Cucurbita argyrosperma

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Cucurbita argyrosperma
Cucurbita argyrosperma 1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Cucurbita
Species:
C. argyrosperma
Binomial name
Cucurbita argyrosperma
K.Koch
Synonyms [2]
  • Cucurbita cyanoperizona (Pangalo) Bukasov
  • Cucurbita mixta Pangalo
  • Cucurbita moschata var. argyrosperma (C. Huber) Naudin
  • Cucurbita pepo var. sororia (L.H.Bailey) Filov
  • Cucurbita stenosperma (Pangalo) Bukasov

Cucurbita argyrosperma, commonly known as cushaw, kershaw, or silver-seed gourd, is a species of squash most grown most frequently in North and Central America, and believed to originate from southern Mexico. [3] [4] This annual herbaceous plant is cultivated in the for its nutritional value: its flowers, shoots, and fruits are all harvested, but it is cultivated commonly in its native range for seeds. [5]

Contents

The species is believed to have originated in Mexico, from its wild sororia form. [6] The reference genome of this species was published in 2019. [7] In precolonial America, archaeological remains have been found as far northward as the Eastern Agricultural Complex. [8] The extant native range of the wild sororia type is from northern Mexico through Central America to Nicaragua, at elevations from sea level to 1,900m. [9]

The species epiphet "argyrosperma" means "silver seeds" in reference to the distinctively-colored seed margins of certain varieties. Cucurbita argyrosperma was formerly known as C. mixta. [5] [10] Historically, some varieties now recognized as C. argyrosperma were assigned to Cucurbita moschata instead. A small number of true C. moschata varieties are still commonly known as cushaws. [11]

Description

The flowers are orange or yellow and bloom in July or August. The plant grows about 1 foot high and spreads 10–15 feet. It likes well drained soil and has both male and female flowers. Fruits can weigh up to 20 pounds. [4]

A interspecific hybridization experiment in 1990 noted that as of that time Cucurbita argyrosperma was often grown in close proximity to Cucurbita moschata in Guatemala and Mexico. [12] An interspecific variety called Chay Im'um in Mayan has been known to feature the seed quantity of Cucurbita moschata with the larger seed size of C. argyrosperma. [13]

Systematics

Some authorities have used the name Cucurbita mixta for this species, but argyrosperma has been shown to have precedence. [11] Prior to the modern understanding of this species, many C. argyrosperma varieties were assigned to the species Cucurbita moschata. Genetic research shows that C. argyrosperma and C. moschata are closely related but distinct.

Cucurbita argyrosperma

Origin and history

The genus Cucurbita is endemic to the Americas, where it was more widely distributed in prehistoric times. Ecological shifts and the extinction of megafauna likely explain substantial reduction in wild Cucurbita populations during the Holocene epoch. [14] The first example of a Curcubita species in cultivation is C. pepo which is believed to have been cultivated by inhabitants of Guilá Naquitz cave between 10,000 to 8,000 years ago. [15]

Wild types

C. argyrosperma subspecies sororia is believed to be the wild ancestor of the other forms. [16] The other free-living type, palmeri is placed in the domesticated subspecies C. argyrosperma subspecies argyrosperma variety palmeri'. Variety 'palmeri' is believed to be a feral lineage that incorporates wild and domesticated genetics. [16] [17]

Both C. argyrosperma subsp. sororia and C. argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma var palmieri are found in regions where domesticated C. argyrosperma has been grown for the longest time. [16] Today the wild sororia type can be found growing freely from Nicaragua to Guatemala and the Mexican coasts of Veracruz, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, and Sonora. [9] It was formally described by Liberty Hyde Bailey in 1943, in Gentes Herbarum. Sororia, meaning 'sister', was historically classified as closely related to Cucurbita texana with which it hybridizes well. [3] In 1948, the proposed type for another species Cucurbita kellyana was published, but this taxa is now considered a synonym for sororia. [5] The palmieri type is found from the Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico to Nicaragua. [5] It was originally formally described by Liberty Hyde Bailey in 1943, in Gentes Herbarum [5] and is now believed to be a mixture of wild and domesticated genetics. [11]

