Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln

Last updated
Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln
Date of election November 6, 1860
Inauguration date March 4, 1861
President-elect Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
Vice president-elect Hannibal Hamlin (Republican)
Outgoing president James Buchanan (Democrat)
Outgoing vice president John C. Breckinridge (Democrat)

The presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln began when he won the United States 1860 United States presidential election, becoming the president-elect of the United States, and ended when Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861.

Contents

The secession crisis of 1860–61 began soon after Lincoln became president-elect. This has been widely considered the most difficult crisis that any president-elect has faced during his transition into office. [1] [2] [3] Lincoln spent much of his transition period trying to avert southern secession.

During his transition, President-elect Lincoln selected members of the Cabinet and attempted to prevent the secession of southern states. Lincoln delivered an emotional farewell address when departing his hometown of Springfield, Illinois, for the District of Columbia (the nation's capital). His trip to the District of Columbia was done covertly to avoid a potential assassination attempt (the Baltimore Plot).

Lincoln's election victory

In the presidential election held on November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. By November 7, the day after the election, newspapers had begun reporting that Lincoln had won the election. [4] His strong electoral college victory was entirely due to his victories in states located in the North and West. No ballots were cast for him in ten of the fifteen Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states. [5] [6]

Secession crisis

The South was outraged by Lincoln's election and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861. [7] Following his victory, all the slave states began to consider secession. [8] The move for secession in these states was entirely motivated by worry that a Lincoln presidency (including the appointment by Lincoln of federal officials, district attorneys, marshals, postmasters, and judges in southern states) jeopardized the institution of slavery in the United States. [9]

Lincoln was not scheduled to take office until March 4, 1861, leaving incumbent Democratic President James Buchanan, a "doughface" from Pennsylvania who had been favorable to the South, to preside over the country until that time. [8] President Buchanan declared that secession was illegal but denied that the government had any power to resist it. Lincoln had no official power to act while the secession crisis escalated. [10] [11] Nonetheless, Lincoln was barraged with advice. Many wanted him to provide reassurances to the South that their interests were not being threatened. [12] Realizing that soothing words on the rights of slaveholders would alienate the Republican base, while taking a strong stand on the indestructibility of the Union would further inflame Southerners, Lincoln chose a policy of silence. He believed that, given enough time without any overt acts or threats to the South, Southern unionists would carry the day and bring their states back into the Union. [13] At the suggestion of a Southern merchant who contacted him, Lincoln did make an indirect appeal to the South by providing material for Senator Lyman Trumbull to insert into his own public address. Republicans praised Trumbull's address, Democrats assailed it, and the South largely ignored it. [14]

In December 1860, both the House and Senate formed special committees to address the unfolding crisis. Lincoln communicated with various congressmen that there was room for negotiation on issues such as fugitive slaves, slavery in the District of Columbia, and the domestic slave trade. However, he made it clear that he was unalterably opposed to anything that would allow the expansion of slavery into the territories. [15] On December 6, Lincoln wrote to Congressman Orlando Kellogg, a Republican on the special House committee, that Kellogg should "entertain no proposition for a compromise in regard to the extension of slavery. The instant you do, they have us under again; all our labor is lost, and sooner or later must be done over. Douglas is sure to be again trying to bring in his [popular sovereignty]. Have none of it. The tug has to come & better now than later." [16]

Among the special committees created in December was the Committee of Thirty-three, created on December 4, 1860. [17] The committee, composed of a congressman from each of the 33 states, recommended enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, admitting New Mexico as a slave state, and repealing the personal liberty laws in the Northern states (which prevented the return of fugitive slaves), and passing a constitutional amendment prohibiting interference with slavery. Lincoln rejected all these suggestions. [18]

In mid-December, Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, the chairman of the special Senate committee, proposed a package of six constitutional amendments, known as the Crittenden Compromise. The compromise would protect slavery in federal territories south of the 36°30′ parallel and prohibit it in territories north of that latitude, with newly admitted states deciding on the status of slavery within their borders. Congress would be forbidden from abolishing slavery in any state (or the District of Columbia) or interfering with the domestic slave trade. Despite pressure from Seward, Lincoln and his Republican Party refused to support the compromise, which was contrary to the party's platform of free-soil in the territories. [19] [20] Still opposed to the expansion of slavery into the territories, Lincoln had privately asked Republican Senators to oppose the compromise, and it failed to pass Congress. [8] Lincoln declared, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." [21]

