Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg

Last updated
Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg
Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg
Abraham Lincoln (center) at the consecration just after arriving c. noon and ~3 hours before the speech.[ citation needed ] In 2006, two additional Gettysburg procession photographs of Lincoln were identified in the Library of Congress. [1]
DateNovember 19, 1863
Time~3 PM
Venue Cemetery Hill, Gettysburg National Cemetery
Location Gettysburg, Adams Co, Pennsylvania
Coordinates 39°49′11″N77°13′52″W / 39.819767°N 77.231217°W / 39.819767; -77.231217 [2]
TypeCeremony
Participants~15,000

The Consecration of the Soldiers' National Cemetery [3] [4] was the ceremony at which U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863. In addition to the 15,000 spectators, attendees included six state governors: Andrew Gregg Curtin of Pennsylvania, Augustus Bradford of Maryland, Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, Horatio Seymour of New York, Joel Parker of New Jersey, and David Tod of Ohio. [5] Reporters present included Joseph Gilbert (Associated Press), Charles Hale (Boston Advertiser), [6] : 14  John Russell Young ( Philadelphia Press ); and Cincinnati Commercial, [6] : 13 New York Tribune, & The New York Times reporters. [6] : 15 

Contents

Planning

Edward Everett's 1864 book on the "...Consecration of the National Cemetery At Gettysburg..." Everett 1864 TitlePage and Battle Map.JPG
Edward Everett's 1864 book on the "…Consecration of the National Cemetery At Gettysburg…"
David Wills invitation to Abraham Lincoln: "It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks." Gettsyburginvitationpage2.jpg
David Wills invitation to Abraham Lincoln: "It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks."

Following the Battle of Gettysburg, an Evergreen Cemetery Association plan to create a soldiers annex requiring fee payments for interments (e.g., by families) was replaced by a plan by local attorney David Wills for a cemetery funded by the states. The Pennsylvania governor designated Wills the commonwealth's agent, who was authorized to purchase 17 acres (6.9 ha) for a cemetery, paying $2,475.87 for the land ($61,270 as of 2024). [8] Wills' September 23 invitation [9] : 183  to the renowned statesman Edward Everett requested an oration on Wednesday, October 23; [10] but Everett needed more time to prepare his speech, which would feature fine details of the battle culled from Everett's personal interviews with those involved. Wills rescheduled the ceremony to Thursday, November 19 to accommodate Everett's needs. [11] On November 2, Lincoln received formal notice[ clarification needed ] of Wills' invitation to participate. [12]

Preceding events

On October 27 from the Presbyterian graveyard on North Washington street (now defunct), the 1st of 3,512 Union Army bodies [9] : 161  was moved to the new cemetery. [13] By November 19, a speaker's platform had been constructed, and "1258 had been reburied in the semicircular cemetery". [14]

On November 18 at 6:00 p.m., Abraham Lincoln and party (including his guest, Canadian politician William McDougall [15] ) arrived at the Gettysburg Railroad Station. [16] Lincoln walked around the depot[ citation needed ] and uphill to the town square to spend the night in the Wills' house, [17] [ failed verification ] where a crowd gathered in the adjacent town square and was addressed by Secretary of State William H. Seward (Everett got to bed about 11 p.m.). [18] After Wills met with Lincoln about the ceremony c. 9:30; Lincoln's door guard, 1st Sgt Hugh Paxton Bigham of Company B (21st PA Cav.), provided a telegram to Lincoln that his son had improved—after which he asked his guard "at about 11 p.m." to take him to Seward. [19] : 3  While meeting with Seward at the adjacent Robert Goodloe Harper house "around the corner", Lincoln was serenaded by the Baltimore Glee Club (National Union Musical Association) with We Are Coming, Father Abra'am (Bigham later "pushed" a return path through the crowd for Lincoln). [19] : 5  Also posted through the night was a second military guard for Lincoln at the street-level door, Paxton's brother Rush Bigham. [19] : 15 

On November 19 c. 9 a.m. when his secretary went to Lincoln's room, "Mr. Nicolay…found him at work upon the address which he was to deliver. He continued to write, so far as the many interruptions gave him opportunity, up to the time it was necessary for him to take his place in the procession". [20] : 52  At 9:30 a.m., Lincoln on a chestnut bay horse [21] joined the procession to the cemetery with other dignitaries, townspeople, and widows. [4] "We passed along Baltimore Street to the Emmittsburg Road, minute guns being fired, then by way of the Taneytown Road to the cemetery, where the military formed in line to salute the President at about eleven o'clock." [22] : 11 