Domestication

The earliest known possible archaeological records of C. argyrosperma are 8,700-year-old phytoliths in the Central Balsas River valley in Guerrero, but these remains are considered ambiguous. [18] [6] The earliest unambiguous specimen is a C. argyrosperma peduncle that has been dated to approximately 5,100 years ago, from the Ocampo caves. [19] [6] [20]

Genetic evidence centers the domestication of C. argyrosperma in what is now Jalisco, Mexico. [6] Other evidence suggests that following domestication and before European contact, C. argyrosperma diffused northward into what is now the eastern and central United States before European contact. C. argyrosperma seeds have been recovered from Late Mississippian archaeological contexts in Arkansas that suggest domesticated C. argyrosperma was established in that region 1,310–623 years ago. [21] [8]

Domestication involved genetic changes to attributes related to growing, handling, and using the plant. C. argyrosperma is thought to follow a domestication pattern similar to other Cucurbita, beginning with reduction of bitterness and an increase in seed size. In C. argyrosperma, attributes affected by domestication and selective breeding include: [6] [20]

Variety argyrosperma of Cucurbita argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma has historically been cultivated in eastern and southern Mexico Mexico and in Central America. The geographic center of cultivation for variety callicarpa has been central and northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. This variety has been documented in Argentina and Peru where it is believed to be a relatively recent introduction. [22] Subspecies argyrosperma var. stenosperma is endemic to Mexico and has historically been cultivated in the region south of Mexico City. [11]

Some evidence suggests that the modern subsp. argyrosperma var. argyrospermа most closely resembles early domesticated C. argyrosperma. In southern Mexico and Guatemala, var. stenosperma and var. argyrosperma are cultivated for seeds. The fruit often used as animal feed. Common names for these types, pipiana and pepitoria, reflects of their selection for seeds. [11]

A C. argyrosperma fruit in Argentina that has been opened with a machete. This fruit has a hard rind and rich orange flesh. Cultivars of subspecies argyrosperma variety callicarpa have been found in Argentina where they are thought to be recent agricultural introductions. Cucurbita argyrosperma "calabaza rayada o cordobesa" (Florensa) fruto F05 maduro abierto con machete pulpa mesocarpio externo con celulas piedra piel (epidermis e hipodermis) rasgunada - foco atras.JPG
A C. argyrosperma fruit in Argentina that has been opened with a machete. This fruit has a hard rind and rich orange flesh. Cultivars of subspecies argyrosperma variety callicarpa have been found in Argentina where they are thought to be recent agricultural introductions.

The diversity of fruit and seed morphology in var. stenospermа and callicarpa suggest selection has occurred for the fruit's flesh as well as for edible seeds in those varieties. [20] Further south, the immature fruits of var. stenosperma are consumed as a "summer squash" vegetable. There farmers often grow landrace varieties which have diverse attributes in many regards but prioritize long-necked fruits. Fruits with a long neck are considered preferable when the flesh is used for culinary purposes. [11]

Variety callicarpa is found the farthest north of the domesticated varieties. It also typically features elongated rather than globose fruit. In general, the flesh var. callicarpa is considered of higher culinary quality than the fruit of var. stenosperma and var. argyrosperma. [11]

Eastern North America

One issue facing assessments of the origins and history of domesticated Cucurbita argyrosperma relates to the fact that that the species was not fully described at the time of many archaeological studies guided the 20th century understanding of the domestication and dispersal of this species. Ancient peduncle remains may have been mistakenly assigned to C. maxima and C. moschata, while seed remains may have been assigned to C. maxima, C. moschata, or C. pepo. [23]

Domesticated landraces of C. argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma var callicarpa may have reached what is now Virginia and New England hundreds of years before European colonization. [23]

Cultivars

The Japanese pie pumpkin is so-called because its seeds are crazed, resembling to Americans Chinese characters or Japanese kanji. This variety was introduced commercially by Samuel Wilson of Pennsylvania in 1884. Japanese Pie Pumpkin - detail from Hastings seeds - Spring 1912 catalogue (1912) (14802567053).jpg
The Japanese pie pumpkin is so-called because its seeds are crazed, resembling to Americans Chinese characters or Japanese kanji. This variety was introduced commercially by Samuel Wilson of Pennsylvania in 1884.