Following the admission of Kansas in 1861, there were 19 free states and 15 slave states US SlaveFree1861.gif
Following the admission of Kansas in 1861, there were 19 free states and 15 slave states

Lincoln believed that Southern threats of secession were mostly bluster and that the sectional crisis would be defused, as it had been in 1820 and 1850. [22] However, many Southerners were convinced that assenting to Lincoln's presidency and the prohibition of slavery in the territories would ultimately lead to the extinction of slavery in the United States. [23] On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted to secede, and six other Southern states seceded over the next forty days. In February, these Southern states formed the Confederate States of America (CSA) and on February 9, elected Jefferson Davis as provisional president. [24] Despite the formation of the CSA, the slave-holding states of Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri still remained in the union, and the last four in this list, known as the border states, never seceded. [22] [25] [26] President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. [27]

In February 1861, two final political efforts were made to preserve the Union. The first was made by a group of 131 delegates sent by 21 states to a Peace Conference, held at Willard's Hotel in the nation's capital. [28] The convention submitted to Congress a seven-point constitutional amendment proposal similar in content to the earlier Crittenden Compromise. The proposal was rejected by the Senate and never considered by the House. [29] [30] The second effort was an ostensibly unrepealable constitutional amendment that would shield domestic institutions of the states from congressional interference and from future constitutional amendments, protecting slavery in states where it already existed but not contravening Lincoln's requirement that slavery not be extended to Western territories. [31] [32] Commonly known as the Corwin Amendment, the measure was approved by Congress and had Lincoln's tacit support. A few weeks before the war, he sent a letter to every governor informing them that Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution. [33] However the amendment soon fell out of favor and was ratified by only a handful of states. [34]

Formation of Cabinet and administration

Lincoln began the process of assembling his Cabinet on election night. [35] [36] Lincoln would later recount to having crafted the general framework of his Cabinet on the night of the election. [37] Lincoln had likely made some decisions about the shape of his administration even before this. [37]

Lincoln's Cabinet decisions were likely further shaped throughout the month of November. Throughout this month Lincoln read many private letters from numerous figures and spoke with a number of prominent politicians that visited with him. He also had a few meetings in Chicago with Vice President-elect Hannibal Hamlin. [37]

In an attempt to create a Cabinet that would unite the Republican Party, Lincoln sought to reach out to every faction of his party, with a special emphasis on balancing former Whigs with former Democrats. [38] Lincoln's eventual Cabinet would include all of his main rivals for the Republican nomination. He did not shy away from surrounding himself with strong-minded men, even those whose credentials for office appeared to be much more impressive than his own. [39] [40] Though the cabinet appointees held different views on economic issues, all opposed the extension of slavery into the territories. [41]

The first Cabinet position filled was that of secretary of state. It was tradition for the president-elect to offer this, the most senior cabinet post, to the leading (best-known and most popular) person of his political party. For the Republican Party of the time, William H. Seward was that figure. On December 8, 1860, Lincoln wrote a letter to Seward informing him that he was his pick for secretary of state. Additionally, in mid-December 1860, Vice President-elect Hannibal Hamlin, directly offered the position to Seward on Lincoln's behalf. [42] [43] Seward had been deeply disappointed by his failure to win the 1860 Republican presidential nomination, but he agreed to serve as Lincoln's Secretary of State. [44] By the end of December, Lincoln had received a note from Seward informing him that he would accept the position. [45]

Lincoln's choice for secretary of the treasury was Ohio U.S. Senator Salmon P. Chase, Seward's chief political rival. [46] Chase was the leader of the more radical faction of Republicans that sought to abolish slavery as quickly as possible. [47] Seward, among others, opposed the selection of Chase because of both his strong antislavery record and his opposition to any type of settlement with the South that could be considered appeasement for slaveholders. [48] While he his preference had been for Chase, Lincoln originally offered the job to Pennsylvania U.S. Senator Simon Cameron. After personally meeting with Cameron in Springfield, Illinois (where Lincoln resided) on December 30 and 31, Lincoln gave Cameron a letter on December 31 offering the position to him. However, following controversy about this selection, Lincoln wrote a letter revoking his offer to Cameron on January 3. [49] [50]