Program

Scheduled events for the ceremony included: [7] : 35 

Music, by Birgfield's Band
Prayer, by Reverend T.H. Stockton, D.D.
The cloudy day became sunny during the reverend's prayer. [5]
Music, by the Marine Band
Oration, by Hon. Edward Everett
Everett's two-hour [23] delivery of 13,607 words described the battle and related its events and the war to previous wars and events.
Music, Hymn composed by Benjamin Brown French, Esq.
"A full view of the battlefield, with the Blue [Ridge] Mountains in the distance, was spread out before us, and all about were traces of the fierce conflict. Rifle pits, cut and scarred trees, broken fences, pieces of artillery wagons and harness, scraps of blue and gray clothing, bent canteens, abandoned knapsacks, belts, cartridge boxes, shoes and caps, were still to be seen on nearly every side—a great showing for relic hunters. … The Baltimore Glee Club then sang an ode written for the occasion by Commissioner B. B. French, of Washington, and Lincoln arose." [22] : 12 
Dedicatory Remarks, by the President of the United States
Dirge, sung by Choir selected for the occasion
Benediction, by Reverend H.L. Baugher, D.D.
Lincoln took but a few minutes [24] for the "Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg" [25] (Boston reporter Charles Hale "took down the slow-spoken words of the President"). [26]

The program ended c. 4 p.m. [5] and, after attending most of a subsequent service at the Presbyterian church with War of 1812 and Battle of Gettysburg veteran John L. Burns, [19] Lincoln departed via the Gettysburg Railroad c. 6 p.m. [27]

Aftermath

Following the ceremony, telegraphy regarding the program included at least three transmissions of Lincoln's address [28] (the New York Times report the next day included both Lincoln's address and the entire Everett Oration.) [5]

Wills requested a copy of Everett's oration via a December 14 letter, and Everett provided a copy with footnotes (e.g., describing the maps he used while composing). [9] : 186  In 1864, Everett published his book regarding the consecration; and an 1867 record of the consecration ceremony was published with the associated correspondence. [9]

Erected by the Gettysburg National Military Park (G.N.M.P.), a permanent historical marker within the Gettysburg National Cemetery states, "The speakers' platform was located in Evergreen Cemetery to your left." [29] The National Park Service's National Cemetery Walking Tour brochure concurs with the permanent marker:

The Soldiers' National Monument, long misidentified as the spot from which Lincoln spoke, honors the fallen soldiers. ... It was actually on the crown of this hill, a short distance on the other side of the iron fence and inside the Evergreen Cemetery, where President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address to a crowd of some 15,000 people. [30]

As recently as January 23, 2004, a multiple property submission by the GNMP extended the long history of misidentification by stating, the Soldiers' National Monument "Sits on site of speaker's platform where Gettysburg Address was orated." [31] Photographic analyses by Garry Wills [32] and William A. Frassanito, [33] completed in 1992 and 1995 respectively, conclusively place the location on the Evergreen Cemetery side of the dividing fence.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettysburg Address</span> 1863 speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln

The Gettysburg Address is a speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, now known as Gettysburg National Cemetery, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on the afternoon of November 19, 1863, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated Confederate forces in the Battle of Gettysburg, the Civil War's deadliest battle. The speech is widely considered one of the most notable and famous delivered in American history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</span> Borough in Pennsylvania, USA

Gettysburg is a borough in Pennsylvania and the county seat of Adams County, Pennsylvania, the United States. As of the 2020 census, the borough had a population of 7,106 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettysburg National Cemetery</span> Battlefield cemetery created following the Battle of Gettysburg

Gettysburg National Cemetery is a United States national cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, created for Union casualties from the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. The Battle of Gettysburg, which was fought between July 1 to 3, 1863, resulted in the largest number of casualties of any Civil War battle but also was considered the war's turning point, leading ultimately to the Union victory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettysburg Battlefield</span> American Civil War battle-site

The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site of the first shot at Knoxlyn Ridge on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Gregg Curtin</span> American lawyer and politician

