TypesCell VoltageSelf-dischargeMemoryCycles TimesTemperatureWeight
NiCd1.2V20%/monthYesUp to 800-20 °C to 60 °CHeavy
NiMH1.2V30%/monthMildUp to 500-20 °C to 70 °CMiddle
Low Self Discharge NiMH 1.2V3%/year–1%/monthNo500–2,000-20 °C to 70 °CMiddle
Li-ion (LCO)3.6V5–10%/monthNo500–1,000-20 °C to 60 °CLight
LiFePO4 (LFP)3.2V2–5%/monthNo2,500–12,000 [61] -20 °C to 60 °CLight
LiPo (LCO)3.7V5–10%/monthNo500–1,000-20 °C to 60 °CLightest
Li–Ti (LTO)2.4V2–5%/month [46] No6,000–20,000-40 °C to 75 °CLight

[63]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel–metal hydride battery</span> Type of rechargeable battery

A nickel–metal hydride battery is a type of rechargeable battery. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd), with both using nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. NiMH batteries can have two to three times the capacity of NiCd batteries of the same size, with significantly higher energy density, although only about half that of lithium-ion batteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel–cadmium battery</span> Type of rechargeable battery

The nickel–cadmium battery is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. The abbreviation Ni–Cd is derived from the chemical symbols of nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd): the abbreviation NiCad is a registered trademark of SAFT Corporation, although this brand name is commonly used to describe all Ni–Cd batteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium-ion battery</span> Rechargeable battery type

A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li+ ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life. Also noteworthy is a dramatic improvement in lithium-ion battery properties after their market introduction in 1991: over the following 30 years, their volumetric energy density increased threefold while their cost dropped tenfold.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rechargeable battery</span> Type of electrical battery

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell, is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are used, including lead–acid, zinc–air, nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and lithium-ion polymer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AA battery</span> Standard size of dry cell battery

The AA battery is a standard size single cell cylindrical dry battery. The IEC 60086 system calls the size R6, and ANSI C18 calls it 15. It is named UM-3 by JIS of Japan. Historically, it is known as D14, U12 – later U7, or HP7 in official documentation in the United Kingdom, or a pen cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium metal battery</span> Non-rechargeable battery using lithium metal as anode

Lithium metal batteries are primary batteries that have metallic lithium as an anode. The name intentionally refers to the metal as to distinguish them from lithium-ion batteries, which use lithiated metal oxides as the cathode material. Although most lithium metal batteries are non-rechargeable, rechargeable lithium metal batteries are also under development. Since 2007, Dangerous Goods Regulations differentiate between lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nine-volt battery</span> Form of small battery

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that supplies a nominal voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures 7.2 to 9.6 volts, depending on battery chemistry. Batteries of various sizes and capacities are manufactured; a very common size is known as PP3, introduced for early transistor radios. The PP3 has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and two polarized snap connectors on the top. This type is commonly used for many applications including household uses such as smoke and gas detectors, clocks, and toys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel–zinc battery</span> Type of rechargeable battery

A nickel–zinc battery is a type of rechargeable battery similar to nickel–cadmium batteries, but with a higher voltage of 1.6 V.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rechargeable alkaline battery</span> Type of battery

A rechargeable alkaline battery, also known as alkaline rechargeable or rechargeable alkaline manganese (RAM), is a type of alkaline battery that is capable of recharging for repeated use. The formats include AAA, AA, C, D, and snap-on 9-volt batteries. Rechargeable alkaline batteries are manufactured fully charged and have the ability to hold their charge for years, longer than nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries, which self-discharge. Rechargeable alkaline batteries can have a high recharging efficiency and have less environmental impact than disposable cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molten-salt battery</span> Type of battery that uses molten salts

Molten-salt batteries are a class of battery that uses molten salts as an electrolyte and offers both a high energy density and a high power density. Traditional non-rechargeable thermal batteries can be stored in their solid state at room temperature for long periods of time before being activated by heating. Rechargeable liquid-metal batteries are used for industrial power backup, special electric vehiclesand for grid energy storage, to balance out intermittent renewable power sources such as solar panels and wind turbines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium iron phosphate battery</span> Type of rechargeable battery

The lithium iron phosphate battery or LFP battery is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power. LFP batteries are cobalt-free. As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% were from EV makers Tesla and BYD alone. Chinese manufacturers currently hold a near monopoly of LFP battery type production. With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries, LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) type batteries in 2028.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the battery</span>

Batteries provided the primary source of electricity before the development of electric generators and electrical grids around the end of the 19th century. Successive improvements in battery technology facilitated major electrical advances, from early scientific studies to the rise of telegraphs and telephones, eventually leading to portable computers, mobile phones, electric cars, and many other electrical devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium iron phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO
4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric battery</span> Power source with electrochemical cells

An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.

A metal–air electrochemical cell is an electrochemical cell that uses an anode made from pure metal and an external cathode of ambient air, typically with an aqueous or aprotic electrolyte.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium-ion battery</span> Type of rechargeable battery

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs, SIBs, or Na-ion batteries) are several types of rechargeable batteries, which use sodium ions (Na+) as their charge carriers. In some cases, its working principle and cell construction are similar to those of lithium-ion battery (LIB) types, but it replaces lithium with sodium as the intercalating ion. Sodium belongs to the same group in the periodic table as lithium and thus has similar chemical properties. However, in some cases, such as aqueous batteries, SIBs can be quite different from LIBs.

Research in lithium-ion batteries has produced many proposed refinements of lithium-ion batteries. Areas of research interest have focused on improving energy density, safety, rate capability, cycle durability, flexibility, and reducing cost.

The lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (abbreviated as Li-NCA, LNCA, or NCA) are a group of mixed metal oxides. Some of them are important due to their application in lithium ion batteries. NCAs are used as active material in the positive electrode (which is the cathode when the battery is discharged). NCAs are composed of the cations of the chemical elements lithium, nickel, cobalt and aluminium. The compounds of this class have a general formula LiNixCoyAlzO2 with x + y + z = 1. In case of the NCA comprising batteries currently available on the market, which are also used in electric cars and electric appliances, x ≈ 0.8, and the voltage of those batteries is between 3.6 V and 4.0 V, at a nominal voltage of 3.6 V or 3.7 V. A version of the oxides currently in use in 2019 is LiNi0.84Co0.12Al0.04O2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides</span> Lithium-ion battery cathode material

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (abbreviated NMC, Li-NMC, LNMC, or NCM) are mixed metal oxides of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt with the general formula LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2. These materials are commonly used in lithium-ion batteries for mobile devices and electric vehicles, acting as the positively charged cathode.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the lithium-ion battery</span> Overview of the events of the development of lithium-ion battery

This is a history of the lithium-ion battery.

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