In areas where C. argrosperma is traditionally cultivated, it is common to use term to describe fruit based on its qualities rather than using a cultivar name. [11] Only a few named cultivars of Cucurbita argyrosperma have been commercialized. Cultivars in commercial distribution in the United States are usually var. callicarpa, and include 'Green Striped Cushaw', [24] 'Orange Striped Cushaw', [24] [25] 'Jonathan Pumpkin', 'White Cushaw', 'Japanese Pie', and 'Tennessee Sweet Potato'. [26] [6]

Commercial cultivars that have been selected from var. argyrosperma include 'Silverseed Gourd' and 'Campeche Squash' [26] [27] [6]

Uses

Food

The flowers, stems, shoots, ripe fruits and unripe fruits of the species are consumed as vegetables, although individual varieties may typically only be used for certain purposes. [28] [20]

In the Sonoran Desert region of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico, C. argyrosperma squash are grown by native peoples, especially the Tohono O'odham, where it is especially prized when immature as a summer squash. In Mexico, C. argyrosperma seeds are an important food product. Some varieties have been bred with seeds that have oil content as high as 39 percent and protein content 44 percent. Seeds are eaten raw, roasted, toasted, or ground. Cucurbita seeds and C. argyrosperma seeds in particular are an important part of recipes for traditional sauces. [20] [29]

The seeds of wild, bitter gourds are used as food after processing to reduce toxic cucurbitacin. [30]

Medicine

In the Mexican states of Colima and Jalisco, bitter C. argyrosperma gourds area known in Spanish as calabacilla as well as by names from the Nahuatl language, including agualaxtle, aguachichi, aguichichi, tolonchi, tololonche, tolonchi, and tolenche. In Colima and Jalisco the seeds from wild gourds are ground as part of a beverage called agua fresca, which is said to have a purifying effect. [30]

In Guerrero and Michoacán wild C. argyrosperma gourds are called chamaco, calabacilla, calabaza de coyote (or coyote), as well as chicayota, which from the Nahuatl language. [11] [30]

In Jalisco the pulp of the fruit is used as a remedy against mange and the seeds are used for the treatment of liver and kidney diseases. [30]

People in the Yucatán have traditionally used the flesh of Cucurbita argyrosperma to tend burns, sores, and eczema, while the seeds have been used with the aim of promoting lactation in nursing women, and provide pain relief. [16] Use of wild C. argyrosperma to treat acne has also been recorded in Chiapas. [30]

A Spanish name for the wild gourds in Oaxaca is calabaza amarga, meaning bitter gourd. Other terms used in that area include the Nahuatl tecomachichi, and the Zapotec guedu laac. Wild fruits have been used in Oaxaca for healing wounds. [30]

Livestock

The fruit of some varieties is traditionally fed to livestock. [20]

In Chiapas, where names for wild C. argyrosperma gourds include calabaza de caballo (horse pumpkin), calabaza de burro (donkey pumpkin), and coloquinto, horses and donkeys eat the wild fruits. [30]

Crafts

Wild C. argyrosperma gourd shells are used for handicrafts in Chiapas. The wild gourds have been used in Oaxaca and Michoacán as soap. [30]

Cultivation

Cucurbita argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma, which includes all domesticated cushaw taxa, is adapted to warm climates and is most commonly cultivated at low elevations. The maximum elevation for this subspecies is at approximately 1,800 m above sea level. [6]

In Mexico, the state of Campeche leads Cucurbita argyrosperma production. [29] A study of agricultural technology used in conventional C. argyrosperma cultivation in Campeche indicated that some technologies used elsewhere in industrialized farming systems, such as irrigation, are not productive. Chemical treatments are the most common agritech practice in those areas. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gourd</span> Type of fruit

Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly Cucurbita and Lagenaria. The term refers to a number of species and subspecies, many with hard shells, and some without. Many gourds have large, bulbous bodies and long necks, such as Dipper Gourds, many variations of Bottle Gourd and caveman club gourds. One of the earliest domesticated types of plants, subspecies of the bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria, have been discovered in archaeological sites dating from as early as 13,000 BC. Gourds have had numerous uses throughout history, including as tools, musical instruments, objects of art, film, and food.