Andrew Gregg Curtin was an American lawyer and politician. He served as the 15th governor of Pennsylvania during the American Civil War, helped defend his state during the Gettysburg Campaign, and oversaw the creation of the National Cemetery and the ceremony in which Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous Gettysburg Address.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Gardner (photographer)</span> Scottish photographer (1821–1882)

Alexander Gardner was a Scottish photographer who immigrated to the United States in 1856, where he began to work full-time in that profession. He is best known for his photographs of the American Civil War, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, and of the conspirators and the execution of the participants in the Lincoln assassination plot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettysburg National Military Park</span> Larger area encompassing the National Cemetery and Battlefield

The Gettysburg National Military Park protects and interprets the landscape of the Battle of Gettysburg, fought over three days between July 1 and July 3, 1863, during the American Civil War. Located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the park is managed by the National Park Service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pericles's Funeral Oration</span> Speech during the Peloponnesian War

"Pericles's Funeral Oration" is a famous speech from Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War. The speech was supposed to have been delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead.

David McConaughy was a noted attorney, state senator, cemetery president, and civic leader in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and a part-time intelligence officer for the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was a driving force behind the creation of the Gettysburg National Cemetery following the Battle of Gettysburg. He also led early efforts to preserve the Gettysburg Battlefield for future generations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)</span> Historic cemetery in Adams County, Pennsylvania

Evergreen Cemetery – formerly called Citizen's Cemetery and Ever Green Cemetery – is a historic 29.12 acre rural cemetery located just outside Gettysburg Borough, in Cumberland Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District, and is surrounded by Gettysburg National Military Park and Soldiers' National Cemetery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John L. Burns</span> American soldier and constable

John Lawrence Burns was an American soldier and constable. A veteran of the War of 1812, at age 69 he fought as a civilian combatant with the Union Army at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. He was wounded, but survived to become a national celebrity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission</span> 21st-century U.S. congressional commission

The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC) was the congressionally created, 14-member federal commission focused on planning and commemorating the 200th birthday of the United States' 16th president on February 12, 2009. The commission served for ten years, from 2000 to 2010. Its official successor organization, announced in 2011 with an expanded board and broadened mission, is the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Wills (Gettysburg)</span> American lawyer

David Wills was the principal figure in the establishment of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of his efforts, the Gettysburg Address was given by Abraham Lincoln. Wills was Lincoln's host while in Gettysburg, and the Gettysburg Address was completed in the large upstairs bedroom occupied by the President during his brief stay in the town.

<i>Lincoln at Gettysburg</i> 1992 book by Garry Wills

Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America was written by Garry Wills, who was an adjunct professor of history at Northwestern University at the time that his book was published. The book, which became a best-seller during the 1990s, argued that Lincoln's 272-word address, which was delivered during the dedication of the new national cemetery at Gettysburg on November 19, 1863, was so powerful that it reshaped the United States by altering Americans' view of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettysburg station</span> Historic train station in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

The Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station, also known as the "Gettysburg Train Station," "Lincoln Train Station" or "Western Maryland Railroad Station," is a historic train station with depot, platform, museum and offices on Carlisle Street in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Operable from 1858 to 1942, it contributes to the Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District and is most notable as President Abraham Lincoln's point of arrival on November 18, 1863 and departure, following delivery of the Gettysburg Address. The station served as both a hospital during the battle and hub for outgoing wounded soldiers and incoming resources and supplies following the end of the war. On 2015, following several years of delays, the station, which was originally owned by the Borough of Gettysburg but was bought by the Gettysburg Foundation, the non-profit partner to the National Park Service, was placed under the purview of the National Park Service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soldiers' National Monument</span> Gettysburg Battlefield memorial located at the central point of Gettysburg National Cemetery

The Soldiers' National Monument is a Gettysburg Battlefield memorial which is located at the central point of Gettysburg National Cemetery. It honors the battle's soldiers and tells an allegory of "peace and plenty under freedom … following a heroic struggle." In addition to an inscription with the last 4 lines of the Gettysburg Address, the shaft with 4 buttresses has 5 statues:

A large statue representing the concept of Liberty surmounts the pedestal. Eighteen large bronze stars circling the pedestal below this statue represent the eighteen Union states with buried dead. A statue is located at each corner near the base. They represent War, History, Peace, and Plenty. War is represented by a statue of an American soldier who recounts the story of the battle to History. In turn, History records, with stylus and tablet, the achievements of the battle and the names of the honored dead. A statue of an American mechanic and his tools illustrates Peace. Plenty is a female figure with a sheaf of wheat and the fruits of the earth that typify peace and abundance as the soldier's crowning triumph.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remembrance Day at the Gettysburg Battlefield</span> Annual event in Pennsylvania, US

Remembrance Day is an annual Gettysburg Battlefield event for the anniversary of the 1863 Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg during which President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address. Starting in 1868, the ceremonies and Memorial Day address at Gettysburg National Park became nationally known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettysburg Rostrum</span> Gettysburg Battlefield venue for historical commemorations

The Gettysburg Rostrum is a Gettysburg Battlefield venue for historical commemorations which have included addresses by US Presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1904), William Howard Taft, Calvin Coolidge (1928), Herbert Hoover (1930), and Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934). The facility has been most often used during Decoration Day (May) and Dedication Day (November) ceremonies, but has been used for other events such as the Pennsylvania Days commemoration during Camp Samuel Harper in September 1889. Identified in 1908 as the location of the Gettysburg Address, the Rostrum and Soldiers' National Monument are each rejected by the NPS's modern Cemetery Walking Tour brochure. The brick pavilion was constructed in 1879 by P. J. and J. J. Tawney, temporarily extended in 1904, and is planned for restoration by 2013.

Everett School, also known as Davis Addition School, is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. Davis Addition School opened in 1888. It was named for the subdivision in which it was located. The original section of the building is composed of four rooms, and it cost $12,500 to build. It was renamed "Everett" in February of the following year, possibly after Edward Everett, the United States Senator from Massachusetts who gave the main speech at the Gettysburg National Cemetery dedication, the day that Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address. The gymnasium and additional classroom space was added in 1917. The auditorium was added in 1940, and the building has been modernized over the years. Both Everett and Smith Elementary schools were closed in 2011, with their students going to the new Liberty Elementary School. Arch Icon Development of Woodbine, Iowa acquired the building and is in the process of converting it into apartments. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

<i>Lincoln in the White House</i> 1939 film directed by William C. McGann

Lincoln in the White House is a 1939 American biographical short or historical "special" about United States President Abraham Lincoln, highlighting events during his first term of office, from his inaugural speech in 1861 to his delivery of the Gettysburg Address in 1863. Produced by Warner Bros. and directed by William C. McGann, the 21-minute Technicolor film stars Frank McGlynn Sr., a veteran actor who since 1915 had specialized in impersonating Lincoln on both stage and screen.