While he had revoked his offer for the position of secretary of the treasury from Simon Cameron, Lincoln did select Cameron to serve as his secretary of war. Cameron was a controversial selection because, while influential, he was also considered corrupt. [51] His appointment was opposed within his own state of Pennsylvania by the party faction led by Governor-elect Andrew G. Curtin and party chairman A. K. McClure. Nonetheless, by Inauguration Day the competing factions realized that it was important to business interests that at least some Pennsylvanian be in Lincoln's cabinet, and Cameron was made secretary of war. [52] Historian William Gienapp would express his belief that the final selection of Cameron for this soon-to-be-critical position was a clear indicator that Lincoln did not anticipate a civil war. [53]

Montgomery Blair of Maryland, who was popular among anti-slavery and border state Democrats, was chosen to be postmaster general. He would be one of only two people coming from a border state to serve in Lincoln's Cabinet at any point during his presidency. [54]

Lincoln tasked Vice President-elect Hamlin with finding someone from a New England state for the Cabinet. Hamlin recommended Gideon Welles of Connecticut, a former Democrat who had served in the Navy Department under President James K. Polk. Other influential Republicans concurred, and Welles became secretary of the navy. [55]

For the position of secretary of the interior, Lincoln selected Caleb Blood Smith of Indiana, a former Whig representing the same type of Midwestern constituency as Lincoln. His critics faulted him for some of his railroad ventures, accused him of being a Doughface, and questioned his intellectual capacity for a high government position. In the end, Smith's selection for Secretary of the Interior had much to do with his campaign efforts on behalf of Lincoln and their friendship. [56]

Arrival in Washington, D.C.

On February 11, 1861, Lincoln boarded a special train that over the course of the next two weeks would take him to the nation's capital. [57] Lincoln gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving his hometown of Springfield, Illinois; he would never again return to Springfield alive. [58] [59] Lincoln spoke several times each day during the train trip, addressing crowds and legislatures across the North. [60] [61] While his speeches were mostly extemporaneous, his message was consistent: he had no hostile intentions towards the South, disunion was not acceptable, and he intended to enforce the laws and protect property. [61]

Lincoln arrives in Washington, D.C. Lincoln arriving in Washington with William H. Johnson, 1861.png
Lincoln arrives in Washington, D.C.

Rumors abounded during the course of the trip of various plots to kill Lincoln. Samuel Felton, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, hired detective Allan Pinkerton to investigate reports that secessionists might try to sabotage the railroad along the route. In conducting his investigation Pinkerton obtained information that indicated to him that an attempt on Lincoln's life would be made in Baltimore. [62] As a result of the threat, the travel schedule was altered, tracks were closed to other traffic, and the telegraph wires even cut to heighten security. Lincoln and his entourage passed through Baltimore's downtown at around 3 o'clock in the morning of February 23, and, having evaded the plot, arrived safely in the nation's capital, which was placed under substantial military guard, a few hours later. The unannounced departure from the published schedule, along with the unconventional attire Lincoln wore to keep a low profile, led to critics and cartoonists accusing him of sneaking into Washington in disguise. [63] [64] Lincoln met with Buchanan and congressional leaders shortly after arriving in Washington. He also worked to complete his cabinet, meeting with Republican senators to obtain their feedback. [65]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln</span> President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War, defending the nation as a constitutional union, defeating the Confederacy, playing a major role in the abolition of slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1860 United States presidential election</span>

The 1860 United States presidential election was the 19th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860. In a four-way contest, the Republican Party ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin won a national popular plurality, a popular majority in the North where states had already abolished slavery, and a national electoral majority comprising only Northern electoral votes. Lincoln's election thus served as the main catalyst of the states that would become the Confederacy seceding from the Union. This marked the first time that a Republican was elected president. It was also the first presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state; the others have been in 1904, 1920, 1940, 1944, and 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William H. Seward</span> American politician (1801–1872)

William Henry Seward was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as governor of New York and as a United States senator. A determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a prominent figure in the Republican Party in its formative years, and was praised for his work on behalf of the Union as Secretary of State during the Civil War. He also negotiated the treaty for the United States to purchase the Alaska Territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simon Cameron</span> American businessman and politician (1799–1889)