<i>Cucurbita</i> Genus of herbaceous plants

Cucurbita is a genus of herbaceous fruits in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae, native to the Andes and Mesoamerica. Five edible species are grown and consumed for their flesh and seeds. They are variously known as squash, pumpkin, or gourd, depending on species, variety, and local parlance. Other kinds of gourd, also called bottle-gourds, are native to Africa and belong to the genus Lagenaria, which is in the same family and subfamily as Cucurbita, but in a different tribe, their young fruits are eaten much like those of the Cucurbita species.

<i>Cucurbita pepo</i> Species of flowering plant that yields varieties of squash and pumpkin

Cucurbita pepo is a cultivated plant of the genus Cucurbita. It yields varieties of winter squash and pumpkin, but the most widespread varieties belong to the subspecies Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo, called summer squash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zucchini</span> Edible summer squash

The zucchini, courgette or baby marrow is a summer squash, a vining herbaceous plant whose fruit are harvested when their immature seeds and epicarp (rind) are still soft and edible. It is closely related, but not identical, to the marrow; its fruit may be called marrow when mature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calabaza</span> Type of squash

Calabaza is the generic name in the Spanish language for any type of winter squash. Within an English-language context it specifically refers to the West Indian pumpkin, a winter squash typically grown in the West Indies, tropical America, and the Philippines. Calabaza is the common name for Cucurbita moschata in Cuba, Florida, Puerto Rico, Mexico and the Philippines. C. moschata is also known as auyama in Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela; ayote in Central America; zapallo in certain countries of South America; and "pumpkin", "squash", or "calabash" in English-speaking islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kabocha</span> Type of winter squash

Kabocha is a type of winter squash, a Japanese variety of the species Cucurbita maxima. It is also called kabocha squash or Japanese pumpkin in North America. In Japan, "kabocha" may refer to either this squash, to the Western pumpkin, or indeed to other squashes. In Australia, "Japanese pumpkin" is a synonym of Kent pumpkin, a variety of winter squash.

Straightneck squash is a cultivated variety of Cucurbita pepo grown as a type of summer squash that is usually yellow-colored. It is also known as yellow squash, though other squashes, such as crookneck squash, may also be known by that name. It has mildly sweet and watery flesh, and thin tender skins that can be left on the fruit for many types of recipes. It was almost certainly domesticated in the eastern United States, although other variants of the same species were domesticated in Mesoamerica. This squash grows on vined plants reaching 60–90 cm (2.0–3.0 ft) in height that thrive in mild weather. It is well known as an item in American cooking where it is fried, microwaved, steamed, boiled, or baked. It is often used in recipes interchangeably with zucchini. A good yellow summer squash will be small and firm with tender skin free of blemishes and bruising. It is available all year long in some regions, but is at its peak from early through late summer. One similar inedible C. pepo variety is C. pepo var. ovifera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pumpkin seed</span> Seeds of pumpkin and similar squashes

A pumpkin seed, also known as a pepita, is the edible seed of a pumpkin or certain other cultivars of squash. The seeds are typically flat and oval with one axis of symmetry, have a white outer husk, and are light green after the husk is removed. Some pumpkin cultivars are huskless and are grown only for their edible seed. The seeds are nutrient- and calorie-rich, with an especially high content of fat, protein, dietary fiber, and numerous micronutrients. Pumpkin seed can refer either to the hulled kernel or unhulled whole seed and most commonly refers to the roasted end product used as a snack.