References

  1. ↑ Toppo, Greg (November 15, 2007). "Honestly, is that really Abe in 3-D?". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
  2. ↑ Swain, Craig (March 8, 2009). "Soldiers' National Monument" (HMdb.org webpage, marker 16864). Retrieved 2011-06-23. '… of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.' – Lincoln. November 13th[ sic ], 1863.     NOTE: The webpage's photo shows the inscribed date is the correct "19th", not the webpage's "13th".
  3. ↑ Lincoln, Abraham. "expenses in attending the consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg" (Report). Washington, D. C. (White House). (cited by Klement 1993, p. 267)
  4. 1 2 Everett, Edward C (1864). Address of the Hon. Edward Everett At the Consecration of the National Cemetery At Gettysburg, 19th November 1863, with the Dedicatory Speech of President Lincoln, and the Other Exercises of the Occasion; Accompanied by An Account of the Origin of the Undertaking and of the Arrangement of the Cemetery Grounds, and by a Map of the Battle-field and a Plan of the Cemetery. Little, Brown & Company. Archived from the original (TrueScans format) on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "The Heroes of July; A Solemn and Imposing Event. Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburgh". The New York Times . November 20, 1863. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-18. The assemblage was of great magnitude, and was gathered within a circle of great extent around the stand, which was located on the highest point of ground on which the battle was fought. (pdf version). p. 2: [Everett] Address; Delivered at Gettysburgh on the Nineteenth of November at the Consecration of the Cemetery
  6. 1 2 3 Prochnow, Victor Herbert, ed. (1944). Great Stories from Great Lives . Freeport: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN   0-8369-2018-X.
  7. 1 2 Wills, Garry (1992). Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Made America . New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.  25, 35. ISBN   9780671867423.
  8. ↑ Murphy, Jim (1992). The Long Road to Gettysburg . New York: Clarion Books. pp.  98–99. ISBN   0-395-55965-0.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Correspondence, Addresses and Ceremonies, at the Consecration of the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863". Revised report made to the legislature of Pennsylvania, relative to the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Singerly & Myers. 1867. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
  10. ↑ "Lincoln Invited to Gettysburg to Consecrate a Civil War Cemetery, November 19, 1863". Library of Congress. 2010-09-15. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  11. ↑ Gramm, Kent (2001). November: Lincoln's Elegy at Gettysburg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 119. ISBN   0-253-34032-2.
  12. ↑ "The Formal Invitation". MyLOC.gov (Library of Congress). December 5, 2002. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
  13. ↑ "Last Local Survivor of National Cemetery Group Recalls His Experiences" (Google News Archive). The Star and Sentinel. November 28, 1936. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
  14. ↑ Tilberg, Frederick. summary of study of location of Gettysburg Address platform. (cited by Klement, pp. 186–187, reference 23: )
  15. ↑ Eisenhower, Dwight D. [speech to a joint session of the Parliament of Canada] (Speech). (referenced in the Parliament of Canada official transcripts, Hansard)
  16. ↑ "Pennsylvania Abraham Lincoln". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
  17. ↑ "Wills House Bedroom at Gettysburg". AbrahamLincolnOnline.org. Showcase.netins.net. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
  18. ↑ Boritt, G. S. (2006). The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech that Nobody Knows . Simon and Schuster. p.  86. ISBN   9780743288200.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Horner, John B (1994). Sergeant Hugh Paxton Bigham: Lincoln's Guard at Gettysburg. Gettysburg PA: Horner Enterprises.
  20. ↑ Carmichael, Orton H (1917). Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Abingdon Press. p.  52 . Retrieved 2010-08-18. found him at work.
  21. ↑ "Saddle Used by Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg]", Abraham Lincoln at the Gettysburg Town Square, AbrahamLincolnOnline.org, Showcase.netins.net, 2007
  22. 1 2 Cochrane, Henry Clay (February 13, 1907). "With Lincoln to Gettysburg, 1863". Abraham Lincoln . Retrieved 2011-08-18. I happened to have bought a New York Herald before leaving and, observing that Mr. Lincoln was without a paper, offered it to him.: 9  … "Mr. Seward and Mr. Blair rode upon his right and Judge Usher and General Lamon on his left.": 11 
  23. ↑ Everett, Edward (November 20, 1863), letter to Abraham Lincoln (cited by Simon, et al., eds. The Lincoln Forum: Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg, and the Civil War. Mason City: Savas Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN   1-882810-37-6, p. 41: "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes.")
  24. ↑ Murphy, Jim. The Long Road to Gettysburg, New York: Clarion Books, 1992. p. 105, "with a pronounced Kentucky accent."
  25. ↑ Lincoln, Abraham (1863), Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg (cited by Boritt 2006, p. 290: "This is the only copy that…Lincoln dignified with a title: "Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg.", a rare full signature, and the date: "November 19, 1863." … This final draft…remained in the Bliss family until 1949.")
  26. ↑ Sandburg, Carl (1939). "Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg". 'Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company. pp. 452–457. (cited by Prochnow, p. 14)
  27. ↑ "The Historic Gettysburg Railroad Station" Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine .
  28. ↑ Barton, William E (1950). Lincoln at Gettysburg: What He Intended to Say; What He Said; What he was Reported to have Said; What he Wished he had Said. New York: Peter Smith. pp. 138–139.
  29. ↑ Historical Marker Database. "The Gettysburg Address" . Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  30. ↑ National Park Service. "National Cemetery Walking Tour" (PDF). Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  31. ↑ "GETT P. 21 (structure ID MN288, LCS ID 009949)", Soldiers' National Monument, National Park Service, 2004 [1865], archived from the original on 2012-09-17, retrieved 2011-06-22
  32. ↑ Wills, Garry (1992). Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.  209–210. ISBN   978-0-671-86742-3.
  33. ↑ Frassanito, William A. (1995). Early Photography at Gettysburg. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications. pp. 160–167. ISBN   978-1-57747-032-8.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.