Simon Cameron was an American businessman and politician who represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate and served as United States Secretary of War under President Abraham Lincoln at the start of the American Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Origins of the American Civil War</span>

The origins of the American Civil War were rooted in the desire of the Southern states to preserve the institution of slavery. Historians in the 21st century overwhelmingly agree on the centrality of slavery in the conflict. They disagree on which aspects were most important, and on the North's reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. The pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology denies that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view disproven by historical evidence, notably some of the seceding states' own secession documents. After leaving the Union, Mississippi issued a declaration stating, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corwin Amendment</span> Proposed US constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal power

The Corwin Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that has never been adopted, but owing to the absence of a ratification deadline, could still be adopted by the state legislatures. It would have shielded slavery within the states from the federal constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitutional Union Party (United States)</span> United States political party (1860–1861)

The Constitutional Union Party was a political party which stood in the 1860 United States elections. It mostly consisted of conservative former Whigs from the Southern United States who wanted to avoid secession over slavery and refused to join either the Republican Party or Democratic Party. The Constitutional Union Party campaigned on a simple platform "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution of the country, the Union of the states, and the Enforcement of the Laws".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1860 Republican National Convention</span> United States presidential nominating convention

The 1860 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met May 16–18 in Chicago, Illinois. It was held to nominate the Republican Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1860 election. The convention selected former representative Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for president and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for vice president.

The Crittenden Compromise was an unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery in the United States Constitution, and thereby make it unconstitutional for future congresses to end slavery. It was introduced by United States Senator John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1860. It aimed to resolve the secession crisis of 1860–1861 that eventually led to the American Civil War by addressing the fears and grievances of Southern pro-slavery factions, and by quashing anti-slavery activities. The Crittenden Compromise is not to be confused with the Crittenden Resolution, which provided that the Union would take no actions against slavery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</span>

Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery in the United States is one of the most discussed aspects of his life. Lincoln frequently expressed his moral opposition to slavery in public and private. "I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong," he stated. "I can not remember when I did not so think, and feel." However, the question of what to do about it and how to end it, given that it was so firmly embedded in the nation's constitutional framework and in the economy of much of the country, even though concentrated in only the Southern United States, was complex and politically challenging. In addition, there was the unanswered question, which Lincoln had to deal with, of what would become of the four million slaves if liberated: how they would earn a living in a society that had almost always rejected them or looked down on their very presence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peace Conference of 1861</span> Meeting to prevent the impending American Civil War

The Peace Conference of 1861 was a meeting of 131 leading American politicians in February 1861, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., on the eve of the American Civil War. The conference's purpose was to avoid, if possible, the secession of the eight slave states from the upper and border South that had not done so as of that date. The seven states that had already seceded did not attend.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyman Trumbull</span> American politician (1813–1896)

Lyman Trumbull was an American lawyer, judge, and politician who represented the state of Illinois in the United States Senate from 1855 to 1873. Trumbull was a leading abolitionist attorney and key political ally to Abraham Lincoln and authored several landmark pieces of reform as chair of the Judiciary Committee during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era, including the Confiscation Acts, which created the legal basis for the Emancipation Proclamation; the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished chattel slavery; and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which led to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</span> U.S. presidential administration from 1861 to 1865

The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began on March 4, 1861, when Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as the 16th president of the United States, and ended upon his assassination on April 14, 1865 and death the next morning, 42 days into his second term. Lincoln was the first member of the recently established Republican Party elected to the presidency. Lincoln successfully presided over the Union victory in the American Civil War, which dominated his presidency and resulted in the end of slavery. He was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of James Buchanan</span> U.S. presidential administration from 1857 to 1861

The presidency of James Buchanan began on March 4, 1857, when James Buchanan was inaugurated as 15th president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan, a Democrat from Pennsylvania, took office as the 15th United States president after defeating John C. Frémont of the Republican Party and former President Millard Fillmore of the American Party in the 1856 presidential election. He declined to seek re-election and was succeeded by Republican Abraham Lincoln.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address</span> 1861 speech by Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address was delivered on Monday, March 4, 1861, as part of his taking of the oath of office for his first term as the sixteenth president of the United States. The speech, delivered at the United States Capitol, was primarily addressed to the people of the South and was intended to succinctly state Lincoln's intended policies and desires toward that section, where seven states had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.