<i>Cucurbita ficifolia</i> Plant species cultivated for edible shoots, leaves, flowers, fruit, and seeds

Cucurbita ficifolia is a species of squash, grown for its edible seeds, fruit, and greens. It has common names including black seed squash, chilacayote, cidra, fig-leaf gourd, and Malabar gourd. Compared to other domesticated species in its genus, investigators have noted that samples of C. ficifolia from throughout its range are relatively similar to one other in morphology and genetic composition. Variations do occur in fruit and seed color, some isozymes, and photoperiod sensitivity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Agricultural Complex</span> Agricultural practices of pre-historic native cultures in the eastern United States and Canada

The Eastern Agricultural Complex in the woodlands of eastern North America was one of about 10 independent centers of plant domestication in the pre-historic world. Incipient agriculture dates back to about 5300 BCE. By about 1800 BCE the Native Americans of the woodlands were cultivating several species of food plants, thus beginning a transition from a hunter-gatherer economy to agriculture. After 200 BCE when maize from Mexico was introduced to the Eastern Woodlands, the Native Americans of the eastern United States and adjacent Canada slowly changed from growing local indigenous plants to a maize-based agricultural economy. The cultivation of local indigenous plants other than squash and sunflower declined and was eventually abandoned. The formerly domesticated plants returned to their wild forms.

<i>Cucurbita moschata</i> Species of flowering plant

Cucurbita moschata is a species originating in the tropical Americas which is cultivated for edible flesh, flowers, greens, and seeds. It includes cultivars known in English as squash or pumpkin. Cultivars of C. moschata are generally more tolerant of hot, humid weather than squash of other domesticated species. C. moschata also exhibit a greater resistance to certain disease and insects, notably including to the squash vine borer. Commercially made pumpkin pie mix is most often made from varieties of C. moschata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crookneck squash</span> Cultivar of Cucurbita pepo

Crookneck squash, also known as yellow squash, is a cultivar of Cucurbita pepo, the species that also includes some pumpkins and most other summer squashes. The plants are bushy and do not spread like the plants of winter squash and pumpkin. Most often used as a summer squash, it is characterized by its yellow skin and sweet yellow flesh, as well as its distinctive curved stem-end or "crooked neck". It should not be confused with crookneck cultivars of Cucurbita moschata, such as the winter squash 'Golden Cushaw', or the vining summer squash 'Tromboncino'. Its name distinguishes it from another similar-looking variety of C. pepo, the straightneck squash, which is also usually yellow. There is one similar non-edible C. pepo variety: C. pepo var. ovifera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter squash</span> Squash harvested and eaten in mature stage; skin hardened into tough rind

Winter squash is an annual fruit representing several squash species within the genus Cucurbita. Late-growing, less symmetrical, odd-shaped, rough or warty varieties, small to medium in size, but with long-keeping qualities and hard rinds, are usually called winter squash. They differ from summer squash in that they are harvested and eaten in the mature stage when their seeds within have matured fully and their skin has hardened into a tough rind. At this stage, most varieties of this vegetable can be stored for use during the winter. Winter squash is generally cooked before being eaten, and the skin or rind is not usually eaten as it is with summer squash.

<i>Cucurbita maxima</i> Species of squash

Cucurbita maxima, one of at least five species of cultivated squash, is one of the most diverse domesticated species. This species originated in South America from the wild subspecies Cucurbita maxima subsp. andreana over 4,000 years ago. Cucurbita maxima, known for modern varieties as Hubbard, Delicious, Marblehead, Boston Marrow, and Turks Turban, originated in northern Argentina near the Andes or in certain Andean valleys. Secondary centers of diversity include India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and the southern Appalachians.

<i>Cucurbita palmata</i> Species of flowering plant

Cucurbita palmata is a species of flowering plant in the squash family known by the common names coyote melon and coyote gourd. It is similar to Cucurbita californica, Cucurbita cordata, Cucurbita cylindrata, and Cucurbita digitata and all these species hybridize readily. It was first identified by Sereno Watson in 1876. These species form the only restricted xerophyte species group in the genus Cucurbita. Each member of this species group is native to the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico where they are relatively uncommon. Each group member is found in hot, arid regions with low rainfall. They prefer soil that is loose, gravelly, and well-drained. C. palmata is native to northeastern Baja California, southeastern California, and southwestern Arizona to a point near the Colorado River. The juvenile leaves of C. cylindrata, C. cordata, C. digitata, and C. palmata show a high degree of similarity, but their mature leaves are visibly different, as are their root structures. C. palmata and C. digitata are sympatric, with C. palmata separating the ranges of C. digitata at the juncture of Baja California, California, and Arizona. C. palmata fruits are diffuse green mottle that turns yellow at maturity, striped, and round.

<i>Cucurbita digitata</i> Species of vine

Cucurbita digitata is a species of flowering plant in the squash family known by the common names fingerleaf gourd and bitter squash. It is similar to Cucurbita californica, Cucurbita cordata, Cucurbita cylindrata, and Cucurbita palmata and all these species hybridize readily. These species form the only restricted xerophyte species group in the genus Cucurbita. Each member of this species group is native to the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico where they are relatively uncommon. Each group member is found in hot, arid regions with low rainfall. They prefer soil that is loose, gravelly, and well-drained. C. digitata is native to northern Baja California at higher elevations, northern Sonora, Mexico, southern Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico. The juvenile leaves of C. cylindrata, C. cordata, C. digitata, and C. palmata show a high degree of similarity, but their mature leaves are visibly different, as are their root structures. C. palmata and C. digitata are sympatric, with C. palmata separating the ranges of C. digitata at the juncture of Baja California, California, and Arizona. C. digitata fruits are clear green mottle that turns yellow at maturity, striped, and round.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pumpkin</span> Category of culinary winter Cucurbita squashes

A pumpkin is a cultivated winter squash in the genus Cucurbita. The term is most commonly applied to round, orange-colored squash varieties, but does not possess a scientific definition. It may be used in reference to many different squashes of varied appearance and belonging to multiple species in the Cucurbita genus.

Cucurbita radicans, commonly known in Mexico as calabacilla or calabaza de coyote , is a species of gourd found growing wild, but also cultivated, in southern Mexico. The type specimen was collected growing in rocks below a mountain near Guadalupe in the vicinity of Mexico City ; other specimens were also ubiquitous in the area; in corn fields and gardens, either being cultivated, or as invaders. It is a close relative of Cucurbita pedatifolia.

Cucurbita galeottii is a plant species of the genus Cucurbita. It is native to Oaxaca, Mexico. It has not been domesticated. There is very little known about this species. Nee reports that the species is a xerophyte and that Bailey only saw the species in photographs. It is only known from specimens that "lack roots, female flowers, fruits and seeds".