<i>Team of Rivals</i> 2005 book by Doris Kearns Goodwin

Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln is a 2005 book by Pulitzer Prize-winning American historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, published by Simon & Schuster. The book is a biographical portrait of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and some of the men who served with him in his cabinet from 1861 to 1865. Three of his Cabinet members had previously run against Lincoln in the 1860 election: Attorney General Edward Bates, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase and Secretary of State William H. Seward. The book focuses on Lincoln's mostly successful attempts to reconcile conflicting personalities and political factions on the path to abolition and victory in the American Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen A. Douglas</span> American politician and lawyer (1813–1861)

Stephen Arnold Douglas was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois. A U.S. Senator, he was one of two nominees of the badly split Democratic Party to run for president in the 1860 presidential election, which was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln. Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in the 1858 United States Senate election in Illinois, known for the pivotal Lincoln–Douglas debates. He was one of the brokers of the Compromise of 1850, which sought to avert a sectional crisis; to further deal with the volatile issue of extending slavery into the territories, Douglas became the foremost advocate of popular sovereignty, which held that each territory should be allowed to determine whether to permit slavery within its borders. This attempt to address the issue was rejected by both pro-slavery and anti-slavery advocates. Douglas was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because he was short in physical stature but a forceful and dominant figure in politics.

This bibliography of Abraham Lincoln is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. In terms of primary sources containing Lincoln's letters and writings, scholars rely on The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy Basler, and others. It only includes writings by Lincoln, and omits incoming correspondence. In the six decades since Basler completed his work, some new documents written by Lincoln have been discovered. Previously, a project was underway at the Papers of Abraham Lincoln to provide "a freely accessible comprehensive electronic edition of documents written by and to Abraham Lincoln". The Papers of Abraham Lincoln completed Series I of their project The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln in 2000. They electronically launched The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln, Second Edition in 2009, and published a selective print edition of this series. Attempts are still being made to transcribe documents for Series II and Series III.

<i>First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</i> 1864 painting

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln is an 1864 oil-on-canvas painting by Francis Bicknell Carpenter. In the painting, Carpenter depicts Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, and his Cabinet members reading over the Emancipation Proclamation, which proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states in rebellion against the Union in the American Civil War on January 1, 1863. Lincoln presented the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation to his Cabinet on July 22, 1862 and issued it on September 22, 1862. The final Emancipation Proclamation took effect on January 1, 1863.

This article documents the political career of Abraham Lincoln from the end of his term in the United States House of Representatives in March 1849 to the beginning of his first term as President of the United States in March 1861.