References

  1. ↑ Castellanos Morales, G.; Sánchez de la Vega, G.; Aragón Cuevas, F.; Contreras, A.; Lira Saade, R. (2019). "Cucurbita argyrosperma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T20742586A20755871. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T20742586A20755871.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  3. 1 2 Sanjur, Oris I.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Andres, Thomas C.; Wessel-Beaver, Linda (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships among Domesticated and Wild Species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) Inferred from a Mitochondrial Gene: Implications for Crop Plant Evolution and Areas of Origin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 (1). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences: 535–540. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99..535S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.012577299 . JSTOR   3057572. PMC   117595 . PMID   11782554.
  4. 1 2 "Cucurbita argyrosperma". Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Nee, Michael (1990). "The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany . 44 (3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of New World Domesticated Plants). New York: New York Botanical Gardens Press: 56–68. Bibcode:1990EcBot..44S..56N. doi:10.1007/BF02860475. JSTOR   4255271. S2CID   40493539.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Barrera-Redondo, Josué; Sánchez-de la Vega, Guillermo; Aguirre-Liguori, Jonás A.; Castellanos-Morales, Gabriela; Gutiérrez-Guerrero, Yocelyn T.; Aguirre-Dugua, Xitlali; Aguirre-Planter, Erika; Tenaillon, Maud I.; Lira-Saade, Rafael; Eguiarte, Luis E. (December 2021). "The domestication of Cucurbita argyrosperma as revealed by the genome of its wild relative". Horticulture Research. 8 (1): 109. Bibcode:2021HorR....8..109B. doi:10.1038/s41438-021-00544-9. PMC   8087764 . PMID   33931618.
  7. ↑ Barrera-Redondo, Josué; Ibarra-Laclette, Enrique; Vázquez-Lobo, Alejandra; Gutiérrez-Guerrero, Yocelyn T.; Sánchez de la Vega, Guillermo; Piñero, Daniel; Montes-Hernández, Salvador; Lira-Saade, Rafael; Eguiarte, Luis E. (April 2019). "The Genome of Cucurbita argyrosperma (Silver-Seed Gourd) Reveals Faster Rates of Protein-Coding Gene and Long Noncoding RNA Turnover and Neofunctionalization within Cucurbita". Molecular Plant. 12 (4): 506–520. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.023 . PMID   30630074.
  8. 1 2 Fritz, Gayle J. (1994). "Precolumbian Cucurbita argyrosperma ssp. argyrosperma (Cucurbitaceae) in the Eastern Woodlands of North America". Economic Botany . 48 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 280–292. Bibcode:1994EcBot..48..280F. doi:10.1007/bf02862329. JSTOR   4255642. S2CID   20262842.
  9. 1 2 Guillermo Sánchez de la Vega; Morales, Gabriela Castellanos; Flavio Aragón Cuevas (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Mexico); Rafael Lira Saade (Facuktad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM); Aremi Contreras (University of Birmingham) (2017-02-15). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cucurbita argyrosperma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 2024-11-30.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Merrick, Laura C. "Characterization of Cucurbita argyrosperma, a Potential New Crop for Seed and Fruit Production". HortScience . 25 (9). American Society for Horticultural Science: 1141.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Merrick, Laura (2019-05-15). "Systematics and Evolution of a Domesticated Squash, Curcubita argyrosperma, and Its Wild and Weedy Relatives". Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell University Press. pp. 77–95. ISBN   978-1-5017-4544-7. JSTOR   10.7591/j.ctvr7f7q4.11.
  12. ↑ Wessel-Beaver, Linda. "Cucurbita argyrosperma Sets Fruit in Fields Where Cucurbita moschata is the only Pollen Source" (PDF). University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
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  14. ↑ Kistler, Logan; Newsom, Lee A.; Ryan, Timothy M.; Clarke, Andrew C.; Smith, Bruce D.; Perry, George H. (2015-12-08). "Gourds and squashes (Cucurbita spp.) adapted to megafaunal extinction and ecological anachronism through domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (49): 15107–15112. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215107K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1516109112 . PMC   4679018 . PMID   26630007.
  15. ↑ Smith, Bruce D. (1997-05-09). "The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago". Science. 276 (5314): 932–934. doi:10.1126/science.276.5314.932.
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  19. ↑ Smith, Bruce D. (December 1997). "Reconsidering the Ocampo Caves and the Era of Incipient Cultivation in Mesoamerica". Latin American Antiquity. 8 (4): 342–383. doi:10.2307/972107. ISSN   1045-6635. JSTOR   972107.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Neglected crops : 1492 from a different perspective. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1994. ISBN   978-92-5-103217-6.
  21. ↑ Domic, Alejandra I.; VanDerwarker, Amber M.; Thakar, Heather B.; Hirth, Kenneth; Capriles, José M.; Harper, Thomas K.; Scheffler, Timothy E.; Kistler, Logan; Kennett, Douglas J. (2024-05-13). "Archaeobotanical evidence supports indigenous cucurbit long-term use in the Mesoamerican Neotropics". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 10885. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1410885D. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60723-1. ISSN   2045-2322. PMID   38740801.
  22. ↑ "Cucurbits". www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
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  25. ↑ "PlantFiles: Cushaw Pumpkin, Winter Squash". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  26. 1 2 Goldman, Amy (2004). The compleat squash : a passionate grower's guide to pumpkins, squash, and gourds. Internet Archive. New York : Artisan. ISBN   978-1-57965-251-7.
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