References

  1. ↑ "The worst transition in U.S. history • Center for Presidential Transition". Center for Presidential Transition. 2020-06-15. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  2. ↑ Onion, Rebecca (2020-10-28). "The Presidential Transition That Shattered America". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "How past presidents overcame challenging transitions". Partnership for Public Service. 2020-06-25. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  4. ↑ "LATEST NEWS BY TELEGRAPH THE ELECTION THE NORTHERN STATES ALL FOR LINCOLN HIS ELECTION BY THE PEOPLE" . Newspapers.com. Detroit Free Press. 7 Nov 1860. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Mansch, Larry D. (2005). Abraham Lincoln, President-elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 61. ISBN   978-0-7864-2026-1.
  6. ↑ Donald 1996, p. 256.
  7. ↑ Edgar 1998, p. 350.
  8. 1 2 3 White (2009), pp. 351–354.
  9. ↑ Walther, Eric H. (2006). William Lowndes Yancey: The Coming of the Civil War. p. 262. ISBN   978-0-7394-8030-4.
  10. ↑ McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 9.
  11. ↑ Thomas (1952) p. 229.
  12. ↑ Thomas (1952) p. 226; Holzer (2008) p. 68.
  13. ↑ Holzer (2008) p. 69; Gienapp (2002) pp. 74–75; Burlingame (2008) vol. 1, p. 702. Burlingame writes, "Lincoln's unwillingness to make a public declaration may have been a mistake. Such a document might have allayed fears in the Upper South and Border States and predisposed them to remain in the Union when hostilities broke out. But it might also have wrecked the Republican coalition and doomed his administration to failure before it began."
  14. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1, pp. 701–702; Thomas (1952), p. 27.
  15. ↑ Thomas (1952) pp. 229–230.
  16. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1, pp. 708–709.
  17. ↑ "Committee of Thirty-three". American History Central. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  18. ↑ "Inauguration, Policy and Cabinet – Abraham Lincoln Historical Society". www.abraham-lincoln-history.org. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  19. ↑ White 2009, pp. 360–361.
  20. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 712–718.
  21. ↑ Donald 1996, p. 268.
  22. 1 2 White (2009), pp. 361–369.
  23. ↑ Pauludan (1994), pp. 33–35
  24. ↑ White 2009, p. 369.
  25. ↑ Donald 1996, p. 267; Potter 1977.
  26. ↑ White 2009, p. 362.
  27. ↑ Potter 1977, pp. 520, 569–570.
  28. ↑ Klein, Maury (1997). Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 239. ISBN   0-679-44747-4.
  29. ↑ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). The Oxford History of the American People . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 609.
  30. ↑ Potter, David M. (1976). The Impending Crisis 1848–1861 . New York: HarperCollins. p.  547. ISBN   0-06-131929-5.
  31. ↑ Vile, John R. (2003). "Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)". Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments: Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues 1789–2002 (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 280–281. ISBN   978-1-85109-428-8.
  32. ↑ Vorenberg, Michael (2001). Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-521-65267-4.
  33. ↑ Lupton 2006, p. 34.
  34. ↑ Crofts, Daniel W. (2016). "Chapter 6: The Corwin Amendment". Lincoln and the Politics of Slavery: The Other Thirteenth Amendment and the Struggle to Save the Union. The University of North Carolina Press.
  35. ↑ Nicolay and Hay (1890), p. 345
  36. ↑ Holzer (2008) pp. 59-60; McClintock (2008) p. 42.
  37. 1 2 3 Nicolay and Hay (1890), p. 347
  38. ↑ Paludan (1994) pp. 35-41; Gienapp (2002) pp. 75-76; Donald (1995) pp. 261-263.
  39. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 719-720.
  40. ↑ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. xvi. ISBN   0-684-82490-6. Goodwin writes, "Every member of this administration was better known, better educated, and more experienced in public life than Lincoln." Burlingame quotes Lincoln as saying, after he was advised not to select someone to a cabinet post that was "a great deal bigger" than Lincoln, "Well, do you know of any other men who think they are bigger than I am? I want to put them all in my cabinet."
  41. ↑ Paludan (1993), pp. 36–37
  42. ↑ Stahr (2012) pp. 214-217
  43. ↑ Nicolay and Hay (1890), p. 349
  44. ↑ Paludan (1993), pp. 37–38
  45. ↑ Nicolay and Hay (1890), p. 351
  46. ↑ Donald (1995) p. 264; Paludan (1994) p. 37.
  47. ↑ Paludan (1993), pp. 37–40
  48. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 p. 737.
  49. ↑ Nicolay and Hay (1890), pp. 354–358
  50. ↑ Holzer (2008), p. 183
  51. ↑ Paludan (1994) p. 43.
  52. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 733-737; Donald (1995) pp. 266–267.
  53. ↑ Gienapp (2002) p. 76.
  54. ↑ Paludan (1993), pp. 41–42
  55. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 742–744; Paludan (1994) pp. 42–-43.
  56. ↑ Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 739–742; Paludan (1994) p. 42.
  57. ↑ Gienapp (2002) pp. 76–77.
  58. ↑ "Broadside, "President Lincoln's Farewell Address to His Old Neighbors, Springfield, February 12, 1861" - The Henry Ford". www.thehenryford.org. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  59. ↑ "Lincoln's Farewell Address – Illinois History & Lincoln Collections" . Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  60. ↑ Donald 1996, pp. 273–277.
  61. 1 2 Gienapp (2002) p. 77.
  62. ↑ Holzer (2008) p. 378.
  63. ↑ Donald 1996, pp. 277–279.
  64. ↑ Gienapp (2002) p. 77; Thomas (1952) pp. 243–244.
  65. ↑ White (2009), pp. 382–384.

Sources cited

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.